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"Human Trafficking Awareness Poster." CAST LA. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Mar. 2017.

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Lock Up Your Daughters! Male Activists, ‘Patriotic Domesticity’ and the Fight Against Sex Trafficking in England, 1880–1912

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Lock Up Your Daughters! Male Activists, ‘Patriotic Domesticity’ and the Fight Against Sex Trafficking in England, 1880–1912

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Attwood, Rachael. "Lock up Your Daughters! Male Activists, 'Patriotic Domesticity' and the Fight against Sex Trafficking in England, 1880-1912." Gender & History, vol. 27, no. 3, Nov. 2015, pp. 611-627. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1111/1468-0424.12153.

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"States Fight Sex Trafficking of Kids." State Legislatures, vol. 40, no. 6, June 2014, p. 5. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=96403948&site=ehost-live&scope=site.

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Minaya, Mariana C. "¿Volver a "Bracero"? Lessons from Spain on Migrant Worker Recruitment." Harvard Latino Law Review, vol. 19, Spring2016, pp. 89-136. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=118185944&site=ehost-live&scope=site.

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Kerry, John F. "International Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children." The American Journal of International Law 95.2 (2001): 407-10. Web.

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TRAFFICKING IN NARRATIVES: CONCEPTUALIZING AND RECASTING VICTIMS, OFFENDERS, AND RESCUERS IN THE WAR ON HUMAN TRAFFICKING.

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TRAFFICKING IN NARRATIVES: CONCEPTUALIZING AND RECASTING VICTIMS, OFFENDERS, AND RESCUERS IN THE WAR ON HUMAN TRAFFICKING.

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BALGAMWALLA, SABRINA. "Trafficking in Narratives: Conceptualizing and Recasting Victims, Offenders, and Rescuers in the War on Human Trafficking." Denver Law Review, vol. 94, no. 1, Nov. 2016, pp. 1-41. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=121374581&site=ehost-live&scope=site.

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HUMAN SEX TRAFFICKING: AN INTERNATIONAL PROBLEM WITH AN INTERNATIONAL SOLUTION REQUIRING NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION.

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HUMAN SEX TRAFFICKING: AN INTERNATIONAL PROBLEM WITH AN INTERNATIONAL SOLUTION REQUIRING NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION.

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Franco, Melanie. "Human Sex Trafficking: An International Problem with an International Solution Requiring National Implementation." Florida Journal of International Law, vol. 27, no. 3, Dec. 2015, pp. 421-439. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=113498354&site=ehost-live&scope=site.

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TRAFFICKING IN NARRATIVES: CONCEPTUALIZING AND RECASTING VICTIMS, OFFENDERS, AND RESCUERS IN THE WAR ON HUMAN TRAFFICKING.

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TRAFFICKING IN NARRATIVES: CONCEPTUALIZING AND RECASTING VICTIMS, OFFENDERS, AND RESCUERS IN THE WAR ON HUMAN TRAFFICKING.

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Writer, Law O., BobbyK, Thrusdayschild, and Mr.Carter. "Top Human Trafficking Nonprofits and Charities." Top Human Trafficking Nonprofits and Charities | GreatNonprofits. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Mar. 2017.

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Top Human Trafficking Nonprofits and Charities

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Find ratings and read reviews of Human Trafficking nonprofit organizations. Browse for top Human Trafficking charities and nonprofits to donate to and volunteer for!

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AssociatedPress. "Ashton Kutcher Makes Plea on Hill to End Slavery." YouTube. YouTube, 15 Feb. 2017. Web. 02 Mar. 2017.

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Ashton Kutchers Shocks Congress On Human Rights

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Ashton Kutcher Makes Plea on Hill to End Slavery

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Actor Ashton Kutcher gave an emotional testimony about the work of his anti-trafficking foundation at a Senate hearing in Washington, DC, on Wednesday. (Feb. 15) Subscribe for more Breaking News: http://smarturl.it/AssociatedPress Get updates and more Breaking News here: http://smarturl.it/APBreakingNews The Associated Press is the essential global news network, delivering fast, unbiased news from every corner of the world to all media platforms and formats.

