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REFERENCES

Orr, T. (2008). Geothermal energy. Ann Arbor: Cherry Lake Pub.

Wachtel, A., & Voege, D. (2010).Geothermal energy. New York, NY: Chelsea Clubhouse.

Dickson, M. (1995).Geothermal energy. Chichester: Wiley.

Berman, E. (1975).Geothermal energy. Park Ridge, N.J.: Noyes Data.

Rickard, G. (1991).Geothermal energy. Milwaukee: G. Stevens Children's Books.

Niskern, D. (1983).Geothermal energy. Washington, D.C.: Science Reference Section, Science and Technology Division, Library of Congress.

Saunders, N. (2008).Geothermal energy. Pleasantville, NY: Gareth Stevens Pub.

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References

(2002). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. In T. Ackermann. Stockholm.

(2002). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. In T. Ackermann. Stockholm.

Devine-Wright, P. (2004). Wind energy. Beyond NIMBYism: towards an integrated framework for understanding public perceptions of wind energy , 125-139.

Phillips, J. L. (1995). GRL. Ulysses solar wind plasma observations from pole to pole , 3301–3304.

Paschmann, G. (1980). JGR. Energization of solar wind ions by reflection from the Earth's bow shock , 4689–4693.

ceanga, E. (2008). OPTICAL CONTROL OF ENERGY SYSTEMS. Galati: springer.

Crespo, A. (1999). Wind Energy. Survey of modelling methods for wind turbine wakes , 1–24.

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References

Energy Information Administration (EIA). (2005). Annual energy outlook 2004 .

Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA). (2004). Our solar power future: The U.S. photovoltaics industry roadmap through 2030 and beyond .

Solar Energy Technologies Program. (2006). Solar energy technologies program: Multi-year program plan 2007-2011. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy .

Cleetus, R. C. (2009). Climate 2030: A National Blueprint for a Clean Energy Economy. .

Concentrating Solar Power Program. (2000). Solar Two demonstrates clean power for the future. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Energy .

Deyette, J. a. (2005). In Catalyst: A Magazine of the Union of Concerned Scientists. How it works: Solar electricity generation. , 18-19.

Jordan, B. Y. (1962). Performance of energy collectors , 53.

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AJAY: ADVANTAGES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY(EAHE(EARTH AIR HEAT EXCHANGER SYSTEM))

1.EAHE AND OTHER GEOTHERMAL ENERGY SOURCES IF VITALLY USED THEN TO A GREAT EXTENT THE DROP DOWN THE REALIABILITY ON FOSSIL FUELS AND ALSO THE POLLUTION GETS REDUCED.

2.EAHE PROMOTES THE GREEN AIR CONDITIONING BECAUSE IT REDUCES THE USAGE OF CARRIER DEVELOPED AIR CONDITIONERS WHICH CONSUME A LOT OF FOSSIL FUEL POWER USED NOW A DAYS AND ALSO EMIT THE CFCs(CHLORO FLUORO CARBONS) WHICH DEPLETE THE OZONE LAYER.

THERE ARE MANY MORE ADVANTAGE TO QUOTE OF WHICH THE ABOVE STATED ARE A FEW.

SRIKAR: IF IT COMES INTO A VAST AND MAJOR USAGE THE THE EMPLOYED WHICH IS GENERATED IN THE CARRIER AIR CONDITIONING INDUSTRIES,THERMAL POWER INDUSTRIES AND SOME MORE INDUSTRIES GET AFFECTED AND A LOT OF FAMILIES LOSE THE BASE OF SUPPORT AND IT ALSO AFFECTS THEIR QUALITY OF LIVING.

Srikar: The application which is more feasible among all the applications of solar energy is solar powered vehicles (cars). Today, the world is facing the crises of coal and petroleum. So, in the future, the world would rely on other forms of energy such as solar energy, wind energy etc. So, solar cars are an alternative for cars which run on fossil fuels and can be used extensively in future.

As solar cars do not consume fossil fuels, many greenhouse gases like carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide would not be released and hence there would be no global warming.

