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@purna srivatsa

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Satellite information is fundamentally important to solve some of the major challenges. For issues like climate change, natural resources, disaster management and the environment, remote sensing provides a wealth of information at a global level. What we get are answers to these problems so we can make informed decisions.

There are endless possibilities of benefits to society from remote sensing. With higher spatial, spectral and temporal resolution, the future of remote sensing is promising. To solve some the of the biggest challenges of Earth in the near future,remote sensing is an essential and proficient tool.

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Future Uses: The Space Elevator

A space elevator is conceived as a cable fixed to the equator and reaching into space. A counterweight at the upper end keeps the center of mass well above geostationary orbit level.This is inherent with rockets. We’ve had lots of really smart people spending lots and lots of money developing rocket technology over the past several decades and this is the best they can do, and, due to the rocket equation, probably getting close to the best they ever can do.

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Television and Global Communications

The most familiar application of geostationary satellites is in direct broadcast satellite television. Because the satellite appears to remain stationary in the sky, a receiving dish can be left pointing in a fixed direction, Geostationary orbits are also widely employed by communications satellites

Weather Satellites and Flight Monitoring

Another important use of geostationary satellites is in weather monitoring, the main satellites used for this purpose are called Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites, or GOES. Geostationary satellites can also be used to monitor aircraft in flight; the Inmarsat satellite that provided data on the missing Malaysian Airlines flight MH370 was of this type

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The current and future geostationary operational environmental satellites (GOES) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) are designed to produce visible images of the earth with linear arrays of eight detectors. Because the imaging instruments are not calibrated radiometrically in orbit, differences among instrument gains associated with the different detectors may cause artificial stripes to appear in the images. In the data processing on the ground, the images are “normalized” to remove the stripes. Images from future geostationary satellites, GOES I-M, will be normalized by the method of matching empirical distribution functions (EDFs). In this paper we report on a study of EDF matching with data from GOES-7. The technique was used to generate a normalization look-up table from data taken on 18 May 1988, and the table was applied to image data obtained 2 weeks later, on 1 June 1988. This removed the stripes from the image. The technique is expected to be even more effective with data from GOES I-M because of improvements in instrumentation.

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Goal - To find out the level of awareness of general public on satellites and specifically remote sensing satellites. To validate the usefulness of various existing technologies. To make an informed decision on further investment in satellite technology.

Questions

1. Gender?

2.Age?

3.Do you know what satellites are?

4.If yes,then where have you come across the term satellite for the first time?

a. television

b.newspaper

c.through a website

5.Have you ever used google earth?

6.How would you rate the accuracy of google earth on a scale of 1-5 ,5 being the highest?

a.1 b.2 c.3 d.4 e.5

7.How useful do you think google earth is on a scale of 1-5 ,5 being the highest?

a.1 b.2 c.3 d.4 e.5

8.Have you experienced any problem while using google earth?If yes,then explain briefly.

9.Have you ever used GPS?

10.On which device have you used GPS?(you can select mare than one choice)

a. mobile phone b.automoblie c.other

11.Have you found GPS useful?

12.If you are in a populated area and need directions to reach your destination, would you prefer to ask people around you or would you use GPS?

13. Have you faced any kind of a problem when using GPS?If yes, then explain briefly.

Target -

General (common) public.

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In the coming future satellites can be used for very high speed data transfers around the globe. I believe that this is possible because the 21st century has seen many advancements in science and technology and these advancements can improve the satellite's processing abilities and its bandwidth. Also I believe that the internet connectivity speeds can improve considerably with better bandwidth.

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@purna srivatsa

1.Fishing by monitoring oceans -  Satellites monitor sea surface temperature and ocean colors. The top-down view of remotely sensed data can be communicated with local fisherman. Fishermen use this information to save time and fuel in real-time.

2.Assessing rural road conditions -  With the integration of remote sensing and GIS, remote sensing satellites can provide answers on pothole detection, washboard analysis and crown conditions for unpaved roads. With great accuracy, rural road conditions can be assessed and improved saving time and money.

3.Identifying minerals for extraction - There are over 4000 natural minerals on Earth. Each one has their own chemical composition. This is the equivalent to saying that each composition has its own spectral reflectance. Having more spectral bands like hyperspectral sensors makes it possible to map more minerals. Thus remote sensing can be applied to geology and extraction minerals.

