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Goggles are used as a piece of protective equipment in order to provide a barrier between the face and harmful germs. By using goggles, the chance of being touched, catching or spreading germs is significantly reduced. Goggles are used within health and social care settings such as hospitals in order for health care professionals to be protected from infections. Anyone who is at risk of coming in contact of the blood or bodily fluids of an infected individual would be obliged to wear goggles, whether that is a staff member, patient or visitor.
The area of your eye called the mucous membrane is protected from blood and bodily fluids when goggles are worn. Without goggles, if these fluids were to come into contact with the naked eye, germs and infections from these fluids would be able to pass through the mucous membrane and travel into the body, further infecting the individual in contact with these fluids. Making goggle a vital piece of protective equipment within health and social care settings where germs are involved.

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Taps:

Taps and are tools used to create screw threads, which is called threading. Many are cutting tools; others are forming tools. A tap is used to cut or form the female portion of the mating pair. A tap can be used to clean up a thread, which is called chasing. However, using an ordinary tap to clean threads will generally result in the removal of some material, which will result in looser and weaker threads. Because of this, threads are typically cleaned using special taps and dies made for this purpose, which are known as "chasers". Chasers are made of softer materials and are not capable of cutting new threads, however they are still tighter fitting than actual fasteners and are fluted like regular taps and dies (to provide a means for debris like dirt and rust to escape). One particularly common use is for automotive spark plug threads, which often suffer from corrosion and a build-up of carbon.

A tap can help stop the spread of infection and control by when an individual goes to the toilet it is important that they wash their hands using the hot water from the tape to rinse the germs away by killing them. Any dampness helps an remaining germs to survive, and if there’s enough water they multiply. It is important we encourage other individuals to wash their hands properly by reducing the chance of infections spreading. Good respiratory hygiene measures include using disposable paper tissues when sneezing, coughing and blowing your nose followed by disposing of any tissues and then washing your hands. These simple measures, plus not visiting a patient in hospital if you are unwell yourself, can make a big  difference and will help protect you, your family and those around you. Hand hygiene should be performed for between 15 seconds and 2 minutes depending on the level of hand hygiene being performing. Washing for longer than these times is not recommended as this ma damage the skin leading to increased shedding of skin scales

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Hand sanitiser is an alternative to hand washing without soap and water. Different forms of hand sanitiser include; foam, gel and liquid. Hand sanitiser is known to be more effective at killing microorganisms rather than soap and water. In hospitals, hand sanitiser that contains at least 60% alcohol should be used. This is because alcohol based ones kill many different kinds of bacteria. Hand sanitiser with 90% alcohol are the most effective against viruses over normal hand washing. It is used in hospitals as a quick and easy way to kill bacteria.

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Medical Gloves
Medical gloves are disposable gloves that are used during medical procedures.
They include: examination gloves (non sterile or sterile)
Surgical gloves these are sterile and have different thickness
Chemotherapy gloves
Medical gloves are recommended to be worn for two main reasons, the first one is to reduce the risk of contamination on health care workers hands when they are dealing with blood or other bodily fluids. The second reason is to reduce the risk of germ distribution from the health care workers to the patient and from the patient to the health care worker.

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-  The use of disposable plastic aprons are indicated for a wide array of activities within care settings including “clean” and “ dirty” tasks. They must be worn when close contact with the patient, materials or equipment are anticipated, and when there is a risk that clothing may be contaminated with pathogenic micro-organisms or blood, body fluids, secretions or excretions, with the exception of perspiration.

-  Aprons/gowns should be appropriate for use, fit for purpose and should avoid any interference during procedures. Colour-coded aprons are often used for specific tasks and/or in specific areas (e.g. when handling or serving food within a clinical area). Never reuse or wash single-use disposable aprons/gowns.

- There are many types of gowns available and the most appropriate should be considered following local risk assessment, often involving in the first instance Infection Control staff, Occupational Health services and Procurement departments. A full-body fluid-repellant gown should be worn, rather than a plastic apron, when there is a risk of significant splashing of blood, body fluids, secretions or excretions (with the exception of perspiration), onto skin or clothing, or for other reasons if indicated by risk assessment.

