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In this section I will be comparing the editing techniques from a scene in Jaws and a classic horror film, Physco. These are two very famous horror films and both were very famous in their time, however due to the age difference between the films their editing is very different.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0WtDmbr9xyY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FpxOLhuNXfM

The Physco scene very much uses music and different kind of shots to create its horror, very different to how the horror genre is now. Verna Fields Jaws scene isn't your typical horror scene that you expect now. You would expect jumpscares, loud music and screaming people. This scene shows the main protagonist defeating the shark with the good guys having power.

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Lee Smith is an Australian born film editor who is most known for films such as: Inception, The Dark Knight as well as many other films and has won many awards for his work. Most recently he won an Oscar for his work on the Christopher Nolan film, Dunkirk. Dunkirk is the most recent film to come out from the famous director, Christopher Nolan. The film is based on the second world war battle on Dunkirk. it is edited in a way where there is no real main character, dialogue is minimal and sound is a huge part which creates tension and helps immerse the audience in the film.

The films that Lee Smith do aren't really horror films but use similar techniques to what horrors do. For example, Dunkirk. This film is heavily focused on the sound aspect as well as different paced shots which all tie into the codes and conventions of horror.

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How Meaning is Created Through Editing In Horror

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How Meaning is Created Through Editing In Horror

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Meaning is created in Horror by many different ways, editing is one of them. Editing is different for every type of genre as if edited wrongly it could completely change the mood and feel of the film.

For example, a romantic film would usually consist of smooth transitions, not too sharp cuts, music would be edited to make the viewer feel calm instead of making their heart rate rise. However, a horror genre uses fast cuts, fast music, sometimes edit on the beat to a fast song to all keep the viewer on the edge of their seat. Montage shots are sometimes also used in a horror film, potentially when a chasing scene is going on or a scene with high intensity.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wapWK64zW58

This scene here is a good example of jump cuts and fast paced editing which ties in with the codes and conventions of horror films.

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The editing part of the film is a very significant part of the process of creating a film. Without editing you just have different clips, with no tension, context or any character and this wouldn't create a very interesting watching experience for the audience at all. Editing gives the audience a meaning to the film and having a clear narrative. Also, like I said earlier, editing makes the film fun. In the editing stage you can add multiple different effects, specific cuts and much more to make it an enjoyable watching experience for the audience.

Film is obviously not the only form that uses editing, Television also uses many editing techniques which film also use but sometimes use them in different ways. One key technique that television uses is very fast cuts. TV shows are usually quite short and have to keep consistent pace to keep the viewer interested, this could then be a reason for fast paced cuts that are used in TV shows which are not always used in films at that speed. Cliffhangers are also a big part of TV shows, whereas stand alone films usually wrap the plot up. Cliffhangers are used to make the audience want more so a wide range of editing techniques would be used with the music and different cuts.

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Some techniques include:

180 Degree rule - This is a basic guideline regarding the on-screen spatial relationship between a character with another character, or an object that is also in the scene. You basically always keep the camera on an axis that shows half the room and will never go to the other half, unless they want to break to rule to create a completely different effect.

A Roll and B Roll - Although this maybe wouldn't be classed as a specific editing technique, this is very important in the editing stage of creating a film. A Roll is the primary footage for non-narrative or interview based films, and usually refers to talking heads or footage that directly relates to the moment. B Roll is basically the alternative footage intercut with the main shot, the opposite to A Roll which is the main footage.

Cutting - This is an editing technique which is crucial in the editing stage. This is where you cut up all the different clips to give it narrative, cut out any mistakes that could have potentially occurred during filming and shortening the film down.

Rough Cut - This is basically the first product the editor comes up with, getting the basics done such as putting it in the right order, but it also will have a lot of issues and will need to be polished up.

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1898
This was the year that the first example of film editing to establish continuity was created in the form of Robert W. Paul's Come Along, Do!. This was one of the first ever film to feature more that one shot.

1902
This was the year that Le Voyage Dans La Lune was created. This was a 14 minute "ground breaking masterpiece" in editing with 30 separate scenes. This used many different editing techniques including dissolves and jump cuts to create this innovative film which really started editing becoming a big part of film.

1908
This was the year that the first animated cartoon was created. It was a black and white film that was composed of 700 drawings which were played after each other to make the film animated.