4.Monitoring air quality to combat pollution -Air pollution is one of the most alarming issues with global repercussions. Air pollution is the presence of undesirable substances in air. Remote sensing technology can identify the level and types of these substances with the help of hyperspectral sensing where every substance has a different spectral signature.

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@Sumeeth

GPS Satellites can be used for tracking lost vehicles,electronic gadgets,map making,land surveying,fleet management,asset tracking and many more.

It is feasible because the satellites required for GPS tracking have already been launched into space by the United States Department of Defence.

Satellite,cellular and radio technology have been used by the tracking industry to track the stolen vehicles.As the GPS satellites are already launched the facilities provided by these satellites can be made available at a lower cost.

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AIM- To infer if the general public really understand how important a role satellites play in our day to day lives.

TARGET AUDIENCE-General Public

1. What is your age?

a. less that 18

b. 18-40

c. 41-60

d. above 60

2. Do you watch television?

a. Yes

b. No

3. Do you possess a mobile phone?

a. Yes

b. No

4.How much time do you spend on internet everyday?

a. 1 hour

b. 1-3 hours

c. More than 3 hours

d. Do not use internet.

5. Do you know what artificial satellites are?

a. Yes

b. No

6. Do you think artificial satellites are made use of whenever you do the activities mentioned in the above questions?

a. Yes

b. No

7. During a natural calamity, when the ground communication fails, do you think artificial satellites can be used for communication?

a. Yes

b. No

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@purna srivatsa

Remote sensing means sensing things from a distance.It is defined as the science and technology by which characteristics of objects of interest can be identified without direct contact.Remote Sensing is a technology to observe objects' size, shape and character without direct contact with them. The reflected or radiated electromagnetic (EM) waves are received by sensors aboard platform. The characteristics of reflected or radiated EM waves depend on the type or condition of the objects. Every material on earth shows its own strength of reflection in each wavelength when it is exposed to the EM waves Sensors aboard a platform are capable to acquire the strength of reflection and radiation in each wavelength. The first requirement for remote sensing is to have an energy source. The energy interacts with the atmosphere it passes through. The energy then interacts with the target depending on the properties of both the target and the radiation.Next stage is recording of energy by the sensor,which is not in contact with the target.the energy recorded by the sensor has to be transmitted to a receiving and processing station.- the processed image is interpreted, visually and/or digitally or electronically, to extract information about the target which was illuminated.

Remote sensing can be used to better understand Earth and its functions. Remote sensing technology has has enabled humankind to make observations of earth from space and obtain a view of vast areas of the planet of a kind never available before.It has enabled a study of natural resources,environment,human activities and many other areas in far greater detail than before.

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In telecommunications artificial satellites are used to provide communication links between various points on earth. Satellites play a vital role in the global communication system. Satellite communication has two main components namely the ground segment and the space segment.

A satellite is basically a self-contained communications system with the ability to receive signals from Earth and to re-transmit those signals back with the use of a transponder.

Making satellites and launching them into space can be an expensive task, and thus, satellites should be light and should be able to work in the hostile environment of space without any need for maintenance.

There are three types of communication services that satellites provide namely telecommunications, broadcasting and data communications.Satellite communications technology is often used during natural disasters and emergencies when land-based communication services are down.

Future communication satellites will have more onboard processing capabilities, more power, and larger-aperture antennas that will enable satellites to handle more bandwidth, and with higher bandwidth

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@Sumeeth

1. What is GPS? A. The Geographic Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system made up of a network of 24 satellites placed into orbit in six orbital planes at an altitude of 20200 Kilometers above the earth surface with an orbital period of 12 hours by the U.S. Department of Defense. GPS works in any weather conditions, anywhere in the world, 24 hours a day.

2. How does GPS receivers determine its 3D position from GPS signal? A. The GPS receiver compares the time a signal was transmitted by a GPS satellite with the time it was received. The time difference tells the GPS receiver how far away the satellite is. Now, with distance measurements from a few more satellites, the receiver can determine the user's position by triangulation.

3.Why are meteorological satellites needed? A. Meteorological satellites provide important information to be used in more accurate weather forecasts and global climate monitoring.

4. How does a satellite phone works ?

A. A satellite phone routes calls via satellites instead of land-based cell towers.When you make a call, it is transmitted from your phone to the nearest satellite (you often need line-of-sight connections with the satellites, which is why satellite phones work best from outdoors), then beamed through your provider’s satellite constellation and back down to the person you are trying to call. If you are calling a non-satellite phone, the call is routed through an Earth station that patches it into the local telephone network.

