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http://www.mnd.gov.sg/landuseplan/e-book/files/assets/basic-html/page14.html

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https://thelongnwindingroad.wordpress.com/2012/11/08/the-making-of-marina-bay/

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The decades that followed Singapore's somewhat reluctant independence from Malaysia were ones of enormous growth and development which has led to an amazing transformation of a city state, with a burgeoning population, the threat of unemployment and facing much uncertainty into the modern city that it is today.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nUljP4ea5A4

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Singapore at 50: A changing landscape - BBC News

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Singapore's skyline has dramatically changed in the past 50 years - its changes reflecting the country's progress. But is the old getting lost in the new? Jason Pomeroy, founding principal of Singapore-based sustainable design firm, Pomeroy Studio, takes us around Singapore to explore how its landscape has evolved.

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http://www.ava.gov.sg/files/avavision/issue4_2015/sg50_special.html

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Singapore's Food Farms: A Story of 'Then and Now'

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Singapore's Food Farms: A Story of 'Then and Now'

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http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/asiapcf/04/07/singapore.water.dilemma/

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In Singapore fresh water is a scarce commodity as native supplies are non-existent

The city-state relies heavily on imports from Malaysia

But the country has also developed sophisticated techniques for securing future supply

Singapore (CNN) -- It may be one of the most developed nations in Southeast Asia, but on the densely packed urban island of Singapore, a simple glass of water doesn't come cheap, or easy.

A highly modernized city-state with a population of around 5 million, Singapore has no native freshwater supplies. Instead, it relies heavily on imports from neighboring Malaysia -- which delivers up to 250 million gallons a day -- to satisfy the nations huge and growing thirst.

At present, imports account for around 40% of its total water supply but, according to Singapore's Public Utilities Board (PUB), an array of alternative sources are in place to significantly reduce the country's future dependence on foreign supplies.

A "four tap" strategy -- which includes desalinated, recycled, rain and imported water -- has won the PUB an outpouring of international praise, including the Stockholm Industry Water Award in 2007.

According to Singapore's National Environment Agency, the country enjoys 2,340 millimeters of rainfall a year -- much of which is caught and funneled into the water supply through a network of drains, canals and reservoirs dotted around the city.

Large reservoirs are found even in the country's most built-up areas. Bordered by skyscrapers in densely-populated downtown Singapore, the recently built $226 million "Marina Barrage" has become a popular tourist attraction.

The project is part of an overall plan that will eventually see two-thirds of the island's entire land area dedicated to capturing rainwater.

But for now, captured rainfall still only accounts for roughly 20% of Singapore's total consumption.

Aside from imports, the largest alternative supply of water comes in the form of "reclaimed," or recycled, sewage.

Using a system of microfiltration -- a process which removes microscopic contaminants as small as one millionth of a millimeter -- as well as other high-tech filtering systems, reclaimed water actually exceeds Singapore's drinking standards.

Officially branded by the PUB as "NEWater," treated waste water makes up 30% of Singapore's total requirements, although officials ultimately hope that figure will reach 50% in the long term.

Desalination -- the expensive process of removing salt and minerals from seawater -- accounts for the remaining 10%.

Besides introducing novel ways to increase its water supply, Singapore is also serious about reducing demand. It tackles waste with a two-level tariff for both homes and businesses that discourages excessive use.

"While we have ample supplies of water because of the four different sources of water that we now have, we do want people to realize that this don't come easy," says Yap Kheng Guan, a PUB official.

"It comes at a price and we do want people to understand the preciousness of water."

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How Singapore is making sure it doesn't run out of water

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In Singapore fresh water is a scarce commodity as native supplies are non-existent The city-state relies heavily on imports from Malaysia But the country has also developed sophisticated techniques for securing future supply Singapore (CNN) -- It may be one of the most developed nations in Southeast Asia, but on the densely packed urban island of Singapore, a simple glass of water doesn't come cheap, or easy.

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https://www.ura.gov.sg/skyline/skyline12/skyline12-03/special/URA_Designing%20our%20City%20Supplement_July12.pdf

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http://www.sgc.org.sg/fileadmin/ahk_singapur/DEinternational/IR/diffIR/Food_Industry_2014.pdf

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http://www.ava.gov.sg/docs/default-source/default-document-library/per-capita-consumption-(2015)

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http://www.ava.gov.sg/images/default-source/section-content/food/foodsource.jpg?sfvrsn=2

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http://www.ava.gov.sg/explore-by-sections/food/singapore-food-supply/the-food-we-eat

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The Food We Eat

With little farming land and limited fishing grounds, Singapore imports over 90% of the food consumed in the country. The food at our local markets mainly comes from overseas. Our local farms produce only a small amount of food that we eat in Singapore:

8% of all the vegetables

8% of all the fish

26% of all the eggs

Relying so heavily on food supplied from overseas means that we face unique challenges in ensuring a steady supply of food for the population of Singapore, especially given our great love of food.

