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Modernization has effected a profound change in human civilizations and is a globaltrend since the 18th century. It includes not only the great change and transformation from traditional to modern politics, economies, societies and cultures, but also all human development and protection of the natural environment. According to the chapter 17 " modernization theory claims that in the past, the entire world was poor and that technological change, especially the industrial revolution, enhanced human productivity and raised living standards in many nations" (546). in others words, Modernization has changes in reshaping economic, political and social life. It is because it not only helps explain economic, social and political change, but it also provide most efforts at prediction.

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Modernization, in sociology, the transformation from a traditional, rural, agrarian society to a secular, urban, industrial society.

Modern society is industrial society. To modernize a society is, first of all, to industrialize it. Historically, the rise of modern society has been inextricably linked with the emergence of industrial society. All the features that are associated with modernity can be shown to be related to the set of changes that, no more than two centuries ago, brought into being the industrial type of society. This suggests that the terms industrialism and industrial society imply far more than the economic and technological components that make up their core. Industrialism is a way of life that encompasses profound economic, social, political, and cultural changes. It is by undergoing the comprehensive transformation of industrialization that societies become modern.

Modernization is a continuous and open-ended process. Historically, the span of time over which it has occurred must be measured in centuries, although there are examples of accelerated modernization. In either case, modernization is not a once-and-for-all-time achievement. There seems to be a dynamic principle built into the very fabric of modern societies that does not allow them to settle, or to achieve equilibrium. Their development is always irregular and uneven. Whatever the level of development, there are always "backward" regions and "peripheral" groups. This is a persistent source of strain and conflict in modern societies. Such a condition is not confined to the internal development of individual states. It can be seen on a global scale, as modernization extends outward from its original Western base to take in the whole world. The existence of unevenly and unequally developed nations introduces a fundamental element of instability into the world system of states.

Modernization seems to have two main phases. Up to a certain point in its course, it carries the institutions and values of society along with it, in what is generally regarded as a progressive, upward movement. Initial resistance to modernization may be sharp and prolonged, but it is generally doomed to failure. Beyond some point, however, modernization begins to breed discontent on an increasing scale. This is due in part to rising expectations provoked by the early successes and dynamism of modern society. Groups tend to make escalating demands on the community, and these demands become increasingly difficult to meet. More seriously, modernization on an intensified level and on a world scale brings new social and material strains that may threaten the very growth and expansion on which modern society is founded. In this second phase, modern societies find themselves faced with an array of new problems whose solutions often seem beyond the competence of the traditional nation-state. At the same time, the world remains dominated by a system of just such sovereign nation-states of unequal strengths and conflicting interests.

Yet challenge and response are the essence of modern society. In considering its nature and development, what stands out initially at least is not so much the difficulties and dangers as the extraordinary success with which modern society has mastered the most profound and far-reaching revolution in human history.

This article discusses the processes of modernization and industrialization from a very general and primarily sociological point of view. It does so also, it should be remembered, from a position within the very processes it describes. The phenomena of industrialization and modernization that are taken to have begun some two centuries ago and that were not until much later identified as distinct and novel concepts have not yet arrived at any recognizable closure. The end of the story, if there is one, is thus not in sight, and the question of an ultimate judgment on the nature and value of this vast historical movement is unanswerable.

Becoming modern

The revolution of modernity

If one imagines all of human social evolution charted on a 12-hour clock, then the modern industrial epoch represents the last five minutes, no more. For more than half a million years, small bands of what we may agree were human beings roamed the earth as hunters and gatherers. With simple stone tools and a social order based on kinship ties they successfully preserved the human species against predators and natural calamities. In observing contemporary Australian Aboriginals, the San (Bushmen) of southern Africa, the Eskimo, the Negritos in Malaysia and the Philippines, and Pygmy groups in Africa, a glimpse may be had of the social life of the Paleolithic period (Old Stone Age)-the oldest and most enduring type of human society.

About 10,000 bc some of these hunters and gatherers took to cultivating the earth and domesticating animals. It is this process that is somewhat misleadingly called the Neolithic revolution, implying that new stone tools were at the root of this vast change. It is now generally accepted that the new technology was not the principal factor. Nevertheless what took place was undoubtedly a revolution. Mobile bands became settled village communities. The development of the plow raised the productivity of the land a thousandfold, and in response the human population of the planet increased dramatically. More significantly, herding and agriculture for the first time created a surplus of food. This allowed some members of the population to abandon subsistence activities and become artisans, merchants, priests, and bureaucrats. This division of labour took place in a newly concentrated physical environment. In the 4th millennium bc cities arose, and with them trade, markets, government, laws, and armies.