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"Trafficking Victims Protection Act." Fight Slavery Now! N.p., 25 Feb. 2014. Web. 02 Mar. 2017.

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The Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000 as amended, is arguably the most important anti-trafficking law ever passed. The TVPA and its subsequent reauthorizations, define a human trafficking victim as a person induced to perform labor or a commercial sex act through force, fraud, or coercion. Any person under age 18 who performs a commercial sex act is considered a victim of human trafficking, regardless of whether force, fraud, or coercion was present. The TVPA enhances pre-existing criminal penalties in other related laws, affords new protections to trafficking victims and makes available certain benefits and services to victims of severe forms of trafficking once they become certified by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Under this law, one option that has become available to some victims who assist in the prosecution of their traffickers is the "T-Visa" that allows the victim to remain in the United States.

One important feature of the TVPA's conceptualization of trafficking is that physical transport from one locale to another is not a requirement. Another is that the law addresses the subtle means of coercion used by traffickers to control victims, including: psychological coercion, trickery, and the seizure of documents, activities which were difficult to prosecute under preexisting involuntary servitude statutes and case law.

The TVPA seeks to combat trafficking by promoting a policy of "3 Ps": prosecution, protection, and prevention:

Prosecution involves passing the appropriate laws that criminalize trafficking, and jailing the abusers who exploit other humans for profit.

Protection involves identifying victims, providing them with medical care and shelter (and if necessary witness protection), and, when appropriate, repatriating them.

Prevention involves raising awareness of the inhumane practices involved in the trafficking trade and promoting a paradigm shift that seeks to reduce the demand for the "fruits" of human trafficking.

The United States government reports that since 2001 only 1,168 foreign nationals have been granted a T-visa available to victims of a severe form of trafficking in persons. In contrast, the United States government estimates that between 14,500-17,500 foreign nationals are trafficked into the United States each year. This discrepancy clearly indicates a U.S. failure to implement the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) effectively enough to identify and protect all those who are trafficked into the United States. The low numbers of victims identified can be attributed to many different obstacles in implementation. One important obstacle is a lack of access to necessary legal services.

The Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Acts of 2005 and 2008 required the Department of Labor to compile and publish a list of products produced by child labor or forced labor, and the countries where these abuses were prevalent. The first report was finally released in 2009: The Department of Labor's List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor.

The State Department is tasked with evaluating the efforts of foreign governments to combat human trafficking by ranking them every year and placing countries in one of four categories. Tier 1 countries are those that meet the TVPA's minimum standards of fighting human trafficking. Tier 2 countries are those states that, while not fully complying with the TVPA's minimum standards, are making significant efforts to comply. Tier 2 Watch List countries are Tier 2 countries with significant trafficking problems and/or a slippage in their most recent efforts. Tier 3 countries are those that not only do not meet TVPA minimum standards, but also are failing to do much to combat trafficking. In the latest report, out of the 173 states assessed, only 28 merited Tier 1 status. Most countries (76) earned a Tier 2 rating. The remaining 69 nations were placed either on the Tier 2 Watch List (52) or Tier 3 (17).

Peonage, 18 U.S.C. § 1581. Section 1581 of Title 18 makes it unlawful to hold a person in "debt servitude," or peonage, which is closely related to involuntary servitude. Section 1581 prohibits using force, the threat of force, or the threat of legal coercion to compel a person to work against his/her will. In addition, the victim's involuntary servitude must be tied to the payment of a debt.

Involuntary Servitude, 18 U.S.C. § 1584. Section 1584 of Title 18 makes it unlawful to hold a person in a condition of slavery, that is, a condition of compulsory service or labor against his/her will. A Section 1584 conviction requires that the victim be held against his/her will by actual force, threats of force, or threats of legal coercion. Section 1584 also prohibits compelling a person to work against his/her will by creating a "climate of fear" through the use of force, the threat of force, or the threat of legal coercion [i.e., If you don't work, I'll call the immigration officials.] which is sufficient to compel service against a person's will.

