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Sultans: Development
Reason: They didn’t have to do anything and new infrastructures were built for their city
European plantation owners/foreign investors: Colonial exploitation
Reason: Roads and bridges built made transport easier to and from plantations for colonists
Chinese and Indian immigrants: Development
Reason: Easier for them to reach their workplace faster
Ordinary Malays: Development
Reason: They could travel to different parts of malaya faster as transportation was convenient for them through the wailray line

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Economic impact:
Sultan:
Development-their economy improves
European plantation owner/foreign investors:
Colonial exploitation-the railways were built to connect tin mines and rubber plantations for trading purposes and this were only built to primarily serve the needs of the colonist
Chinese and Indian immigrant workers:
Development-With all these developments to facilitate the tin and rubber industries, jobs were also created in industries such as transportation
Ordinary Malays:
NA-they live in rural areas that were not as important economically and thus did not benefit as much from infrastructural improvements

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European plantation owners and investors:
Development for themselves and exploitation for colony.They exploited the resources such as tin and rubber in Malaya for trade and building industries, and most of the profits were paid to the European investors and shareholders.So the development of industries primarily contributed for their own economic benefits.)
Malays and Chinese:
Development.(Enterprising Malays and Chinese smallholders were also able to reap a share of the profits.)
Indian laborers:
Colonial exploitation( they did most of the work and the profits gained by Europeans were at expense of the Indians’ welfare.)
Sultans: not affected.

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Sultans: N/A
Foreign investors: development; Reason: easier transportation of tin and rubber means easier to export materials, so country’s economy improves
Chinese & Indian immigrants: development; Reason: immigrants get jobs, can earn money
Ordinary Malays: N/A; Reason: malays live in the village, so they have no need to go to the cities in the first place

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I SULTANS exploitation
Might lose power because majority ethnic group is no longer Malay and thus has less influence

EUROPEAN PLANTATION OWNERS
Colonial Exploitation
Before colonising Malaya,there was a lack of workers,after colonising,they gained foreign immigrants as workers for low cost at expense of marginalising indigenous Yalams

Chinese & Indian Workers
Development
They had majority representation in Malaya and many of them settled in Malaya.
A few of the Chinese like Yap Ah Loy and Yap Kay See went on to form a wealthy middle class of traders.Found work in rubber plantations while other went to become traders,merchants and some became wealthy money-lenders.

Malay
Colonial Exploitation
Before colonisation,the Malays were the majority ethnic group that lived with few intrusions from the outside.After colonisation,they were the minority group and lost land to the foreign workers

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Sultan: The Sultan benefited as the the British gained more money through efficient trade, and were able to pay the Sultan more than before.

Europeans, plantation owners and foreign investors: More foreign capital flowed into Malaya for investment into tin mines and rubber plantations. This meant that the economy would improve and they would profit more.

Immigrant workers:
Higher salary and working conditions as the Europeans were able to import better machinery to ease the burdens of the workers. With more money, the Europeans are able to pay better too.

Ordinary Malays:
The book did not mention any impacts but we think that because of the increase in investments they may have benefited as the land they were living on my have increased in value.

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Sultan, European Plantation Owners/Foreign Investors and Chinese/Indian Immigration Workers - Development
Ordinary Malays - Colonial Exploitation

The Sultan benefits from the export-oriented economy as they are not directly affected by the success of the harvest, but is able to gain reputation because his land is able to produce crops for exportation.
The Chinese/Indian Immigration Workers also benefit due to an overall improved economy and more job opportunities created as a result of greater exportation of goods
The European Plantation Owners/Foreign Investors are able to benefit from a better economy and greater tradng opportunities
The Ordinary Malays overall suffered from colonial exploitation as their income became dependent on several new factors such as market demand, and were badly hit during periods of economic crises

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1) Sultan —> development
It was difficult to receive western education -> The wealthy and Malay aristocrats were given opprotunities to receive western education.
2) European Plantation Owners/Foreign Investors —> N/A
Most workers of these plantations were the common people, and either way they did not receive education. Since the workers were not educated, they are unable to do find many other jobs, and these owners/investors need not raise (or could even drop) their wages.
3) Chinese and Indian Immigrants & 4) Ordinary Malays —> Change for the worse [not exactly exploitation]
There is a social divide as the wealthy malays were able to receive western education whereas these immigrants and common people did not receive western education.

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1) sultans (N/A)
2) chinese and indian immigrant workers & ordinary malays
- size of chinese and indian population grew larger than the indigenous malays.
- the chinese and indian immigrants got jobs for their own living.
- british tried to protect the interest of malay through malay land reservations system.
- land reserved for malays could not be sold to non malays.
- pro malay policies of the british encouraged the division of societies along racial lines.
Therefore, it is a development because :
- chinese and indian immigrants got jobs and some were even able to get rich
-even though it may have raised racial tension the british tried to protect the interests of the malays

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Sultans: NA -> the sultans were not affected at all
European owners and investors: Development -> the railways and bridges facilitated the transportation of rubber and tins from the mines and plantations to the places that these could be sold for profit
Chinese and Indian workers: Both -> Development in the sense that migrant workers could get new jobs, colonial exploitation in the sense that the jobs attracted these workers for the sole purpose of them working for the colonial powers own gain.
Ordinary Malays: NA -> They normally did not stay in areas that would benefit the British economically hence these infrastructure benefits would not have extended to them

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SultansProfits for the British also meant profits for the Sultans as they were paid by them. so development
European plantatation owner/foreign investors:Development. Standardization of currencies meant better trade. This resulted in an increase in trade for cash crops, which meant more profit for plantation owners. It also made trading easier for investors due to the usage of a single currency.
Immigrant Workers: More trade, more profits, more salary so development.
Ordinary Malays, not really affected, but they can use their money everwhere in Malaya.

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SHarshil And Rahul (Creation of New Industries)

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SHarshil And Rahul (Creation of New Industries)

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Sultans: N/A
They were not affected very much.

European Plantation Owner/Foreign Investors: Development
With large sum of capital, European entrepreneurs purchased latest equipment to mine tin. Most of the profits made from mining tin were paid out to investors and share holders, who were mainly from Europe.

Chinese and Indian immigrant workers: Colonial Exploitation and Development
European capital which was invested in large plantation estates were managed by european planters but most of the labour and hard work was usually carried out by indian labourers(cheap labour). Chinese labourers in Malaya worked to mine tin which helped to transform the Federated Malay States into the world’s largest producer of tin. Chinese smallholders, who grew rubber, were able to reap a share of the profits.

Ordinary Malays: Development
Malay smallholders, who grew rubber, were also able to reap a share of the profits.(but only the ‘enterprising’ ones. Not much about ordinary malays)

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Sultan:
Development-economy improved
European plantation owners/ foreign investors:
Colonial exploitation- new infrastructure was built to connect tin mines and rubber plantations for trading purposes
Chinese and Indian immigrant workers:
Development- with all the developments to facilitate tin and rubber industries, jobs were also created in industries such as transportation
Ordinary Malays:
NA-they mostly lived in rural areas that were not as important economically and thus did not benefit as much from infrastructural improvements