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This was the period in which there was slavery in the US. Between 1700 and 1808 took place the most extreme period of slavery. In 1808, while slavery was outlawed, it still occurred domestically. 12.4 million African Americans were enslaved. 13% of the US Population equated to enslaved African Americans - with Virginia, Georgia, and Mississippi having the highest number of slaves.

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41% of these slaves were taken to Brazil

4% to the US

55% all over South America + Europe

35 000 slaves were traded off in South Carolina from 1803 to 1808 before the slave trade was abolished

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Merchants, African Tribes, Slave Owners and Traders benefitted from the transatlantic slave route (a network of supply between nations)

A lot of cotton sold

Sugar and Tobacco from US to UK

Textiles, Gunpowder, Guns from US to UK

Enslaved Africans from Africa to the US

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People benefitted financially

The poor people would be unable to pay off debts - so helped free people of their debts

Prisoners of war and criminals

Essential for industrial revolution to happen

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Treated as animal property

Poor working conditions, long working hours

Whipped, Sexually Assaulted

No Ailments for diseases eg: Malaria

If they refused to eat, tortured and forced to eat in using different methods eg: hot coal on lips

No Voting Rights

Banned learning how to read

Couldn't marry outside their race

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Suicide

Refusal to eat

Actions of Rebellion

Creating a strong sense of community within family

Running away

Nat Turner Slave Revolt in 1831

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Slavery was abolished in the US on December 6th, 1865. However, there were some exceptions to this.

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Reaction/Adjustments of Slaves After Change

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Reaction/Adjustments of Slaves After Change

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Renewed wedding vows to make their marriage legitimate

Reunited with relatives which were sold and adopted their children

Sought out new jobs to escape former owners

Moved to areas with a greater African American population (also were not allowed to travel before)

Changed names to separate themselves from former owners

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Illegal slavery still took place in prisons -involuntary labor was allowed according to the 13th Amendment for prisoners - AKA Black Codes

Imprisonment happened for minor things eg: disrespect

This labor was leased to plantation owners for little pay and was forced to work

This law is still in place today - imprisoned labor is allowed to be used - AKA Modern Day Slavery

Jim Crow Laws - separate but equal facilities for both races (but were not actually equal)

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This is the period in which The Great Migration took place. The Great Migration was the relocation of more than 6 million African Americans from the rural South to the cities of the North, Midwest, and West. There is a connection between Slavery in the USA & The Great Migration. The Great Migration took place because of African Americans being segregated from society and due to the rising racism, which were both results of Slavery.

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The Impacts and Effects of this Migration

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The Impacts and Effects of this Migration

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Population change

Raised awareness of the African American political activists

African Americans were able to build a place for themselves

African Americans were able to fight back the racial prejudices, and the economic and social inequalities

Impacted other cultures in the future

Caused the Rise of the Harlem Renaissance

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How does The Great Migration link to the Rise of the Harlem Renaissance?

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How does The Great Migration link to the Rise of the Harlem Renaissance?

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The African American experience (slavery, the great migration) was an important theme in the artistic movement AKA The New Negro Movement AKA The Harlem Renaissance. A whole new era of political activism for African Americans was created. Rose artists and writers through this. This was basically what the Harlem Renaissance was about - more information ahead.

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Author Isabel Wilkerson & Her Thoughts on The Great Migration

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Author Isabel Wilkerson & Her Thoughts on The Great Migration

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The first woman of African American Heritage to win the Pulitzer Prize in journalism

An author who rose from the artistic movement

She was a child of migration, she and her family were directly impacted

Essentially, in her book, she said the great migration was more than just an act of moving. It was about attaining freedom and going to a certain extent to achieve it.

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African Americans made very little money working the land (black codes) due to crop damage in 1890, early 1900s

Also, there a shortage workers during WW1, so African Americans pushed to to go to the North and work there

Large migration to the North as African Americans were treated better there

However, segregation still existed, which caused African Americans to create smaller communities - led to the creation of Harlem, and also led to the Civil Rights Movement.

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Brief Connection to the Civil Rights Movement

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Brief Connection to the Civil Rights Movement

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A mentioned earlier, The Great Migration brought upon a new era of political activism among African Americans (disenfranchised from the South and started living in the cities of the North and West). The Civil Rights Movement directly benefitted from this activism as there were parallels in how the goal of equality was achieved during the Civil Rights Movement and what was starting up due to The Great Migration.

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This is the time period in which took place the rise of the Harlem Renaissance - a phase of the larger New Negro Movement. It was essentially "an intellectual and cultural revival of the African American music, dance, art, fashion, literature, theatre, and politics (hence the connection to what rose due to The Great Migration). It was centred in Harlem, Manhattan, NYC, USA.

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As discussed in detail previously, it was due to The Great Migration. In simple terms, people migrated due to better job opportunities in the North, and eventually, there was a rise in political activism of African Americans which further triggered the Harlem Renaissance to happen.

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What Type Of Music Arose From The Harlem Renaissance?

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What Type Of Music Arose From The Harlem Renaissance?

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Jazz

Blues Music

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Most popular style in this period

Famous black writers considered this type of music to be an indigenous art form of the country's most oppressed people

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This was the most shaping aspect of the Harlem Renaissance. It changed the world and the US.