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@Sumeeth

1. Which range includes your age ?

a. below 18

b. 18-40

c. 41-60

d. above 60

2..Do you have access to internet ?

a. Yes

b. No

3. Do you think that the government should invest money on satellites ?

a. Yes

b. No

4. Have you ever used a GPS navigation systems ?

a. Yes

b. No

5. Which is the better way of communicating people far away from you ?

a. Landline telephones

b. Mobile phones using cellular networks

c. Satellite phones

d. Other means

6. Did you try to learn anything from E-learning websites ?

a. Yes

b. No

The people who live in rural areas or towns are the target audience because these are the places which contribute the majority population of a developing country.

I want to know the extent of usage of satellite communication by people living in these areas.

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APPLICATIONS OF SATELLITES IN COMMUNICATION

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APPLICATIONS OF SATELLITES IN COMMUNICATION

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1. Radio and TV Broadcast

These dedicated satellites are responsible for making 100s of channels across the globe available for everyone. They are also responsible for broadcasting live matches, news, world-wide radio services.

2. Global Telephone

One of the first applications of satellites for communication was the establishment of international telephone backbones.

3. Connecting Remote Areas- Due to their geographical location many places all over the world do not have direct wired connection to the telephone network or the internet (e.g., researchers on Antarctica) or because of the current state of the infrastructure of a country. Here the satellite provides a complete coverage.

4. Data Communications-Data communications involve the transfer of data from one point to another. Corporations and organizations that require financial and other information to be exchanged between their various locations use satellites to facilitate the transfer of data through the use of very small-aperture terminal (VSAT) networks.

5. Internet- Various Internet Service Providers(ISPs) use communication satellites to provide internet connectivity to various parts of the globe.

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1. Analog Signal- An analog or analogue signal is any continuous signal for which the time varying feature (variable) of the signal is a representation of some other time varying quantity

2. Digital Signal- A digital signal refers to an electrical signal that is converted into a pattern of bits.

3. Geostationary Orbit-A geostationary orbit (GEO) is a circular geosynchronous orbit in the plane of the Earth's equator with a radius of approximately 42,164 km. A satellite in this orbit is at rest relative to the earth as its period is 24 hours.

4.Travelling wave tube-A traveling-wave tube (TWT) is a specialized vacuum tube that is used in electronics to amplify radio frequency (RF) signals in the microwave range.

5. Transponder- a device for receiving a radio signal and automatically transmitting a different signal.

6. Orbital Velocity- Orbital velocity, velocity sufficient to cause a natural or artificial satellite to remain in orbit.

7. Fibre Optics- A technology that uses glass (or plastic) threads (fibers) to transmit data.

8.Bandwidth-Bandwidth is the bit-rate of available or consumed information capacity expressed typically in metric multiples of bits per second.

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Satellite Communication - Defintion, Principle, Polar Circular orbit

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SATELLITE COMMUNICATION:Impact on developing countries   -Sumeeth

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SATELLITE COMMUNICATION:Impact on developing countries   -Sumeeth

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@Sumeeth

I read few articles on satellite communication from various websites The article "Satellite Communication:Impact on developing economies" was obtained from the website www.cisjournal.org.

Second article "Satellite Communication" was taken from the website www.cse.ohio-state.edu

Videos were taken from yotube and TED Talks.

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@Sumeeth

Access to information and communication infrastructure greatly enhances the economic growth in developing countries.Most ares in developing countries are not densely populated and highly rural.Satellite communication is an exellent solution for meeting the communication needs in such ares in developing countries.

Satellites offers some features that are not readily available with terrestrial methods of transmissions such as fibre, coaxial cable and microwaves.

Satellite communication is often the only viable network in special situations where difficult terrain, climatic conditions or territories separated by large bodies of water, renders conventional telecommunications impossible.