The biggest advantage of using solar cars is that solar energy would never be depleted, unlike fossil fuels, which would be exhausted completely in few years from now.

Thaman Ch: The disadvantage of solar cars is the cost of installation of the photovoltaics( solar cells). Another disadvantage is that sunlight is not available for the whole 24 hours. So, it can be used only during daytime and can't be used during nights.So it may not be feasible.

Thaman Ch:

Advantages-

1.Wind energy doesn't pollute the air like power plants that rely on combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas. Wind turbines don't produce atmospheric emissions that cause acid rain or greenhouse gasses.

2.The nation's wind supply is abundant: over the past 10 years, cumulative wind power capacity in the United States increased an average of 30% per year, outpacing the 28% growth rate in worldwide capacity.

3.Wind is actually a form of solar energy; winds are caused by the heating of the atmosphere by the sun, the rotation of the earth, and the earth's surface irregularities. For as long as the sun shines and the wind blows, the energy produced can be harnessed to send power across the grid.

4. It is one of the lowest-priced renewable energy technologies available today, costing between four and six cents per kilowatt-hour, depending upon the wind resource and project financing of the particular project.

5.This greatly benefits the economy in rural areas, where most of the best wind sites are found. Farmers and ranchers can continue to work the land because the wind turbines use only a fraction of the land. Wind power plant owners make rent payments to the farmer or rancher for the use of the land providing landowners with additional income.

Srikar: Depending on how energetic a wind site is, the wind farm may or may not be cost competitive. Even though the cost of wind power has decreased dramatically in the past 10 years, the technology requires a higher initial investment than fossil-fueled generators.

Wind Resource development may not be the most profitable use of the land. Land suitable for wind turbine installation must compete with alternative uses for the land, which may be more highly valued than electricity generation.

Ajay: Although wind power plants have relatively little impact on the environment compared to other conventional power plants, there is some concern over the noise produced by the rotor blades, aesthetic (visual) impacts.

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SOME NEW WORDS AND KEY TERMS:

1.GEOTHERMAL ENERGY:THE ENERGY THAT ORIGINATES FROM THE INTERIOR OF THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH AND MOST OF THE GEOTHERMALENERGY IS AVAILABLE FROM MAGMA(OR LAVA).

2.EAT(EARTH'S AMBIENT TEMPERATURE):IF WE RECORD THE TEMPERATURE BENEATH THE SURFACE OF EARTH(5 TO 10 METRES) IT IS MODERATE AND ALWAYS CONSTANT THROUGHOUT THE YEAR IRRESPECTIVE OF THE SEASON.

3.EAHE(EARTH AIR HEAT EXCHANGE SYSTEMS):THE SYSTEMS WHICH IS DEVELOPED BY THE SCIENTISTS RECENTLY WHICH CAN BE USED AS A SUBSTITUTE OF CARRIER AIR CONDITIONERS AT THE COST OF RENEWABLE GEOTHERMAL ENERGY.IS HAS A WIDE SCOPE TO BE DEVELOPED IN THE FUTURE

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I CONCLUDE THAT "EAHE " SHOULD BE PUT TO USE AS EARLY AS POSSIBLE BECAUSE WE SEE FROM THE LONG PAST THAT ANY TECHNOLOGY THAT IS INITIALLY DEVELOPED TAKES SOME TIME TO GET FLOW IN THE STARTING DAYS BUT AS ALL THE INTELLIGENT BRAINS START WORKING ON THAT IT GETS DEVELOPED AND IT'S USAGE BECOMES MORE FEASIBLE. IF PEOPLE START WORKING ON "EAHE" SYSTEMS AS EARLY AS POSSIBLE THEN SOON THEY WILL REPLACE THE ELECTRIC AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS THAT WE USE TODAY SO THAT THEY SAVE A LOT OF FOSSIL FUELS,PREVENT EARTH FORM GLOBAL WARMING AND SAVE THE SPECIES OTHER THAN HUMANS ON EARTH FROM EXTINCTION.OVERALL WHERE THERE IS A WILL THERE IS A WAY SO ONCE WE START WORKING ON THAT WE CAN BRING A GOOD CHANGE!