The technology and social organization of the Neolithic revolution remained the basis of all civilization until the coming of industrialism. With remarkably few additions-the invention of the stirrup was an important one-what served ancient Mesopotamia and ancient Egypt of the third and second millennia bc served as the foundation of all the states and empires of the ancient world, from China and India to Greece and Rome. And it served equally the European Middle Ages, which in some respects, notably in technology, actually fell back from the achievements of the ancient world. Not until the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe did humankind make another leap comparable to that of the Neolithic revolution.

It is against this very slowly evolutionary background that the revolution that underlay modernity must be seen. It is one of just two quantum jumps that human social evolution has made since the primal hunting and gathering stage of early Homo sapiens. The Neolithic or agricultural revolution produced, paradoxically, urban civilization; the Industrial Revolution lifted humankind onto a new plane of technological development that vastly increased the scope for transforming the material environment. In its speed and scale the change brought about by the Industrial Revolution has had, indeed, a greater impact on human life than the Neolithic revolution. Neolithic civilization remained throughout confined by a sharply limited technical and economic base; industrial civilization knows no such limits. Nevertheless, an understanding of agrarian society is essential to the analysis of industrial society, for it is largely through the contrast with its agrarian past that modern society stands out. The meaning of the modern is to be found as much in what it renounces as in what it aspires to.

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Modernization, in sociology, the transformation from a traditional, rural, agrarian society to a secular, urban, industrial society. Modern society is industrial society. To modernize a society is, first of all, to industrialize it. Historically, the rise of modern society has been inextricably

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symbolic interactionist perspective : modernity and individual

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symbolic interactionist perspective : modernity and individual

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Self-awareness is the ability to focus on yourself and how your actions, thoughts, or emotions do or don't align with your internal standards. If you're highly self-aware, you can objectively evaluate yourself, manage your emotions, align your behavior with your values, and understand correctly how others perceive you. According to the chapter 17 symbolic interactionist "class society theory paints a different picture of modernity's effects on individuals. this approach maintains that persistent inequality undermines modern society's promise of individual freedom" ( 544).  In others words, racial and ethnic minorities, the problem of relative disadvantage looms even larger.

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Increase your self-awareness with one simple fix

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We'd all like to believe we're self-aware, but in reality, the facts point to a more sobering truth. Organizational psychologist Tasha Eurich has spent the last 4 years researching what it truly means to be self-aware, and in the process, has made a surprising discovery about human perception.

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Postmodernity is not necessarily something that has come after modernity, as the prefix may suggest, but should be considered an opposition to modernity that exists at the same time. According to the chapter 17 postmodernity " The postmodernist thinkers discredit science, claiming that it implies a singular truth. on the contrary, they maintain, different people se different realities, and there are many ways to socially construct the world" (546). In others words, It is a reaction against modernism that holds that there is no objective viewpoint of the world. Everyone looks at the world through their own perspective, and different truths can exist in different ways.

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Focuses on the concept of social inequality in the division of resources and therefore, the conflicts that exist between classes, which will eventually trigger social change. According to the chapter 17 social conflict "While agreeing that modern societies have expended to a mass scale, this approach views the heart of modernization as an expanding capitalist economy, marked by inequality" (541). in others words, modernity has gradually worn away some of the rigid categories that set nobles apart from commoners in preindustrial societies.

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The increasing population, the growth of cities, and specialized economic activity driven by industrial revolution gradually altered the modern scale. According to the chapter 17 Structural-Functionalist theory "Capitalism supports science not just as the key to greater productivity but also as an ideology that justifies the status quo" (541). In others words,  productivity in our modern society is one of the main aims of any business enterprise. Higher productivity ensures lesser cost of production, higher production and most effective utilization of available resources.

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The Women's March in 2020 is a clear example of a collective behavior when thousands of women joined for a common goal, stop feminism in United States. According to the chapter 17 social Behavior "Collective behavior involves people in collectivities, which differ from social groups because many people may involved without most having any direct interaction with others" (529). in others words, people share a common focus of attention or who influence one another.
Source: https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/the-womens-march-succeeded-because-it-spoke-to-womens-outrage/

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Social Change has been formed an important role in our world to benefit our environment and ecosystem to protect them. According to chapter 17 social change, " social change occurs when people join together in the pursuit of a common goal, such as Cleaning up the environment or improving the lives of oppressed people" (528). In others words, our society has the power to make a change in our planet if just share common goal.
source: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0020751901001965