Some of the advantages of satellite communication over terristial methods include : ⦁ distance independent costs ⦁ fixed broadband cost ⦁ relatively high capacity and ⦁ low error rates

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Reference

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@Sumeeth

1. GPS -Geographic Positioning System 2. VSAT - Very Small Aperture Terminals 3. MRI - Magnetic Resonance Images 4. WAN - Wide Area Network 5. BGAN - Broadband Global Area Network 6. RBGAN - Regional Broadband Global Area Network

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@Sumeeth

Military Uses Satellite based VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminals) technology is providing military commanders with improved command,control and communications capabilities vital to support military operations. Telemedicines and E-Health A Healthy nation is said to be a wealthy one. E-Health systems are used for the transmssion of digital images using satellite connectivity.X-Rays,Computer Tomogram (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Images(MRI) are sent across the world for the purpose of diagnostic interpretation or consultation Distance Learning Education is a critical component of economic growth and development.Satellite linked internet services have played a tremendous role in distance learning. Rapid Disaster Management Satellite telephony has helped in connecting rural areas to urban access during the time of crisis or disasters. Tracking for Theft Management and Crime control Geographic Positioning System(GPS) is a satellite service that is very crucial for object tracking. Applications of GPS Tracking include: ⦁ Navigation ⦁ recovery of stolen vehicles or electronic gadgets ⦁ wildlife tracking ⦁ map making ⦁ land surveying

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1. BOOKS:

SATELLITE COMMUNICATION-

Dharma Raj Cheruku

2. WEBSITES:

1. http://archive.mu.ac.in/myweb_test/Satelight%20Comm..pdf

2. http://satellites.spacesim.org/english/function/communic/index.html

3. VIDEOS

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hXa3bTcIGPU

2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OmFHwQkCYlQ

3.ONLINE JOURNALS:

1.http://www.inderscience.com/jhome.php?jcode=ijscpm

2.http://www.britannica.com/technology/satellite-communication

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HOW I COLLECTED THE DATA RELEVANT TO ME 

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HOW I COLLECTED THE DATA RELEVANT TO ME 

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My idea was to find out how satellites influence our day to day lives. I started off by looking for e-books that covered my topic and also gave me an insight into the technical aspects of satellite communication. The book 'Satellite Communication'-by Dharma raj Cheruku was one such source. Later I looked for online journals and found the

International Journal of Satellite Communications Policy and Management on 'www.inderscience.com'.

I found another journal on one online encyclopedia known as the Britannica. Later I narrowed my search and looked up for other articles and videos on youtube and other sources.

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@Sumeeth

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This is the video that describes the working of GPS... seems interesting..watch it

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@Sumeeth

1. Trait - an Identifing characteristic,habit or trend. 2. Decry - to denounce as harmful. 3. Albeit - although,despite being 4. Deployment - An implementation, or putting into use, of something.

5. Spurious - false, not authentic, not genuine. 6. Consortium - an association or combination of businesses, financial institutions, or investors, for the purpose of engaging in a joint venture. 7. Impetus - Something that impels, a stimulating factor. 8. Burgeoning - a new growth or expansion of something. 9. Idiosyncrasy - A language or behaviour that is particular to an individual or group.

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@Mahidhar

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@Sumeeth

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1. This is the link of the video "Will Marshall:Tiny satellites show us the EARTH as it   changes in the near-real-time"

URL: http://video.ted.com/talk/podcast/2014/None/WillMarshall_2014-480p.mp4

2. Here is the link of the article "Satellite Communication:Impact on developing economies

URL: http://cisjournal.org/journalofcomputing/archive/vol2no11/vol2no11_3.pdf Author: AAA.Atayero,Member IEEE Date : October 2011

3. The video about "How GPS Works" was taken from youtube.Here is the link of the video URL: https://youtu.be/PLjld-edVj8

4. Other article named as "Satellite communication " was taken from the following website URL: http://www.cse.wustl.edu/~jain/cis788-97/ftp/satellite_nets.pdf Author : David Hart Date : 14 August 1997

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@Sumeeth

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1.IRW :  infrared window

2.TOT : tropical-overshooting-top

3.MODIS : Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

4.POD : probability of detection

5.GOES-E : Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-East

6. CONUS : contiguous United States

7.POFD : probability of false detection

8.FAR : false-alarm ratio

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application areas of remote sensing satellite technology

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application areas of remote sensing satellite technology

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1.monitoring changes and patterns in biodiversity

2.improving efficiency of air traffic control

3.determining soil moisture content

4.Help in fishing by monitoring oceans

5.Monitoring air quality to combat pollution

6.Recording video footage from satellites

7.Identifying minerals for extraction

8.Detecting ancient archaeological sites

9.Assessing rural road conditions

10. Aiding in land use for urban planning

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1.EMR - Electromagnetic radiation (EM radiation or EMR) is the radiant energy released by certainelectromagnetic processes. Visible light is one type of electromagnetic radiation, other familiar forms are invisible electromagnetic radiations such as radio waves, infrared light and X rays.

