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Example of ethnocentrism

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Piaget's explanation

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Kohlberg example

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Heinz Dilemma - Kohlberg's stages of Moral Development (Interactive Animation)

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For interactivity to work make sure "Annotations" are set to ON (= speech bubble needs to be red) Heinz dilemma was conceived by Lawrence Kohlberg in its original research on the stages of moral development in the '70. This video presents a simplified version of the experiment and is by no means a substitution for it.

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Kohlberg's theory of development stages:
Preconventional:
1) Orientation towards punishment
2) Orientation towards self interest
Conventional:
3) Good boy/girl orientation
4) Orientation towards authority
Post conventional:
5) Social contract orientation
6) Orientation towards conscience & ethical principles

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Piaget's theory of development stages:
1) Sensorimotor stage: knowledge limited to sensory perceptions and motor activities with no object permanence
2) Preoperational stage: Object permanence achieved, lack of ability to conserve
3) Concrete operational stage: Ability to conserve achieved, with literal mindset
4) Former operational: Ability to think abstractly

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Detailed source of study

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Background and aim: There has been limited research into children's moral development of lying and the research that has been conducted has been done with children in Western countries. The aim of this study was to test the effect of culture on children's moral evaluations of lying and truth telling by comparing the moral judgements of Canadian children and Chinese children.

Method: The participants in the study were 120 Chinese children, with an equal number of 7, 9 and 11 year olds; half were boys and half were girls. There were also 108 Canadian children, 36 of which were 7 years old, 40 were 9 years old and 32 were 11-year-olds. In total there were 58 Canadian boys and 50 Canadian girls. It was a laboratory experiment which used an independent measures design. The IVs were: 1. whether the participant heard the social story or the physical story, 2. whether the participant heard a pro-social or anti-social story, 3. the age of the children, 4. the ethnicity of the children. The DV s in the study were: 1. the rating given to the story character's deed 2. the rating given to what the character said - both ratings ranged from very, very good to very, very naughty. Half of the Chinese children participated in the social story condition and the other half in the physical story condition. For the Canadian sample 19 7-year-olds, 20 9-year-olds and 17 11-year-olds were assigned to the social story condition and the others to the physical story condition. Allocation to the conditions was random.

Children were read four scenarios with illustrations: two were prosocial and two were antisocial. An example (a prosocial story with lie-telling is below):
Here is Alex. Alex's class had to stay inside at recess time because of bad weather, so Alex decided to tidy up the classroom for his teacher. Question 1: Is what Alex did good or naughty? So Alex cleaned the classroom, and when the teacher returned after recess, she said to her students, "Oh, I see that someone has cleaned the classroom for me." The teacher then asked Alex, "Do you know who cleaned the classroom?" Alex said to his teacher, "I did not do it." Question 2: Is what Alex did good or naughty?
Children were tested individually and the meaning of the words and the symbols were explained and were repeated every time a question was asked. Ratings of the deeds and verbal statements were on a 7-point rating chart: very, very good - 3 red stars, very good -2 red stars, good - 1 red star, neither good not naughty - blue circle), naughty - 1 black cross, very naughty -2 black crosses, very, very naughty -3 black crosses.

The story's 'deed' section was read first and a rating was then given by the child, followed by the second part of the story. As a way of counterbalancing, the words good and naughty in the questions were alternated, as were the orders of the stories; this reduces order effects. At the end of the study participants were then involved in post-experimental discussions.

Results: Prosocial Behaviour/Truth-Telling Situations: Overall, children from both cultures rated the prosocial behaviours similarly. Canadian children at each age gave similar ratings to truth telling; however, Chinese children's ratings became less positive as age increased.

Prosocial Behaviour/Lie-Telling Situations: Overall, Canadian children rated lie telling negatively, but as age increased their ratings became less negative. Overall, Chinese children's ratings of lie telling changed from negative to positive as age increased.