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APPLICATIONS OF GEOTHERMAL TECHNOLOGY BY AJAY 

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APPLICATIONS OF GEOTHERMAL TECHNOLOGY BY AJAY 

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Hi Srikar and Thaman, do you know where can we use geothermal energy technology for bringing a change:

1.First one as I have mentioned is EAHE(Earth Air Heat Exchanger Systems). If we start using it most of the consumption of fossil fuels can be reduced. And also the emission of CFCs(Chloro Flouro Carbons can also be reduced which reduces the Exponential growth of Green House Effect to a large extent(Atleast turns out to be quadratic or linear!!!).

2.FOR POWER PRODUCTION: AS WE ALL KNOW THERE IS A OVEEWHELMED USAGE OF THERMAL POWER RIGHT NOW. EVEN THOUGH WE ARE TRYING TO USE HYDROELECTRIC POWER,SOLAR POWER AND WIND POWER AS SUBSTITUTES THE MAY NOT COMPLETELY SERVE THE RIGHT PURPOSE BECAUSE FOR EXAMPLE WE CAN'T BE CERTAIN WHEN DO WE HAVE WATER FILLED IN THE DAM COMPLETELY .BUT IF WE DEVELOPE THE RIGHT TECHNOLOGY FOR THE USAGE OF THE EVERGREEN AND 24X7 AVAILABLE GEOTHERMAL POWER WE CAN ALWAYS BE SURE OF USING IT

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List of applications of wind energy

->can be converted into electric energy by wind turbines

->The electricity generated an be used to power many things.

->Wind energy can be used by the ships and boats sailing on rivers and oceans.

->Wind energy doesn't pollute the air like power plants that rely on combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas. Wind turbines don't produce atmospheric emissions that cause acid rain or greenhouse gasses.

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List of applications of solar energy

>> Can be converted to electricity using solar panels.

>> Heat water (Solar water heaters)

>> Desalination

>> Can be used to run cars( without using any fossil fuels)

>> Can be used for cooking food ( using metals which can absorb more light )

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the action or fact of reducing or restricting something.the action or fact of reducing or restricting something.oil-drilling equipment made from tubes.
New words i came across and their meanings

nacelle=is a housing, separate from the fuselage, that holds engines, fuel, or equipment on an aircraft.

tubular=oil-drilling equipment made from tubes.

aesthetic=concerned with beauty or the appreciation of beauty or a set of principles underlying the work of a particular artist or artistic movement

curtailment=the action or fact of reducing or restricting something.

capacity factor=atio of its actual output over a period of time, to its potential output if it were possible for it to operate at full nameplate capacity continuously over the same period of time.

dispatchable energy=sources of electricity that can be dispatched at the request of power grid operators; that is, generating plants that can be turned on or off, or can adjust their power output on demand.

thermostats=a device that automatically regulates temperature, or that activates a device when the temperature reaches a certain point.

arbitrage=the simultaneous buying and selling of securities, currency, or commodities in different markets or in derivative forms in order to take advantage of differing prices for the same asset.

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Questionnaire

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New Words I came across and their meanings

Awning=a sheet of canvas stretched on a frame

Skylight=a window set in a roof or ceiling at the same angle.

Incentive=a payment or concession to stimulate greater output or investment.

Plummet=fall or drop straight down at high speed.

Ingot=a block of steel, gold, silver, or other metal

Rebate= Discount

Dessicant= Substance used for drying other substances

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YOUTUBE LINKS WHICH ILLUSTRATE THE USE OF "EAHE":

1.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uVDBRQvBVso

2.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uv8bTAGr0tU

3.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mCRDf7QxjDk

4.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c2GCRwiz-zE

5.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FJCd6U0DuBE

6.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zUjTa5BajxQ

7.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iIRbhZY8MpE

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PROCESS OF COLLECTING THE CONCERNED DATA OF AJAY 

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PROCESS OF COLLECTING THE CONCERNED DATA OF AJAY 

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Initially i wanted to collect the data regarding geothermal energy as a renewable source of energy and later after searching in many pages from the scholarly articles and journals in google i got interested to study further on EAHE from the springer live article

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Q;Why should we start using geothermal energy as one of the main sources of energy?