Forced Labor, 18 U.S.C. § 1589. Section 1589 of Title 18, which was passed as part of the TVPA, makes it unlawful to provide or obtain the labor or services of a person through one of three prohibited means. Congress enacted § 1589 in response to the Supreme Court's decision in United States v. Kozminski, 487 U.S. 931 (1988), which interpreted § 1584 to require the use or threatened use of physical or legal coercion. Section 1589 broadens the definition of the kinds of coercion that might result in forced labor.

Trafficking with Respect to Peonage, Slavery, Involuntary Servitude, or Forced Labor, 18 U.S.C. § 1590. Section 1590 makes it unlawful to recruit, harbor, transport, or broker persons for labor or services under conditions which violate any of the offenses contained in Chapter 77 of Title 18.

Sex Trafficking of Children or by Force, Fraud, or Coercion, 18 U.S.C. § 1591. Section 1591 criminalizes sex trafficking, which is defined as causing a person to engage in a commercial sex act under certain statutorily enumerated conditions. A commercial sex act means any sex act, on account of which anything of value is given to or received by any person. The specific conditions are the use of force, fraud, or coercion, or conduct involving persons under the age of 18. The punishment for conduct that either involves a victim who is under the age of 14 or involves force, fraud, or coercion is any term of years or life. The punishment for conduct that involves a victim between the ages of 14 and 18 is 40 years.

Unlawful Conduct with Respect to Documents in Furtherance of Trafficking, Peonage, Slavery, Involuntary Servitude, or Forced Labor , 18 U.S.C. § 1592. Section 1592 makes it illegal to seize documents in order to force others to work. By expanding its coverage to false documents as well as official documents, § 1592 recognizes that victims are often immobilized by the withholding of whatever documents they possess, even if the documents are forged or fraudulent. Section 1592 expands the scope of federal trafficking statutes to reach those who prey on the vulnerabilities of immigrant victims by controlling their papers.
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Additional Provisions Under the Trafficking Victims Protection Act

Mandatory Restitution, 18 U.S.C. § 1593
Attempt and Forfeiture, 18 U.S.C. §§ 1594(a) and
(b) Private Right of Action, 18 U.S.C. § 1595
Visa Fraud,18 U.S.C. § 1546
TVPA Fact Sheet
"Interpreting Judicial Interpretations of the Criminal Statutes of the TVPA Ten Years Later" Mohamed Y. Mattar, Executive Director of The Protection Project at The Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies, Journal of Gender, Social Policy & The Law [Vol,19:4]

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OR CALL YOUR LOCAL POLICE DEPARTMENT/DISTRICT ATTORNEY'S OFFICE!

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The Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) of 2000 as amended, is arguably the most important anti-trafficking law ever passed. The TVPA and its subsequent reauthorizations, define a human trafficking victim as a person induced to perform labor or a commercial sex act through force, fraud, or coercion.

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MISSING THE MARK: WHY THE TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION ACT FAILS TO PROTECT SEX TRAFFICKING VICTIMS INTHE UNITED STATES

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MISSING THE MARK: WHY THE TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION ACT FAILS TO PROTECT SEX TRAFFICKING VICTIMS INTHE UNITED STATES

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What's Being Done to Stop Human Trafficking

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What's Being Done to Stop Human Trafficking

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This month, during Human Trafficking Awareness Month, we've discussed frequently asked questions about trafficking and learned from women who have made battling modern-day slavery their professional mission.

But there's another component to the fight against human trafficking you should know about: what governments are doing to prevent and address the issue in their own countries and around the world.

In general, government intervention varies-while some countries are creating policies that work for their cultures, others are lagging behind with no counter-trafficking laws at all. There are also some international standards: In 2003, the UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons established a universal trafficking definition and set a goal for countries to prevent and combat trafficking and assist victims. Similarly, the U.S. Department of State's "Trafficking in Persons Report" offers suggestions for nations to comply with the " minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking."

These efforts are challenging, however, as there is no one way to address the variations in trafficking across the world. Differing cultures, economics, and religions all make laws complicated to implement, and corruption, cultural interpretations, and different systems of justice make them even more difficult to enforce. Another thing that should be noted is that many of the laws worldwide focus on sex trafficking as opposed to labor trafficking (which is more widespread), partially because sex trafficking is talked about in the media more.