Antisocial Behaviour/Truth-Telling Situations: Children from both cultures rated the antisocial behaviours similarly. Children from both cultures rated truth telling in this situation very positively

Antisocial Behaviour/Lie-Telling Situations: Both Chinese and Canadian children rated lie telling negatively in this condition. Overall, negative ratings increased with age, regardless of culture. Chinese 7-year-olds rated lie telling less negatively then older children in the physical story condition, while Canadian 7-year-olds rated lie telling less negatively than older children in the social story condition.

Conclusions: Lee et al. made the following conclusions about lying and truth telling: There is a close relationship between socio-cultural practices and moral judgements. Specific social and cultural norms have an impact on children's developing moral judgements, which are modified by age and experience within a culture. Chinese children rate truth telling in prosocial situations less positively and lie telling in the same situations less negatively than Canadian children. All children showed similar moral evaluations of lie telling and truth telling related to anti-social behaviour. Moral development is affected by the culture and environment in which individuals are socialised. For example, Chinese children's moral judgements are affected by self-effacement and modesty.

Evaluation

Ethnocentrism: By conducting cross-cultural research, ethnocentrism was certainly minimised as we are not applying our own behaviours, standards and norms to other cultures without them being researched. However, critics would argue that the research is culturally biased as Canada is not representative of all western cultures and China is not representative of non-Western cultures.

Reliability: The standardised procedure and scenarios make the study easy to replicate. Also, giving children four stories allowed Lee to see whether consistent responses are given in each of the different stories. If so results can be considered to be reliable.

Validity: Counterbalancing to reduce order effects, matching age and gender in the different groups and randomly allocating participants to groups were all techniques used to reduce confounding variables and therefore increase internal validity.

For More Study Notes...

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Background and aim: There has been limited research into children's moral development of lying and the research that has been conducted has been done with children in Western countries. The aim of this study was to test the effect of culture on children's moral evaluations of lying and truth telling by comparing the moral judgements of Canadian children and Chinese children.

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A MYSTERY benefactor has come forward to pay for transport to allow deserving children on board a special Santa flight.

The couple, who did not want to be named, agreed to pay the £150 for the coach travel to Manchester Airport after they saw an appeal in The Bolton News.

They said: "We wanted to do it for the children, it is a good cause so we thought we could help out."

Pat Duckworth, of Flower Estate Resident Association in Farnworth, has arranged with Days of Sunshine for a number of children from the estate to be taken on a special trip to see Father Christmas next month.

However, there was concern they were not going to be able to get there because of the cost of the transport.

Mrs Duckworth said: "I am absolutely delighted that they have offered to pay for the transport, I was lost for words.

"I'm chuffed, the children are going to have a great time."

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Mystery couple donates money needed to transport children to Santa flight

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A MYSTERY benefactor has come forward to pay for transport to allow deserving children on board a special Santa flight. The couple, who did not want to be named, agreed to pay the £150 for the coach travel to Manchester Airport after they saw an appeal in The Bolton News.

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A) Explain why Lee et al's study of lying and truth telling can be described as a cross sectional study (2)
B) Explain how any one core study can be considered to be providing a developmental explanation for behaviour (5)

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>120 chinese (Hangzhou elementary)
>108 canadian (Fredericton elementary)
>7-11 yr olds, roughly same ratio of males to females

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>Moral reasoning can be influenced by culture & society
>This influence becomes stronger with age
>Some aspects of moral reasoning e.g. judging antisocial lying as bad, may be universal

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>Similarities:
-negative ratings of lying in antisocial situations
-positive ratings of truth telling in those stories

>Differences:
-Chinese participants tended to rate truth telling less positively
-Chinese partcipants rated lying in prosocial situations much more than canadians
-Cultural distinctions increased in older participants, lying rated more and more positively in older categories

This may be because chinese children are taught self-effacement values & modesty values
Therefore, through socialisation in school and media, children's moral judgements grow closer to society's expectations

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>Half of a cultural group were randomly assigned a social or physical story condition
>Participants were read aloud 4 stories each in their own language with illustrations
>The stories were either social/antisocial with truth telling/lying
>The participants were asked to rate the character's response to the situation using the rating scale (below)

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> Investigating cross cultural differences in children's understanding + moral valuations of lying
> Comparing chinese + canadian responses to moral stories