2.EMS - Electromagnetic spectrum the range of wavelengths or frequencies over which electromagnetic radiation extends.

3.Near-infrared photography - In infrared photography, the film or image sensor used is sensitive to infrared light. The part of the spectrum used is referred to asnear-infrared to distinguish it from far-infrared, which is the domain of thermalimaging. Wavelengths used for photographyrange from about 700 nm to about 900 nm

4. CIR(colour infrared photography) - Satellites and high-altitude aircraft equipped to record scenes of the Earth use both visible and invisible parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Near-infrared light is invisible to the human eye, but adding it to these images allows scientists to "see" the surface of the Earth in other than natural colors. The result is "color-infrared" photography.

5. aerial reconnaissance -

Aerial reconnaissance is reconnaissance for a military or strategic purpose that is conducted using reconnaissance aircraft. This role can fulfil a variety of requirements, including the collection of imagery intelligence, observation of enemy maneuvers and artillery spotting.

6.TIROS - TIROS, or Television Infrared Observation Satellite, is a series of early weather satellites launched by the United States, beginning with TIROS-1 in 1960.

7. digital image processing - Digital image processing is the use of computer algorithms to perform image processing on digital images. As a subcategory or field of digital signalprocessing, digital image processing has many advantages over analog image processing.

8.Hyperspectral imaging - Hyperspectral imaging, like other spectralimaging, collects and processes information from across the electromagnetic spectrum. The goal ofhyperspectral imaging is to obtain the spectrum for each pixel in the image of a scene, with the purpose of finding objects, identifying materials, or detecting processes.

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remote sensing for predicting bird species richness

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remote sensing for predicting bird species richness

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remote sensing for analyzing traffic pollution

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remote sensing for analyzing traffic pollution

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Scientists at Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M) are testing infrared remote sensing technology to evaluate the pollutant emissions associated with motor vehicle traffic which allows for analysis of all the gases of environmental interest with one sole instrument in a sole measurement

The methodology, which has been used in this research in collaboration with the Universidad Europea de Madrid, is based on the Open-Path FTIR technique which takes advantage of specific properties of gases in order to detect them: they absorb radiation only in certain wave lengths which are always the same and particular to each gas. Many gases have absorption lines or bands in the infrared, for which this area of the electromagnetic spectrum is very useful for the remote detection of gases, according to the authors of this research from the UC3M Department of Physics. "With this technique all of the gases that have absorption bands in the infrared can be measured simultaneously, which are almost all of those that are of environmental interest: carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone, methane, hydrocarbons, sulfur dioxide, chlorhydric acid, etc.," one of the researchers in charge of this study, Professor Antonio de Castro, pointed out.

The object of their research is to experimentally determine the concentration of the chief gas pollutants associated with motor vehicle traffic. For that purpose, the researchers have developed a methodology that takes measurements outside of the concentration of different gases, mainly carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. "This technique offers the advantages inherent to a non-intrusive measurement technique, avoiding having to take gas samples in special recipients and providing average concentrations during a measurement line defined in real time," this researcher from the UC3M Infrared Laboratory explained. In addition, the technique offers another important advantage: the capacity to simultaneously calculate the concentration of all the gases of interest taken from the same measurement.
Possible applications
This technique is highly valuable for resolving numerous environmental problems associated with atmospheric pollution, especially when the toxicity of the pollutants make simple in situ measurement dangerous, since it is not necessary to go into the polluted area to carry out the measurement. "The possibility of monitoring a wide spectrum of gases from a distance and observing wide areas in such a simple manner makes this technique a useful tool," the study's co-author, Professor Susana Briz asserted. She further pointed out that this technique allows, in addition to the measurement of the concentration of pollutants, the calculation of emissions associated with different environmental issues, such as the characterization and study of emissions associated with forest fires, green house effect gas emissions from dumps and agriculture installations, monitoring volcanic gases, etc. "You could say," Briz concluded, "that this technique is useful for almost all of the problems associated with atmospheric pollution and in general with the detection of gases."