To give you a closer look at what's happening around the world, here's a brief overview of six countries' efforts and policies, as well as the challenges they face in implementing those laws.

United States

The Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) was authorized in 2000 and was the first federal law to address sex trafficking and labor trafficking in the United States. The TVPA focused on the prevention and protection for trafficking survivors, as well as prosecution for traffickers.

The TVPA was reauthorized in 2003, 2005, and 2008 as the Trafficking Victim's Protection Reauthorization Act (TVPRA), and each reauthorization offered positive changes. For example, the TVPRA of 2008 required the Department of Labor to publish a list of products produced by child labor or forced labor. But the TVPRA expired in 2011, and is in need of an update to keep up with the rapidly evolving landscape of human trafficking.

This year, a bill to reauthorize the TVPRA has been reintroduced to Congress. It holds government contractors accountable for using foreign labor recruiters that use exploited labor, helps law enforcement prevent and prosecute sex tourism, and creates a grant-making program to prevent trafficking in humanitarian crises (such as in the case of Haiti or Syria). To learn more, you can read the Alliance to End Slavery & Trafficking's information about the TVPRA and the actions you can take to ensure the U.S. remains a leader in the movement to end human trafficking.

On the state level, while there has been vast improvement in some legislation, a few states have a long way to go. Massachusetts, rated one of the most improved states by the Polaris Project, created a Human Trafficking Task Force, which strengthens protections for victims of trafficking and makes using the internet as a trafficking tool a punishable offense. On the other hand, there are states like Wyoming, where until January 29, no state law existed to punish traffickers. The just-passed House Bill 133 adds human trafficking legislation to the lawbooks, and the bill will now go onto the Senate, which is a step in the right direction for the state.

India

More than 200,000 Indian children are trafficked each year and forced into domestic servitude or labor in brick kilns or embroidery factories. But while government-sponsored Anti-Trafficking Units, which are supposed to investigate human trafficking cases, continue to be established and more prosecutions are occurring, the laws are not widely enforced. Part of the problem is that it's hard to say if one universal trafficking law can work and be enforced for a country as large and regionally diverse as India. At the same time, factors like corruption and lack of training and resources make it difficult to ensure that programs are effective.

The U.S. State Department has encouraged India to continue raising awareness about human trafficking, work to establish special anti-trafficking courts, and file and prosecute cases on the local level.

Cambodia

The Law on Suppression of Human Trafficking and Sexual Exploitation is intended to curb human trafficking efforts in Cambodia, and was implemented so that the country could comply with U.S. anti-trafficking recommendations. However, this law has been criticized for conflating sex work and human trafficking, making those who engage in sex work either go into hiding or be at risk for prosecution. As one of the poorest countries in Asia, sex work is often considered economically rational-especially for those from rural areas-and it becomes challenging to discern who is trafficked and who is participating by choice.

In addition, even "condom carrying" can lead to prosecution, creating a public health issue in a country that was once praised for its work to stop the spread of HIV/AIDS. The short film Caught Between a Tiger and a Crocodile exposes this issue throughout Southeast Asia.

To learn more about the complexity and challenges of counter-trafficking and sex work in Cambodia, check out this Human Rights Watch Report, Off the Streets.

South Korea

South Korea is a Tier 1 county on the United States Trafficking in Persons Report, which means it meets the minimum standards for preventing human trafficking.Still,there are many cases of labor exploitation and trafficking in 3D (difficult, dirty, dangerous) factories, where many migrant workers and vulnerable locals fall ill or are abused. The Punishment of Acts Arranging Sexual Traffic and its Labor Standards Act places harsh sentences on traffickers, but there is no clear legislation defining trafficking, so it is actually difficult to determine and prosecute these individuals.

Trafficking is unfortunately widespread in South Korea, and many cases have been reported of people from Russia, North Korea, the Phillipines, and Thailand being exploited in labor or the sex industry. Many human trafficking victims in the United States originate in South Korea, and find themselves in situations of forced labor and debt bondage when they arrive.