-  Aprons/gowns should be changed between patients/clients/procedures. It may be necessary to change aprons/gowns between tasks on the same patient/client to prevent unnecessary cross-contamination. Remove aprons/gowns immediately once a task is finished. Never wear them while moving to a different patient/client/area. Torn or otherwise damaged aprons/gowns should not be used and should be removed immediately (safety permitting) if this occurs during a procedure.

-  Remove aprons/gowns carefully to avoid contact with the most likely contaminated areas (e.g. the front surface), and prevent contamination of clothes under them. The outer contaminated side of the apron/gown should be turned inward, rolled into a ball and then the item should be discarded immediately, as clinical waste, into appropriate receptacles according to local disposal of waste policies. Never place used aprons/gowns on environmental surfaces. See attached “Putting on and Removing PPE”

http://www.nhsprofessionals.nhs.uk/download/comms/cg1_nhsp_standard_infection_control_precautions_v3.pdf - Source for reference

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Only 15% of all waste by health-care activities is hazardous whilst the other 85% is general waste. However, 16 billion injections that are administered worldwide some are not disposed of anything else. In the health-care sectors, there is eight different types of waste. The first is Infection waste, which is waste, contaminated with bodily fluids. Secondarily pathological waste (body parts or animal carcasses). Sharp waste waste includes syringes, disposable scalpels or blades and chemical waste are solvents used in laboratories, disinfectants and heavy metals such as mercury. Pharmaceutical waste includes expired, unused or contaminated drugs and vaccines. Genotoxic waste which are highly hazardous, mutagenic drugs such as cytotoxic drugs used in cancer treatments. There is radioactive waste that are contaminated with radionuclides; this includes radio therapeutic materials and radioactive diagnostic materials. Finally, there is non-hazardous or general waste; this is waste that does not impose any biological, chemical, radioactive or psychical hazards.Most health-care waste created come from health facilities, like hospitals, laboratories and research centres. Mortuary and autopsy centres create some so does animal testing centres. Blood banks and collection services create health-care waste and nursing homes from the elderly. More economically developed countries up to 0.5kg of hazardous waste per bed every day compared to the LED countries create an average of 0.2kg. Waste disposal was created because infections have been spreading for centuries. Just from one needle stick, injury used on an infected source patient has a 30% risk of developing HBV, 1.8% risk of HCV and 0.3% of HIV. In addition, if the waste is incorrectly disposed of it can release pathogens and toxic pollutants into the environment.

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Scrubs are protective clothing that help to prevent the spread of infections. They help medical professionals to identify contaminants such as body fluids. They are cleaned under harsh conditions, using special cleaning chemicals and high temperatures to wash the scrubs. Scrubs are cleaner than regular clothes as it is guaranteed that they are washed straight away and not reused. This reduces the risk of germs being passed on. Because scrubs are inexpensive, it is easy to replacement. You are not allowed to wear any other clothing under your scrubs as it can introduce unwanted pathogens. Scrubs promote a clean environment. Now day’s medical uniforms consist of short-sleeved shirts and trousers (Scrubs). Surgical scrubs are a blue or green colour whilst non-surgical come in a wide variety of colour. Scrubs stop infections being brought into the hospital via other peoples clothing. They also stop infection being spread from patient to patient and to yourself as a medical professional.

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Immunisation

What is it? This is an effective method that protects both children and adults from receiving harmful infections or diseases before it spreads and comes into contact with other people.

What does it do? Using the body's natural process such as the immune system, immunisation helps it to start gradually becoming resistant to specific infections for example measles or flus.

Types of immunisation: There are two types of immunisation: active and passive. During active immunisation, it revolves around the body producing specialised cells and antibodies to fight against the infection. Whereas with passive immunisation, it uses ready-made antibodies and passing it directly to the immune person for immediate protection.

Difference between immunisation and vaccines: Vaccines are either injections or drops that contains either a weakened virus or bacteria and is generally a booster for the immune system to maintain immunity. Immunisation is a process of having both the vaccine and becoming immune to the disease as a result of the vaccine.