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Famous Writers and Musicians of this Period

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Famous Writers and Musicians of this Period

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Langston Hughes

Louis Armstrong

Zora Neale Hurston

Marcus Garvey

Aaron Douglas

Countee Cullen

Bessie Smith

Sterling A. Brown

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Most famous writer of this period

Poet

Used art to show the universal experience of the Black Community

Wrote a poem in 1926 - "The Height of The Harlem Renaissance"

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An establishment started in the late 1920s

Started by boxing champion Jack Johnson, later sold to Owney Madden

Many more branches opened in around 1936

Shut down in 1940 due to tax evasion allegations and raid

The club distributed highly expensive alcohol to people - its distribution was illegal due to the 18th Amendment

This club entertained white and elite people eg: Mae West

The performers were African American only - not allowed to mingle with guests

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The performers of the Cotton Club were the best of the country, the best that Harlem could offer

Due to this, the performers were highly in demand, and therefore got better pay compared to other African Americans - empowerment

Through the audience and the exposure gained through the Cotton Club (and the club's great reach), a lot of performers had their careers kickstarted - they had a boost

A lot of performers rose to great heights of fame eg: Cab Calloway

This was another form of empowerment of the African American People

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The Cotton Club's Connection to the Harlem Renaissance

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The Cotton Club's Connection to the Harlem Renaissance

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According to the exact definition of the Harlem Renaissance and what it was, a part of this movement was about the revival of African American music and dance. Due to the fact that so many African American performers got famous and popular during this time because of the Cotton Club, the prevalence of the African American culture grew, and hence it met exactly the core belief of this movement.

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The Harlem Renaissance +/vs. The Civil Rights Movement

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The Harlem Renaissance +/vs. The Civil Rights Movement

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The Civil Rights Movement was all about gaining equal rights for the African American people, essentially a "struggle for social justice."

Basically, the Harlem Renaissance acted as the foundation for the Civil Rights Movement. This was in the sense that because the Harlem Renaissance was about reviving everything African American, the Civil Rights Movement was for the benefit of the African American people as well.

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FYI - All About The newly Coined Term - "The New Negro"

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FYI - All About The newly Coined Term - "The New Negro"

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Colonial Period - the term was used "to designate newly enslaved African Americans by White People"

Late 19th Century - by this time, the term referred to a "general sense of racial renewal among Black People"

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The Great Depression took place - which connects to the stock market crash.

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After WWI (1914-18), there was a huge lifestyle change. The 20s were all about people prospering and cultures developing. Banks were giving out loans to everyone, and new inventions were being made (radios, vacuum cleaners, the washing machines). There was an explosion of industrial growth. Two major literary movements also took place, The Lost Generation (surviving adults of the war) and the Harlem Renaissance (African American culture awakening as mentioned before). While traditions still remained, women gained more rights in terms of smoking, voting (not African American Women), and how to dress.

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Economic Conditions Before The Stock Market Crash

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Economic Conditions Before The Stock Market Crash

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Unpredictable due to war debt

Citizens and Companies were well off

Stock Market = Popular = because more money was in circulation - people wanted to spend and borrow, and banks liked to lend

Then, companies overestimated their growth - interest rates rose and wages decreased

This boom was becoming unsustainable

This finally led to the 1929 Wall Street Crash

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Deflation occurred and led to the collapse of many companies and caused unemployment

Shanty towns called hooverville had to be built to help the homeless, and the people falling in poverty due to low income.

White people got to pick their jobs and got higher wages, but black people were adversely impacted because 50% of them were unemployed.

"Prices dropped an average of ten percent every year between the years of 1930 and 1933"

War veterans wanted their payments early to cope with the Great Depression

Britain Slump in manufacturing means a lot of people lost their jobs - during the was US farmers also provided food to European allies. After price and demand drop, they had surplus of food

But, farmers had to keep on planting to survive - vicious cycle

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Thursday 24th October 1929

Began the stock market crash

Wiped many investors of their life savings = debt = bank failures

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29th October 1929

Caused by slow economic growth, protectionist trade policies worldwide, debt used to buy stocks

marked the beginning of The Great Depression

market lost a lot of money

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Britain - less economic growth and slipped into severe depression

France - short lived depression and revival too. Less industrial production and deflation

South America - economic decline. Some nations experienced severe depression and some did not

Japan - high deflation but milder depression compared to US

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Impacts of the Depression within US explained further

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Impacts of the Depression within US explained further

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Jim Crow Laws - more segregation because white people get higher wage and get to pick jobs  - black people were more negatively impacted during this time period

African American people were given less aid

New Deal Programme benefitted black people but there was still a lot of discrimination

increase in racial violence

White employment was prioritised

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Union Membership - increased trade unions

Standards of Living - dropped greatly, a lot of human suffering

Decline in spending and output - less AD, less output, making recession worse

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As talked about previously, and the various events connecting to this, The Civil Rights Movement took place - led by people such as Martin Luther King Jr.

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All information is from the handmade presentations and informational documents provided by the school teacher

All images are from Padlet's Web Search