To take a measurement it is necessary to have an infrared source, such as a very hot object, and a spectrometer, an instrument which analyzes infrared radiation that comes from the origin with its wave lengths, just as a prism does when it separates white light into the colors of the rainbow, the researchers explained. "If there is a certain gas between the infrared source and the spectrometer, its wave length characteristic is absorbed and that is detected by the instrument," Susana Briz explained. "Afterwards, the analysis programs are also capable of determining the concentration of that gas," she added.

At the moment, various field experiments in the towns of Villaviciosa de Odón and Leganés have been carried out to test the validity of the method to calculate emissions based on concentration measurements with the Open-Path FTIR technique, verifying the methodology with standardized equipment (extractives). The methodology proposed, based on dispersion models, has been proven in the opposite way: the emissions calculated independently (EMFAC2007) have been introduced, and the calculated concentrations have been compared with the experimental ones. "In light of these results, we can assert that the proposed methodology is an effective tool to experimentally estimate the emission factors associated with a certain way," the researchers concluded.

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optics; physics; petroleum; vehicles; air quality; air pollution; environmental science; environmental issues

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New method for infrared remote sensing to analyze traffic pollution

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Scientists at Universidad Carlos III de Madrid (UC3M) are testing infrared remote sensing technology to evaluate the pollutant emissions associated with motor vehicle traffic which allows for analysis of all the gases of environmental interest with one sole instrument in a sole measurement The methodology, which has been used in this research in collaboration with the Universidad Europea de Madrid, is based on the Open-Path FTIR technique which takes advantage of specific properties of gases in order to detect them: they absorb radiation only in certain wave lengths which are always the same and particular to each gas.

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How Do Geosynchronous Satellites Systems Work?

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How Do Geosynchronous Satellites Systems Work?

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How Do Geosynchronous Satellites Systems Work?

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Satellite phone and internet networks often use Geosynchronous or Geostationary (GEO) satellites. This type of system provides reliable satellite connectivity for personal and commercial applications. It also functions extremely well for emergency preparedness requirements.

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books referred :

1.name of the book: Satellite Technology, An Introduction.

Author:Inglis Andrew & Luther. Arch C

publisher: Focal Press. Boston,

year:1997

2. name of the book :: Principles and Technologies

Author:Pattan, Bruno. Satellite Systems

publisher: Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York

year:1993

websites referred:

1.http://www.reformation.org/geostationary-satellites.pdf

2.http://arxiv.org/

journals referred :

1.: The diurnal cycle of tropical convection

Author :Hendon, H. H., and K. Woodberry,1993

2.: Daily hurricane variability inferred from GOES infrared imagery

Author : Kossin, J. P,2002

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1.Reference from books:

a)book name - Introduction to remote sensing,1996

author - Campbell, J.B.

publisher - Taylor & Francis,London.

b)book - Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation, third edition

author - Lillesand, T.M. and Kiefer, R.1993

publisher - John Villey, New York.

2.Reference from journals:

journal-Architecting principles for system-of-systems.

author - maier. M

year- 1998

3.reference from websites:

a)http://esd.mit.edu/symposium/pdfs/papers/crossley.pdf

b)www.ieee.org

c)http://www.earthobservations.org/05_Cape%20Town%20Decla ration.pdf

d)www.sciencedaily.com

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The video describes evolution of geostationary orbits. Geostationary (geosynchronous) satellites are widely used for space communications, data relay, direct TV and radio broadcasting, and other specialized applications.

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How i collected the relevant information

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How i collected the relevant information

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I obtained information on geostationary satellites focusing on " Satellite-Detected Tropical Overshooting Tops" from various books and journals

Books referred:

1.Tropical cyclone convection and intensity analysis using differenced infrared and water vapor imagery

2. The diurnal cycle in the tropics.

3. Statistical Methods in the Atmospheric Sciences

Journals referred:

New probabilistic forecast models for the prediction of tropical cyclone rapid intensification.

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@purna srivatsa

After referring to a few e-books i found relevant information on ieee.org(institute of electrical and electronics engineers) which is a leading association for advancement of technology. I narrowed my topic to principles of remote sensing after going through numerous articles on sciencedaily.com. Then i obtained further information from publications of isprs.org , an international society devoted to research on remote sensing satellites.

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Q.6) What causes increase in the intensity of TC?

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Q.6) What causes increase in the intensity of TC?

