# data[].attributes.body
how the endocrine system in regulated: starting with the hypothalamus which is located in the fore brain, this produces something called TRH  (Thyrotropin-releasing hormone). Then on to the Anterior pituitary which produces TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone). After that ends with the Thyroid which produces thyroxine hormones that have a hand in metabolism and development.
Goiter: when someone has an iodine deficiency their enlarges and tries to produce thyroxine causing over matabalism.

# data[].attributes.body
Action of Epinephrine: In the liver cell
A signal is sent to the receptor protein in the cell membrane, which activate GTP. Next, the GTP activates the G protein which makes ATP. The ATP activates the adenylyl cyclase, which activates phosphorylase kinase, which then activates glycogen phosphorylase through the process of transduction. Glycogen is then made into glucose, which is finally released to the blood.
Benefits of a 2 messenger system:
The receptor protein is signaled, then amplification to GTP, which sends amplification from the G protein to the activated adenyly cyclase. Next amplification happens to cAMP, then to protein kinase, next to the enzyme, then finally releases a product.
Maintaining Homeostasis:
It is in a negative feed back loop. When specific body condition is high the gland is activates to release hormone 1 which lowers body conditions (ex. Sweating). When body conditions are too low the gland is activated to release a hormone 2 which then raises body conditions (ex. Shivering).

# data[].attributes.body
The endocrine system is vital to reproduction, it controls everything from the sex of the organism to the generation and release of gametes. In woman, the endocrine system controls the activity of the female reproductive in regular monthly periods known as the menstrual cycle.  Oestrogen  and Progesterone are two examples of female reproductive hormones.
-Oestrogen promotes the maturation and release of an ovum in every menstrual cycle.
-Progesterone prepares the lining of the uterus for the reception and development of the fertilized ovum.
-Hormones fluctuate throughout the menstrual cycle. On day 1, estrogen and progesterone levels are low, at ovulation(day 12-14), increased estrogen levels trigger a sharp rise in LH from the pituitary gland, which causes a release of the egg from the follicle.

# data[].attributes.body
Protein based hormones:
- Polypeptides are small proteins such as insulin (regulates blood sugar levels), ADH (regulates the amount of water in the body)
- Glycoproteins are large proteins and carbohydrates such as FSH (regulates the development and growth of reproductive processes), and LH (regulates the menstrual cycle and egg production)
- Amines are amino acids such as epinephrine (adrenaline), or melatonin (regulates sleep and the sleep cycle)
Hydophilic and not lipid soluble, can't diffuse across a membrane, binds to receptor proteins in a cell membrane and triggers the secondary messenger pathway which activates a cellular response

Lipid-based hormones:
- Steroids are modified cholesterol such as sex hormones (interact with androgen or estrogen receptors) or aldosterone (regulates blood pressure)
Hydophobic and lipid soluble, diffuse across the membrane and can enter cells, bind to receptor proteins in cytoplasm and nucleus, bind to DNA, and "turn on" genes

Action of lipid based hormones (steroid)
1. Protein carrier leaves blood and diffuses through the membrane
2. Hormones binds to a receptor in the cytoplasm, which forms a receptor hormone complex
3. Receptor-hormone complex enters the nucleus and triggers gene transcription
4. mRNA is translated into proteins that alter cell activity
5. Protein is secreted (secreted protein is a growth factor)

Action of Protein hormones
1. Protein hormone binds to membrane receptors
2. G protein is activated by the binding
3. Activated G protein activates enzyme
4. Transduction occurs (cAMP activates enzyme which produces ATP)
5. Activated enzyme produces a response

# data[].attributes.body
Examples of Negative Feedback
- Controlling Body Temperature: If body temp is to low or to high, it triggers the hypothalamus. (Massive nerve control center while the pituitary gland is the master gland) This signals the nerves to either shiver or sweat.
- Regulation of Blood Sugar
If the blood sugar is low the pancreas sends signals to release glucagon. The liver then triggers hunger which releases glucose. When blood sugar is high, The pancreas releases Insulin and the liver stores glycogen. Body cells take up sugar from blood.

# data[].attributes.body
Hormones act as messengers, coordinating activities in the body.

nervous system uses electrical impulses through neurons while hormones use chemical messengers transported into the blood plasma to get to the directed cell.

Hormones describe chemicals that tell specific cells to perform a specific action.

three main types:
amines (simple molecules)
proteins and peptides (made from chains of amino acids)
steroids (taken from cholestrol)

# data[].attributes.body
- explain how the endocrine system is involved in female reproductive system
- explain diagrams
- how are hormone levels related to changes in the cycle?

# data[].attributes.body
- how is the endocrine system regulated?
- explain what goiter is

# data[].attributes.body
- explain different examples of negative feedback
- how is body regulating?
- how is the nervous system involved?

# data[].attributes.body
- explain the diagram in slide 9-11

# data[].attributes.body
- explain the different types and their purposes
- explain the process in slide 7 and 8

# data[].attributes.body
- purpose of hormones
- compared to nervous system
- how are they regulated by chemical messangers?
- explain the different classes