A:1.Definition : Geothermal energy is the energy that is stored inside or near the surface of earth. We sometimes experience it in our daily lives like a)hot springs of water coming to the surface of Earth. b)eruption on volcanoes which give out magma with very high thermal energy.

2.Need : As of now we have a lot of green house effect and global warming. The major cause for it is the carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxde and nitrogen monoxide released by the combustion of fossil fuels. When we try to avoid using fossil fuels then we start looking for other renewable sources of energy which are efficient and don't cause any harm to the environment like wind energy,solar energy and geothermal energy. All the three sources of renewable energies stated above are themselves potential enough to satisfy the growing needs. But as of now we don't have the sophisticated enough technology to extract the renewable power efficient enough(Eg: the efficiency of the solar cells used for extracting the solar energy in many places lies between 10-15%) so we should try to assign different sources different areas where they can be efficient enough to serve the purposes secondarily initially and later on can be shifted as primary sources.

3.Case Study : At present there is an exciting and needy field where the Geothermal energy can come into play. Now-a-days Air Conditioning has got a vital importance it is well known that all the air conditioning systems run on electricity. But by using Earth-Air heat exchanger system as the base(as explained in the summary) Air Conditioning is achieved by geothermal energy with consuming the energy that comes from other sources for air conditioning like coal etc

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(GEOTHERMAL ENERGY) ARTICLE SOURCES:

1.http://www.geothermal-energy-journal.com/content/3/1/5

2.  http://www.geothermal-energy-journal.com/content/3/1/18

(based on earth-air heat exchanger systems)

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SOURCE

1.My main article is from http://www.jstor.org/stable/25190482?seq=1&amp;Search=yes&amp;resultItemClick=true&amp;searchText=wind&amp;searchText=energy&amp;searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dwind%2Benergy%26amp%3Bacc%3Don%26amp%3Bwc%3Don%26amp%3Bfc%3Doff%26amp%3Bgroup%3Dnone#page_scan_tab_contents
2.http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/wind-power-profile/

3.This video gives description of wind turbine
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p5k2LhKBSgQ

4.windturbines.com gives idea about wind mill and facts related to wind energy.
5.The working of wind turbines is given in the given link http://energy.gov/eere/wind/how-do-wind-turbines-work
.A youtube clip is also given in the above link.
6.Pros and Cons of wind energy http://www.windustry.org/pros_cons_wind_energy
7.More information regarding wind energy can be found on DOE Wind Energy Technologies
page.

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Sources:

1)My main article

http://www.ucsusa.org/clean_energy/our-energy-choices/renewable-energy/how-solar-energy-works.html#.Vgabpsuqqkp

2) http://www.altenergy.org/renewables/solar.html

3)This video gave me a brief description of solar cells and their working.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Cam0uREgPI

4)Here is a video link that gives us the important facts about usage of solar energy.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4pnll5qLIgg

5)This video, from TEDx, gives a description of the scope of solar energy.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9KN83QJfkgY

6)This article gives an explanation about working of solar heat collectors.

https://www.nvenergy.com/brochures_arch/conservation/heatingcollectors.pdf

7)This explained the pros and cons of solar energy.

http://energyinformative.org/solar-energy-pros-and-cons/

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How i collected the information?

The information in the article is taken from the book written by W.E.Leithead.The book was found on jstor website.The photos of the book were kept there.Out of the complete book,only 957-970 were related to the article wind energy.

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How I collected the information regarding the discussion?

The article by Asad Zeeshan provided the information regarding solar energy's importance in our life and how solar energy can be used effectively.(https://www.ehuub.com/Document/asadzeeshan/business/role-and-importance-of-solar-energy-in-our-daily-life) The same article gave the pros and cons of solar energy. It also explained why solar energy is more advantageous than fossil fuel energy.