As a nation that produces little food, Singapore must accept prices set by food producers. This means that any shifts in global food supply will affect Singapore, including increases in food prices.
Our challenges include:

Danger of our food supply running short

Due to outbreaks of food diseases in countries that we export our food from

Danger of our food supply being cut off

Due to the closing of a port in countries that we export our food from

Supply problems

Caused by political changes in neighbouring countries.

To lower the chances of Singapore being hit hard by interruptions to food supply and price inflation, AVA has implemented strategies to ensure a steady, uninterrupted supply of food in Singapore.

AVA also works hard to make sure that all food sold in Singapore's markets is safe to eat and affordable to all.

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The Food We Eat With little farming land and limited fishing grounds, Singapore imports over 90% of the food consumed in the country. The food at our local markets mainly comes from overseas.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5BGUT7BjPl0

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https://www.ura.gov.sg/maps/#

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The web-based map service lets you access to detailed information (e.g. land use plans, guidelines, car parks, etc) easily at your fingertips.

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http://www.mnd.gov.sg/landuseplan/e-book/index.html#/14-15/

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Land Use Plan to Support Singapore's Future Population

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Land Use Plan to Support Singapore's Future Population

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wCz2eX3EHi4

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Cnb6lrTVR0

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Planet Food Singapore | Travel Food Documentary

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Waterfront Cities Of The World: Singapore

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https://www.pub.gov.sg/Documents/PUBOurWaterOurFuture.pdf

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https://www.pub.gov.sg/watersupply/singaporewaterstory

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Water demand in Singapore is currently about 430 million gallons a day (mgd) that is enough to fill 782 Olympic-sized swimming pools, with homes consuming 45% and the non-domestic sector taking up the rest. By 2065, Singapore's total water demand could almost double, with the non-domestic sector accounting for about 60%. By then, NEWater and desalination will meet the majority of Singapore's future water demand.

As demand for water continues to increase in tandem with population and economic growth, we will need to plan and implement water infrastructure well ahead to secure an adequate and affordable supply of water for the future generations.

Growing from Strength to Strength

Through the years, we have embarked on an integrated, effective and cost-efficient way to meet the nation's water needs with investments in research and technology to treat, recycle and supply water. We believe everyone in Singapore has a stake in water - as a necessary resource, an economic asset and an environmental treasure.

Today, Singapore is internationally recognised as a model city for integrated water management and an emerging Global Hydrohub - a leading centre for business opportunities and expertise in water technologies.

Our holistic approach to water management can be distilled into three key strategies:

Collect every drop of water

Reuse water endlessly

Desalinate seawater

View enlarged version

​

Watch our video on The Water Loop below:

Diversifying Water Supply

Over the last 50 years, we have built a robust and diversified supply of water known as the "Four National Taps", as listed below. Our tap water is well within the World Health Organisation (WHO) drinking water guidelines and is suitable for drinking without any further filtration.

1. Water from Local Catchment

Water from local catchment is a pillar of our sustainable water supply. Since 2011, the water catchment area has increased from half to two-thirds of Singapore's land surface with the completion of the Marina, Punggol and Serangoon Reservoir.

PUB continues to explore ways to maximise our rainwater collection yield and strives to collect every drop of water that falls on Singapore.

Reservoir in the City
An iconic structure at the mouth of Marina Channel and the vision of the first Prime Minister of Singapore Mr Lee Kuan Yew more than twenty years ago, Marina Barrage creates Singapore's 15th reservoir, Marina Reservoir.

Managing water demand is as important as securing an adequate supply of water. Achieving a sustainable level of water consumption and managing the impact of water on the environment take the commitment and participation of the community.

PUB has initiated a wide range of water conservation plans to encourage prudent water usage. Programmes such as Mandatory Water Efficiency Labelling Scheme, Water Closet Replacement Programme, Water Efficiency Awards etc., cover both the domestic and non-domestic sectors.

On a personal level

Singapore's per capita household water consumption was reduced from 165 litres per person per day in 2000 to 141 litres per person per day in 2018. The target is to lower it to 130 litres by 2030.

View enlarged version >>

Find out about how we can save water.

Active, Beautiful, Clean Waters Programme

Under the Active, Beautiful, Clean Waters (ABC Waters) Programme, we have optimised reservoirs, rivers and canals beyond their traditional functions of channelling water and water storage. Pockets of community spaces now offer a host of recreational options for people to enjoy, transforming Singapore into a vibrant City of Gardens and Water. More than 100 potential locations are identified for the implementation of this programme by 2030.

Launched in April 2006, this programme is part of PUB's larger strategic objective to bring people closer to water so that they can better appreciate and cherish this precious resource.

Watermark Awards recognises individuals and organisations for their outstanding contributions towards the water cause.

Organisations and members of the public who are keen in raising awareness on water conservation and organising water related activities are welcome as Friends of Water.

Recognition and Volunteerism

Becoming a Global HydroHub

As Singapore continues to innovate and harness cutting-edge water and environment technologies, we play a key role in sharing water sustainability solutions. With Singapore's water management experience and a vibrant local water industry, we welcome local and international collaborations to develop and commercialise new products and solutions. Read more about Global HydroHub.