Sweden

The Kvinnofrid law makes it illegal to buy sex, but not to sell sex. It was perceived that such a law would reduce human trafficking and the demand for prostitution. These types of "John Laws" have been controversial, because they tend to force sex workers underground and make them less visible, as opposed to actually reducing the number of trafficking cases. This can actually make it more dangerous for sex workers to operate.

After being widely debated, the law was later adopted by Norway and Iceland, though measuring the impact of the laws has still been difficult.

Denmark

In 1999, Denmark decriminalized prostitution, under the assumption that it would be easier to regulate if it was legal. There are even several organizations that research and support sex workers rights and unions. The government occasionally brings up prostitution bans, but they are widely opposed by the Danish public.

Operating brothels, trafficking, and pimping are still illegal, however, and the Danish Criminal Code ensures that sex and labor trafficking is considered a severe offense. Denmark has also established a National Action Plan Against Trafficking and the Danish Anti-Trafficking Centre, which assists trafficking victims and helps them get treatment and assistance from authorities.

It is not easy to draft or implement trafficking laws, and the effectiveness of many laws is still being debated. Still, despite the many challenges of legislation, we must continue to make efforts to enforce and raise awareness about these laws. We must work toward the end of modern slavery, no matter how difficult and long the fight may be.
To find out how you can get involved in the fight to end human trafficking, check out:
What You Should Know About Human Trafficking

Human Trafficking: The Myths and the Realities

Voices From the Field: 3 Women's Work in Human Trafficking

The Fight for Freedom: 7 Organizations Combatting Human Trafficking

Take Action: 7 Ways to Join the Fight Against Human Trafficking

Photo courtesy of TheIRD.

Natalie Jesionka has researched and reported on human rights issues around the world. She lectures on human trafficking, gender and conflict, and human rights at Rutgers University. When she is not teaching, she is traveling and offering tips on how students and professionals can get the most out of their experiences abroad. She also encourages global exploration through her work as Editor of Shatter the Looking Glass, an ethical travel magazine. Natalie is a Paul and Daisy Soros Fellow and served as a 2010 Fulbright Scholar in Thailand.

More from Natalie Jesionka

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What's Being Done to Stop Human Trafficking?

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This month, during Human Trafficking Awareness Month, we've discussed frequently asked questions about trafficking and learned from women who have made battling modern-day slavery their professional mission. But there's another component to the fight against human trafficking you should know about: what governments are doing to prevent and address the issue in their own countries and around the world.

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The United States’ Response to Human Trafficking: Achievements and Challenges

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The United States’ Response to Human Trafficking: Achievements and Challenges

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Feldman, Sara. "The Prosecution of State-Level Human Trafficking Cases in the United States." Anti-Trafficking Review 6 (2016): n. pag. Web.

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Wheaton, Elizabeth M., Edward J. Schauer, and Thomas V. Galli. "Economics of Human Trafficking." International Migration. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 19 July 2010. Web. 27 Feb. 2017.

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Enter your email address below. If your address has been previously registered, you will receive an email with instructions on how to reset your password. If you don't receive an email, you should register as a new user

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Protect human rights and workers' rights to end labour exploitation

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Protect human rights and workers' rights to end labour exploitation

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20 June 2011 - Inequalities in income, education and opportunities are major root causes of human trafficking, inducing many to migrate to seek for a better life. Thousands of migrants instead become victims of labour exploitation, a new form of slavery that occurs on a massive scale. Due to growing inequalities in destination countries, this exploitation is increasingly seen as 'normal'.

In order to gain a deeper understanding and to analyze the interconnected factors that foster the exploitation of people in slavery-like practice, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) is hosting a conference entitled "Preventing Trafficking in Human Beings for Labour Exploitation: Decent Work and Social Justice".

The two-day event, which started today in Vienna, brings together more than 300 senior government officials, national anti-trafficking coordinators and rapporteurs, representatives from international and non-governmental organizations, law enforcement agencies and trade unions, as well as employers' organizations and migrants' rights groups.