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One of the well-known inhibiting factors to the intensity increase in a TC is vertical wind shear, which often presents itself through convective asymmetries.

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Q.5)Who found an early
morning maximum in oceanic deep convection?

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Q.5)Who found an early
morning maximum in oceanic deep convection?

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Using 11-mm BT data, Yang and Slingo (2001) found an early morning maximum in oceanic deep convection, with Kossin (2002) indicating an additional semidiurnal signal present in developed TCs.

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Q.4)WHAT is the use of TOT information
as a predictor of RI ?

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Q.4)WHAT is the use of TOT information
as a predictor of RI ?

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To do this, we examine selected TCs and analyze time-averaged TOTs in increments of 1, 3, and 6 h prior to each synoptic time during the TC lifetime. These average TOTs per scan are then tabulated against the occurrence of RI or non-RI within the subsequent 24-h period. The difference between averages for RI and non-RI TOTs per scan must be significantly different at the 95% confidence level according to a two-sided Student’s t test for the TOTs to be considered a viable predictor of RI (RK11).

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@purna srivatsa

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Principles of Remote Sensing - Centre for Remote Imaging, Sensing and Processing, CRISP

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We perceive the surrounding world through our five senses. Some senses (touch and taste) require contact of our sensing organs with the objects. However, we acquire much information about our surrounding through the senses of sight and hearing which do not require close contact between the sensing organs and the external objects.

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                                              THE GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES

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                                              THE GEOSTATIONARY SATELLITES

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@Yeshwanth

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Q.3)How does the "Glossary of
Meteorology" define an OT as?

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Q.3)How does the "Glossary of
Meteorology" define an OT as?

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The American Meteorological Society "Glossary of Meteorology defines an OT as ‘‘[a] domelike protrusion above a cumulonimbus anvil, representing the intrusion of an updraft through its equilibrium level.’’

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The TOT detection algorithm is a modification of an existing overshooting-top (OT) algorithm that was originally developed for midlatitude severe-weather applications

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tropical cyclones (TCs) is vigorous convection with associated latent-heat release through condensation processes

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Trends in Satellite-Detected Tropical Overshooting Tops

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Trends in Satellite-Detected Tropical Overshooting Tops

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@yeshwanth

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Q.3) How is remote sensing different from aerial photography?

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Q.3) How is remote sensing different from aerial photography?

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During early half of twentieth century, aerial photos were used in military surveys and topographical mapping. Main advantage of aerial photos has been the high spatial resolution with fine details and therefore they are still used for mapping at large scale such as in route surveys, town planning, construction project surveying, cadastral mapping etc. Modern remote sensing system provide satellite images suitable for medium scale mapping used in natural resources surveys and monitoring such as forestry, geology, watershed management etc.

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Q.4 what are the different types of remote sensing?

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Q.4 what are the different types of remote sensing?

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Remote sensing can be either passive or active. ACTIVE systems have their own source of energy (such as RADAR) whereas the PASSIVE systems depend upon external source of illumination (such as SUN) or self-emission for remote sensing.

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EMR is a dynamic form of energy that propagates as wave motion at a velocity of c = 3 x 1010 cm/sec. The parameters that characterize a wave motion arewavelength (λ), frequency (ν) and velocity (c) .

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Q.6)Why is the interaction of EMR with atmosphere important?

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Q.6)Why is the interaction of EMR with atmosphere important?

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The interaction of EMR with the atmosphere is important to remote sensing for two main reasons. First, information carried by EMR reflected/emitted by the earth’s surface is modified while traversing through the atmosphere. Second, the interaction of EMR with the atmosphere can be used to obtain useful information about the atmosphere itself

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@purna srivatsa

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CIRES Fellow and NASA Chief Scientist Waleed Abdalati and CIRES Fellow Steve Nerem explain Remote Sensing and how it is used to study our planet. 'Like' CIRES on Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/CIRESnews Follow CIRES on twitter: @CIRESnews Video By: David Oonk/CIRES

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Q.2) what are the various disciplines of science invloved in remote sensing?

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Q.2) what are the various disciplines of science invloved in remote sensing?

