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there was little understanding of emotional and mental disorder.
Many were confined in institutions and with ineffective treatments or no professional help.

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Psychotherapy
development of psychodynamic approaches to psychotherapy, Sigmund Freud

Views: past experiences are the source of people's present emotional difficulties.

Emphasis: unconscious processes and long-term treatment provide a solid foundation for psychotherapy with clear limitations.

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Cognitive-Behavioral approach:
B.F. Skinner as well as Albert Ellis, Aaron Beck, William Glasser, and Donald Meichenbaum

Views: focus on the present and seek to minimize dysfunctional  cognitions and behaviors by replacing with more helpful and positive thoughts and actions.

Emphasis: the influence of thoughts and actions on emotions.

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Existential-humanistic Psychotherapy
Carl Rogers as well as Fritz Perls, Viktor Frankl

Views:  importance of therapeutic alliance.

Emphasis: importance of emotions and sensations; people taking charge of and finding meaning in their own lives.

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Integration of First through Third Force; Comprehensive and holistic effort

Views: the understanding of people as fully as possible

Emphasis: positive therapeutic relationships and effective treatment plans; joining with clients and grasping every perspective of themselves and the world around them.