Among other topics, the conference will discuss: the added value and challenges of partnership and co-operation to fight trafficking in human beings as a form of modern-day slavery; how human trafficking, asylum and refugee issues are linked; the connection between labour migration policies and anti-trafficking activities; how to engage the private sector in combating trafficking in human beings; and how to strengthen criminal justice responses to trafficking for labour exploitation.

OSCE Special Representative and Coordinator for Combating Trafficking in Human Beings, Maria Grazia Giammarinaro, emphasized that trafficking for labour exploitation is best prevented by building a fair and democratic society that respects human rights and workers' rights and bans all forms of exploitation, including exploitation of migrant workers.

"The criminal justice response is crucial to combat human trafficking, but it is not enough. Prosecution should be complemented and strengthened by labour inspections, individual and collective mediation through trade unions, the use of codes of conduct to ensure that human rights are respected in all work places and measures aimed at social inclusion that enable trafficked persons to have access to remedies and compensation", she added.

Speaking at the forum, UNODC Executive Director Mr. Yury Fedotov said, "Trafficking in persons is a global challenge demanding a global response, strong partnerships and the commitment and engagement of all sectors. Only through international cooperation can we stop criminals making grotesque profits from the exploitation of human beings. We need to make global migration and the global labour markets safe for those who dream of a new life. Indeed, this is why human trafficking is so destructive to human dignity. It takes ordinary people's dreams for a better life and turns them into nightmares."

The conference is being held under the auspices of the Alliance against Trafficking in Persons, an OSCE-initiated 40-member advocacy platform of major international and non-governmental organizations.

Related Information:

OSCE: Preventing Trafficking in Human Beings for Labour Exploitation: Decent Work and Social Justice

UNODC on Human Trafficking

The UN Voluntary Trust for Victims of Human Trafficking

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un un united united nations nations office on drugs and crime office on drugs and crime

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Protect human rights and workers' rights to end labour exploitation

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Inequalities in income, education and opportunities are major root causes of human trafficking, inducing many to migrate to seek for a better life. Thousands of migrants instead become victims of labour exploitation, a new form of slavery that occurs on a massive scale.

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Human Trafficking And Why It's So Important To Get More Youths Involved 

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Human Trafficking And Why It's So Important To Get More Youths Involved 

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Combating Domestic Sex Trafficking: Time for a New Approach

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Combating Domestic Sex Trafficking: Time for a New Approach

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Managing money acquired from human trafficking: case study of sex trafficking from Bulgariato Western Europe

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Managing money acquired from human trafficking: case study of sex trafficking from Bulgariato Western Europe

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Chapter 515: Combating Human Trafficking by Enhancing Awareness Through Public Postings

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Chapter 515: Combating Human Trafficking by Enhancing Awareness Through Public Postings

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Dyle, Scott Davidson. "Chapter 515: Combating Human Trafficking by Enhancing Awareness through Public Postings." Mcgeorge Law Review, vol. 44, no. 3, July 2013, pp. 583-590. EBSCOhost, search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=89580952&site=ehost-live&scope=site.

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“MODERN DAY SLAVERY”—IMPLICATIONS OF A LABEL

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“MODERN DAY SLAVERY”—IMPLICATIONS OF A LABEL

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The modern day slavery is due to economic inequalities and it is argued that the law has the bower to bring human trafficking to an end and giving those victims a job instead.

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This article portrays statistical analyses about the anti trafficking groups that have succeeded and it shows the methods that have worked the best.

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The Uniform Act on Prevention Of And Remedies For Human Trafficking: State Law and The National Response To Labor TraffickingErin N. Kauffman

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The Uniform Act on Prevention Of And Remedies For Human Trafficking: State Law and The National Response To Labor TraffickingErin N. Kauffman

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This article focuses on all the reasons Human traffickers are not able to easily decide to stop their job and leave, because most of these workers owe large portion of debts. However, the government is willing to pay these debts in order to allow victims to leave easily.