1923
Walt Disney Animation Studios was founded in this year which a lot of people would say pioneered editing in animated films with Disney being one of the biggest companies in the whole world.

1925
Montages was used for the first time in this year in the film Battleship Potemkin. This film is celebrated by having many many different editing techniques in the montage, including close ups which was new at the time.

1937
Back onto Disney, this was the year that the first full length animation from Walt Disney was created. The film they created was Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs which is still a loved film to this day by the younger generation.

1941
In this year Citizen Kane was released which is a highly rated classic film from the director Orson Welles. It brought together many cinematic and narrative techniques and experimental innovations, in editing as well as other parts of the film like sound and photography.

1959
Ben-Hur was released in this year which is probably best known for its memorable 11 minute chariot race scene which, at the time, set the bar for how action scenes were shot as well as edited.

1960
Probably one of the best known classic horror films is the film Psycho. One scene in particular is very famous, the shower scene. The use of sound as well as editing made this scene so intense with the use of fast-cut editing of 78 pieces of film as well as 70 camera setups. It is a 45 second montage sequence which kept audiences gripped the whole time.

1968
This was the year that 2001: A Space Odyssey was released. This film is still considered to be one of the best sci-fi movies created with it being incredibly ahead of its time in terms of editing as well as cinematography.

1971
This was the year that the first Linear Editing Machine was created. It was called the CMX 600. It costed over $250,000 when it was first released which would now compare to about $1.2 million. Only 6 were ever produced.

1977
This year the first Star Wars was released. This franchise is still going on today and continues to push editing as well as special effects and be one of the best in the business at them both.

1988
This is the when the first Non-Linear editing machine was created. A year later the Avid1 was created and has now become the gold standard for editing in Hollywood. Storage was a problem for this machine and could only edit short music videos and commercials.

1999
This year was the year that The Matrix came out. This film is best known its revolutionary visual effects used in parts such as fight scenes which uses fast paced editing as well as modern editing effects.

2003
Adobe Premiere Pro came out in this year which is a timeline based video editing software which is one of the leading editing softwares in the professional media industry.

2009
Avatar was released in this year and was set to 'revolutionize' special effects and editing which it achieved in some viewers eyes.

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Thelma Schoonmaker was born on the 3rd January, 1940 in Algeria. She is best known for all her work with Martin Scorsese with her editing near enough all of his films including The Wolf of Wall Street, Raging Bull and The Departed. Thelma has worked with Scorsese for over 50 years and has received seven Academy Award nominations for 'Best Film Editing' and has won a total of three times for - Raging Bull (1980), The Aviator (2004) and The Departed (2006).

Thelma met Martin Scorsese during a Summer program at New York University, where she was taking an editing course. He started working with her due to the fact that she had a lot of previous experience editing movies for late night television, she was brought into the university to help Scorsese, who was a student at this moment in time, with his film and this is where their working relationship started.

Unlike the other editors, I would say that Thelma is not really into horror like editing, however she did edit Shutter Island. Shutter Island is more of a psychological thriller but it does have conventions from a horror film. The use of suspense is created in the same way as a horror film, with the way the film is shot and the speed of cuts.

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Verna Fields was born on the 21st March, 1918 in Missouri, USA. She is probably best known for her work on the film 'Jaws' which she did win an Oscar award for. The film Jaws originally came out the year of 1975 and was directed by the famous director, Steven Spielberg and based on Peter Benchley's 1974 novel. In the film a giant man eating shark is on the loose on an Amity Island. Martin Brody, the police chief, is the head of the investigation and the main protagonist of this story. The film has a pretty basic plot if we're being honest but the use of editing creates a fast action packed film with good story telling which made Jaws one of the best films of all time and will go down in history for its editing.

Verna Fields is the person that I got most of my inspiration from out of all these editors the fact that she did a film that was related to horror, and that film is Jaws. Jaws uses multiple different editing techniques to create tension to the audience, she does this by using fast paced shots to keep the viewer interested and on the edge if their seat which is always what I intend to do.

This scene is a very good example of use of fast cuts and tension, music is also a large part of this scene which very much fits in with the codes and conventions of horror with the editing, shots and music.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FpxOLhuNXfM