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Remote Sensing is basically a multi-disciplinary science which includes a combination of various disciplines such as optics, spectroscopy, photography, computer, electronics and telecommunication, satellite launching etc. All these technologies are integrated to act as one complete system in itself, known as Remote Sensing System. There are a number of stages in a Remote Sensing process, and each of them is important for successful operation

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Satellite Remote Sensing and its Role in Global Change Research

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Satellite Remote Sensing and its Role in Global Change Research

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@purna srivatsa

Remote sensing is the science of acquiring and analyzing information about objects or phenomena from a distance. We are familiar with remote sensing in that we rely on visual perception to provide us with information about our surroundings. As sensors, however, our eyes are greatly limited by

1) sensitivity to only the visible range of electromagnetic energy;                                                                                                                                         2) viewing perspectives dictated by the location of our bodies; and                                                                                                                                   3) the inability to form a lasting record of what we view.

Because of these limitations, humans have continuously sought to develop the technological means to increase our ability to see and record the physical properties of our environment.Beginning with the early use of aerial photography, remote sensing has been recognized as a valuable tool for viewing, analyzing, characterizing, and making decisions about our environment. In the past few decades, remote sensing technology has advanced on three fronts:

1) from predominantly military uses to a variety of environmental analysis applications that relate to land, ocean, and atmosphere issues; 2) from photographic systems to sensors that convert energy from many parts of the electromagnetic spectrum to electronic signals; and 3)from aircraft to satellite platforms.

Today, we define satellite remote sensing as the use of satellite-borne sensors to observe, measure, and record the electromagnetic radiation reflected or emitted by the Earth and its environment for subsequent analysis and extraction of information.

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5.WHAT ARE THE VARIOUS ORBITS IN WHICH SATELLITES OPERATE?

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5.WHAT ARE THE VARIOUS ORBITS IN WHICH SATELLITES OPERATE?

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SATELLITES OPERATE IN THE FOLLOWING THREE ORBITS: 1) LOW EARTH ORBIT(LEO)- LEO satellites are positioned at an altitude between 160 km and 1,600 km. 2) MEDIUM EARTH ORBIT(MEO)- MEO satellites operate from 10,000 to 20,000 km. 3) GEOSTATIONARY ORBIT(GEO)- GEO satellites are positioned 35,786 km ABOVE EARTH. They complete one orbit in 24 hours and thus remain fixed over one spot.

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4.HOW IS THE THE LIFE SPAN OF A SATELLITE DETERMINED?

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4.HOW IS THE THE LIFE SPAN OF A SATELLITE DETERMINED?

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A satellite’s life span is determined by the amount of fuel it has to power these thrusters. Once the fuel runs out, the satellite eventually drifts into space and out of operation, becoming space debris.

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3.WHAT SPARKED THE SPACE RACE BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND THE SOVIET UNION?

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3.WHAT SPARKED THE SPACE RACE BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES AND THE SOVIET UNION?

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The first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1, was launched successfully by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957. It orbited Earth in a elliptical orbit, taking 96.2 minutes to complete one revolution. It transmitted signals for only 22 days until its battery ran out and was in orbit for only three months, but its launch sparked the beginning of the space race between the United States and the Soviet Union.

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2.HOW DID THE VERY IDEA OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATION ARISE?

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2.HOW DID THE VERY IDEA OF SATELLITE COMMUNICATION ARISE?

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'Using Rocket Stations to give world wide radio coverage.' This was the idea that led to the developement of satellites. The first practical concept of satellite communication was proposed by 27-year-old Royal Air Force officer Arthur C. Clarke.

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1.WHAT ROLE DO SATELLITES PLAY IN COMMUNICATION?

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1.WHAT ROLE DO SATELLITES PLAY IN COMMUNICATION?

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In telecommunication satellites are used to provide links between various point on earth. A satellite corresponds to the space segment A typical satellite link involves the transmission or uplinking of a signal from an Earth station to a satellite. The satellite then receives and amplifies the signal and retransmits it back to Earth, where it is received and reamplified by Earth stations and terminals.

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@yeshwanth

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SATELLITE COMMUNICATION-2

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SATELLITE COMMUNICATION-1

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Will Marshall:Tiny satellites show us the EARTH as it changes in near-real-time

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Will Marshall:Tiny satellites show us the EARTH as it changes in near-real-time

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@sumeeth

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Will Marshall: Tiny satellites show us the Earth as it changes in near-real-time

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Satellite imaging has revolutionized our knowledge of the Earth, with detailed images of nearly every street corner readily available online. But Planet Labs' Will Marshall says we can do better and go faster -- by getting smaller.

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@mahidhar