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HUMAN TRAFFICKING: UNDERSTANDING THE LAW AND DECONSTRUCTING MYTHS

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HUMAN TRAFFICKING: UNDERSTANDING THE LAW AND DECONSTRUCTING MYTHS

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This article explains the proper way victims of human trafficking must be taken care of which is authority to a normal job and care until they can manage life to provide for themselves.

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SEX WORK, MIGRATION, AND THE UNITED STATES TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS REPORT: PROMOTING RIGHTS OR MISSING OPPORTUNITIES FOR ADVOCACY?

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SEX WORK, MIGRATION, AND THE UNITED STATES TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS REPORT: PROMOTING RIGHTS OR MISSING OPPORTUNITIES FOR ADVOCACY?

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The debate that is lead by the U.S. for the nation and all other countries with the problem go human trafficking and its legalization. The U.S. demands all countries to not respect it as all individuals must worst in a legal job without abuse and underground activity.

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Human Trafficking in Burma and the Solutions Which Have Never Reached

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Human Trafficking in Burma and the Solutions Which Have Never Reached

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The article argues that economic inequality is the reason to human trafficking and it should be controlled with some socialism governance.

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In this article, the argument is that human trafficking is considered the lowest wage job in the nation, and instead these individuals can get a low wage job provided by the U.S. for legal conditions.

Jaleel, Rana M. "The Wages of Human Trafficking." (2007): 1-57. Web. 28 Feb. 2017.

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Human Trafficking in Multinational Supply Chains: A Corporate Director’s Fiduciary Duty to Monitor and Eliminate Human Trafficking Violations

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Human Trafficking in Multinational Supply Chains: A Corporate Director’s Fiduciary Duty to Monitor and Eliminate Human Trafficking Violations

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This article discusses that corporations have had history of benefitting from the trafficking business by purchasing cheap goods or services for their corporation and now there has been a legislation created to prevent this from occurring.

Ezell, Laura. NOTES Human Trafficking in Multinational Supply Chains: A Corporate Director’s Fiduciary Duty to Monitor and Eliminate Human Trafficking Violations (n.d.): n. pag. Web.

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PREVENTION, EDUCATION AND INTERVENTION STRATEGIES IN COMBATING HUMAN TRAFFICKING: COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS PRODUCING SUSTAINABLE ACTION

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PREVENTION, EDUCATION AND INTERVENTION STRATEGIES IN COMBATING HUMAN TRAFFICKING: COLLABORATIVE EFFORTS PRODUCING SUSTAINABLE ACTION

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This article will be useful to the solution I plan to advocate because it argues that public awareness of human trafficking is the strongest solution to bringing the topic to an end as a nation, with everybody having knowledge of the information and avoiding it. The supply side, demand side, and the trafficking

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1) The main argument of this article is the connection of the supply of human to be owned by other humans for their services that are highly demanded.
2) The types of evidence used are images and statistical graphs to show how the problem looks today. Human Traffickers are not easy to discover, and are only proven to grow more difficult to find. While the images portray the amount of people in forced labor to do jobs that can cause health damages.
3) The most effective evidence is the written explanation as to how it has affected the economy today and the way humans are treated as a property.
4) I plan to use this source to explain how our own country, the U.S., is affected by human traffickers, and the change in economy.
5) This is a scholarly article because the author is an expert in human trafficking, received degrees on the topic, and now lectures on human trafficking..

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The ones who are a prey to becoming human traffickers are those with low wealth, young aged, low education, not able to find any jobs anywhere legal, abused sexually or physically, health problems, living in corrupt areas, and living with family issues or no family.

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Human Trafficking Into and Within the United States: A Review of the Literature

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This comprehensive review of current literature on human trafficking into and within the United States focuses on surveying what the social science or other literature has found about the issues of identifying and effectively serving trafficking victims. A more specific focus concerns the phenomenon of domestic trafficking (trafficking involving U.S.

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Human trafficking is the modern day slavery involving a person forcing another person to be in a part of labor or a service such as prostitution, working as a maid or nannie, or fulfilling any service demanded by the "owner", the person who has either bought or is forcefully keeping the slave.