Research & Development

The environment and water industry is a key growth industry for Singapore. Since 2002, the government has committed S$670 million to foster leading edge technologies and spearhead the growth of the industry. Today, Singapore is a leading global hydrohub and home to a vibrant and thriving ecosystem of 180 water companies with more than 20 water research centres spanning the entire water value chain.

Singapore International Water Week

Beyond providing an environment for business and research, Singapore plays a key role in forging dialogue amongst the policymakers, water experts and industry leaders on water issues, challenges and solutions. To raise our profile as a global hydrohub, we host the Singapore International Water Week (SIWW) on a biennial basis. Held in conjunction with the World Cities Summit and CleanEnviro Summit Singapore, this platform allows for the water industry players to showcase innovations, share policy developments and form partnership in research and development.

Key Events at SIWW

Water Leaders Summit

Water Convention

Water Expo

Business Forum

Smart Roadmap for Intelligent Water Management

Driven by increasing water demand, rising operational costs, manpower constraints and new challenges like climate change, PUB is leveraging digital solutions and smart technologies to strengthen its operational resilience, productivity, safety and security. The integration of Smart water technology will be a key pillar in Singapore's water resource management to achieve greater efficiencies, and faster response time in planning, operations and service delivery.

View enlarged version >>

PUB launched its SMART PUB roadmap, in its move to digitalise Singapore's entire water system to improve operational excellence and meet future water needs. This is part of PUB's continual investment in digital solutions to achieve smarter water quality management, network improvements, integrated customer engagements, and smarter work processes.

View press release on SMART PUB roadmap

NEWater: A Singapore Success Story

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Water demand in Singapore is currently about 430 million gallons a day (mgd) that is enough to fill 782 Olympic-sized swimming pools, with homes consuming 45% and the non-domestic sector taking up the rest. By 2065, Singapore's total water demand could almost double, with the non-domestic sector accounting for about 60%.

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http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_1533_2009-06-23.html

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Singapore-Malaysia water agreements | Infopedia

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Singapore and Malaysia have signed four water agreements regarding the supply of water from across the Causeway. The first signed in 1927 is no longer in force. Water imported from Malaysia under the other three agreements - signed in 1961, 1962 and 1990 - meets about half of Singapore's water demand.

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http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/environment/singapores-water-supply-where-does-it-come-from

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Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad criticised the price of raw water sold to Singapore as "ridiculous" on Monday (June 25), and said he planned to renegotiate the pact's terms. In separate interviews with Channel NewsAsia and Bloomberg Television, Tun Dr Mahathir revived the water price issue which was a recurring source of tension between both countries, especially during the later half of his previous term as prime minister from 1981 to 2003.

While Malaysia has been an important source of water for Singapore, the country has been investing in research and development to create alternative sources of water over the years. So where does Singapore get the estimated 400 million gallons a day that it consumes?

According to the national water agency PUB, Singapore had just two water sources 50 years ago. Today, there are four, and the water supply can be divided into "four national taps": local catchment water, imported water, NEWater and desalinated water.

Local catchment water

Local catchment water, which relies on rainwater, is a pillar of Singapore's sustainable water supply. Since 2011, the water catchment area has been increased from half to two-thirds of Singapore's land surface with the completion of the Marina, Punggol and Serangoon Reservoirs. The Marina Reservoir, the island's most urbanised catchment, can meet about 10 per cent of Singapore's water needs.

Imported water

Singapore has been importing water from Johor, under two bilateral agreements. The first agreement was officially signed on October 1961 and expired in August 2011. The second agreement was signed on September 1962 and will expire in 2061. A maximum of 250 million gallons of water a day can be drawn from the Johor River under the agreement. Imported water can supply up to 60 per cent of Singapore's water needs.

NEWater

NEWater is high-grade reclaimed water produced from treated used water that is further purified using advanced membrane technologies and ultra-violet disinfection, making it clean and safe to drink. Singapore's four NEWater plants can meet up to 30 per cent of the nation's current water needs.

Desalinated Water

Singapore opened its first desalination plant in September 2005, SingSpring Desalination Plant, in Tuas. This was one of Asia's largest seawater reverse-osmosis plants, which produces 30 million gallons of water a day to meet about 10 per cent of Singapore's water needs. A second and larger desalination plant with a capacity of 70 million gallons of water a day, the Tuaspring Desalination Plant, in Tuas as well, opened in September 2013. Desalinated water, with a total capacity of 100 million gallons of water a day, from two plants can meet up to 25 per cent of Singapore's current water demand.

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Singapore's water supply: Where does it come from?

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Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad criticised the price of raw water sold to Singapore as "ridiculous" on Monday (June 25), and said he planned to renegotiate the pact's terms. In separate interviews with Channel NewsAsia and Bloomberg Television, Tun Dr Mahathir revived the water price issue which was a recurring source of tension between both countries, especially during the later half of his previous term as prime minister from 1981 to 2003..