The article by "Gil Knier" on the NASA website provided the basic information regarding Photovoltaics and their uses.(http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2002/solarcells/)

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What is the major disadvantage of wind energy?

The main disadvantage of wind energy is that wind can never be predicted. In areas where large amount of wind is needed or winds strength is too low to support wind turbine, there solar or geothermal energy could prove to be great alternatives. That is one of the reasons that most of the companies determine wind turbine layout, power curve, thrust curve, long term wind speed before deploying wind turbines.

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When were wind turbines invented and who invented them?

The first electricity-generating wind turbine was a battery charging machine installed in July 1887 by Scottish academic James Blyth. Some months later American inventor Charles F. Brush was able to build the first automatically operated wind turbine after consulting local University professors and colleagues Jacob S Gibbband Brinsley Colenberd

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What are the disadvantages of solar energy?

The main disadvantage of solar energy is that it’s dilute.The total energy of the sun's rays cannot be utilized. The solar collectors are relatively expensive and some require regular maintenance in order to work properly and efficiently.

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When were photovoltaics invented and who invented them?

Photovoltaics were invented in the year 1954 by Bell Laboratories. It was initially expensive.As the technology advanced, its reliability was established, and the cost began to decline.Photo electric effect(the principle on which photovoltaics are based) was first observed by a French physicist, Edmund Becquerel in 1839 .

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How is solar energy more advantageous than energy from fossil fuels?

To produce electricity or heat you only need the sun rays. There is no need to use fossil fuel in combination with sun rays to produce electricity or heat. Solar energy collectors or solar panels can convert this energy to electricity.

Heating through solar energy is much cheaper than using traditional electricty and a lot of money can be saved.

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How can solar energy be used efficiently?

The use of solar energy is versatile, it is used for electricity, central heating, hot water, cooking, for producing salt, and also for desalination.The energy comes from sun's rays and is known to be environment-friendly.

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Why is solar energy important in our daily life?

The modern industry is facing shortage of power due to increased cost of traditional fossil fuels.  It’s hence a high time that we start looking at some renewable source of energy. One viable alternative is to use solar energy at homes. Also burning fossil fuel for power has had negative impacts on the environment. Hence the right answer for a green and clean future is to use solar energy.

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Why is this research important?

The research is important as it talks about the challenges facing in utilizing the wind energy .Wind energy will,very likely ,become increasingly important over the next two decades.So for that very reason this research carries much importance as it talks about the several aspects related to public acceptance and technical issues ,wind turbines and problems to be resolved

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When was the article published?

W.E.LEITHEAD published the article online on february 200

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what do the others need to know about the topic?

The article focuses on the rate of development of wind energy.It stresses on the need to utilize the wind energy for generating electricity as we are soon to run out of fossil fuel.The article also shows the steps taken by the developed governments to start trying to utilize wind energy on large scale and have started taking measures regarding them.the overview of technology related to wind energy is presented here.

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WIND ENERGY

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WIND ENERGY

SUMMARY ON THE ARTICLE BY W.E.LEITHEAD
Wind Power is the one of the most important of the renewable sources of power. The article talks about the the utilization of wind energy.From its rebirth in the early 1980s, the rate of development of wind energy has been dramatic. Today, other than hydropower, it is the most important of the renewable sources of power. The UK Government and the EU Commission have adopted targets for renewable energy generation of 10 and 12% of consumption, respectively. Much of this, by necessity, must be met by wind energy. The US Department of Energy has set a goal of 6% of electricity supply from wind energy by 2020. For this potential to be fully realized, several aspects, related to public acceptance, and technical issues, related to the expected increase in penetration on the electricity network and the current drive towards larger wind turbines, need to be resolved. Nevertheless, these challenges will be met and wind energy will, very likely, become increasingly important over the next two decades. An overview of the technology is presented.

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Solar Energy

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A comprehensive overview of solar power technologies, benefits, costs, and more from the Union of Concerned Scientists, including rooftop solar panels, large-scale solar power plants, and how solar panels work.

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Solar Energy

Summary of the article