Statistic (2010):
12.3 slaves worldwide
.4% victims identified
8.5% of suspects discovered

It was recorded that most of the girls that find themselves becoming slaves are young girls at the age of 12-14 who run away from home for being abused.

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Download this Fact Sheet in PDF
Slated for the November 2012 ballot, Proposition 35 is an initiative that will fight back against human trafficking and the sexual exploitation of women and children.

Children exploited through prostitution report they typically are given a quota by their trafficker/pimp of 10 to 15 buyers per night...Utilizing a conservative estimate, a domestic minor sex trafficking victim ...would be raped by 6,000 buyers during the course of her victimization through prostitution.
- The National Report on Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking: America's Prostituted Children , Shared Hope International, May 2009, page 20.

Human trafficking is a criminal business that profits from enslaving people for sexual servitude and forced labor. It is the fastest growing and second largest criminal industry in the world today (second only to drug trafficking and tied with illegal arms), according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Definitions
According to U.S. Federal law, human trafficking is defined as:

Sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act has not attained 18 years of age; or

The recruitment, harboring, transportation provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery.

According to the United Nations, human trafficking is defined as:
Recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation

Modern Day Slavery:
Human trafficking is also known as modern day slavery. Human trafficking deviates from our historic view of slavery, making it hard to conceptualize. But ultimately,slavery today and 200 years ago share the same notion: It's the notion that one person's life, liberty and fortune can be under the absolute control of another, and be sold, bought, or used at the will of the owner.

Human Trafficking Statistics
Due to the covert nature of the crime and the lack of awareness of and funding for the issue, accurate statistics are difficult to obtain.
Global Statistics:
Estimates from the 2010 Trafficking in Persons Report by the U.S. Department of State

Number of slaves around the world: 12.3 million

Percentage of victims identified: 0.4% (not even 1%)

Ratio of convicted offenders to victims identified: 8.5 to 100

U.S. Statistics:
Human trafficking exists all over the United States, but California is California is a hot spot for domestic and international human trafficking because of its large population, international borders, large economy, extensive ports, and metropolitan regions.

The average entry age of American minors into the sex trade is 12-14 years old. [1]

Many victims are runaway girls who have already suffered sexual abuse as children.

California harbors 3 of FBI's 13 highest child sex trafficking areas in the nation: Los Angeles, San Francisco, and San Diego. [2]

Foreign nationals are also brought into the U.S. as slaves for labor or commercial sex through force or fraud. [3]

The prevalence and anonymity of the internet has fueled the rapid growth of sex trafficking, making the trade of women and children easier than ever before.

Human Trafficking is Not Human Smuggling

Human trafficking removes freedom of choice in contrast to cooperating into illegal entry into a country. Here are some of the differences:

Trafficking

Smuggling

Must contain an element of force, fraud, or coercion (actual, perceived, or implied), unless the person is under 18 years of age involved in commercial sex acts.

The person being smuggled is generally cooperating.

Forced labor and/or exploitation.

There is no actual implied coercion.

Persons trafficked are victims.

Persons smuggled are violating the law. They are not victims.

Enslaved, subjected to limited movement or isolation, or had documents confiscated.

Persons are free to leave, change jobs, etc.

Need not involve the actual movement of the victim

Facilitates the illegal entry of person(s) from one country into another.

No requirement to cross an international border.

Smuggling always crosses an international border.

Person must be involved in labor/services or commercial sex acts, i.e., must be "working".

Person must only be in country or attempting entry illegally.

Table from U.S. DOJ's FACT SHEET: Distinctions Between Human Smuggling and Human Trafficking

[1]The National Report on Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking: America's Prostituted Children, Shared Hope International, May 2009.
[2] The Federal Bureau of Investigation's Efforts to Combat Crimes Against Children, Audit Report 09-08, January 2009.
[3] Trafficking in Persons Report, U.S. Department of State, June 2011.

The average age of a child first forced into the sex slave trade is 13

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Human Trafficking Fact Sheet | Proposition 35: The CASE Act PASSED!

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Download this Fact Sheet in PDF Slated for the November 2012 ballot, Proposition 35 is an initiative that will fight back against human trafficking and the sexual exploitation of women and children.