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Main Idea and Key Details Worksheet

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Main Idea and Key Details

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How a Key idea is Introduced and Elaborated

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How a Key idea is Introduced and Elaborated

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How a Key idea is Elaborated and Introduced

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Timelines and Text to Integrate Information

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Timelines and Text to Integrate Information

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Words that Convey Cause and Effect relationship

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Oceans Defined

One of the most beloved summer pastimes for many is spending the day at the beach. Making sand castles, splashing around in the waves, and eating too much watermelon are often the highlights of these trips. This place of enjoyment showcases one of the most unique and important features on planet Earth -- the ocean.

About 71% of the Earth is covered by oceans, or large bodies of salt water. The oceans are the main ingredient of the hydrosphere, 'hydro' meaning water, and make up 97% of Earth's water resources, with the other 3 percent residing in frozen ice caps and glaciers. The ocean has a mass of about 1,400 quadrillion metric tons, which is approximately 0.023% of the total mass of the Earth. Even though people have always been fascinated by the world's oceans, we have only explored less than five percent of it. Luckily, scientists from all over are working tirelessly to figure out the mysteries of the other 95%.

Physical Properties

Although there is a large gap in knowledge about the curiosities of the deep blue sea, there are a few things that we have learned about it through some cool science. Some of the most basic and important things to know are about the physical properties that influence everything, from weather patterns to what fish can be found swimming around. These physical properties include light, temperature, depth, pressure, and salinity.

Light and Zonation

Though it is a continuous body of water, there are multiple ways that the oceans can be divided into sections. Most commonly, the ocean in its entirety is called the World Ocean and is split up into five parts, Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic, based on geographic location. When specifically studying sea life and where they live, the ocean is divided into the benthic zone, near the sediment bottom, and the pelagic zone, in the open ocean.

One of the most important factors in the ocean system is light, because it controls primary production, which occurs when organisms convert water and nutrients into energy using sunlight in a process called photosynthesis. These organisms, which are usually algae and are known as primary producers, make up the basis of the food chain in the oceans. The photic zone is the upper 200 meters of the ocean and it's here that most primary producers, and things that eat them, live. From 200 to 1,000 meters of depth exists the mid-water zone, where very little light penetrates and some organisms live. The aphotic zone is anything more than 1,000 meters deep and is completely pitch black.

Depth and Pressure

Most of the sea floor is still unmapped, but by using satellite data and fancy math, scientists managed to map the rough characteristics of the bottom. Most of the ocean is very deep, with the average depth at 3,790 meters. The deepest part of the ocean resides in the Marianas Trench in the Pacific Ocean, with a maximum depth of 10,911 meters--that's almost seven miles down!

If you have ever dove down while swimming or have been scuba diving, you know that you need to pop your ears. This is necessary because the change in pressure squeezes your air-filled middle ear. At the surface of the ocean, pressure is 1 atmosphere (atm); the deeper you go into the ocean the more pressure there is. For example, at the bottom of the Marianas Trench, the feeling of the amount of pressure, which is 1,100 atmospheres, is equivalent to turning the Eiffel Tower upside down and balancing its point on your big toe. Despite this enormous amount of pressure, there are a multitude of interesting deep-sea organisms that live in this high-pressure, cold, pitch-black environment, most of which look like the stuff of nightmares.

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oceans: facts & information - video & lesson transcript | study.com

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Oceans: Facts & Information - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com

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One of the most beloved summer pastimes for many is spending the day at the beach. Making sand castles, splashing around in the waves, and eating too much watermelon are often the highlights of these trips. This place of enjoyment showcases one of the most unique and important features on planet Earth -- the ocean.

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Oceanography

Did you know that phytoplankton, sea weeds, and other sea plants living in the ocean produce about 50% of the oxygen we breathe? Through oceanography, we've learned some amazing facts about the ocean, though there are still many questions to answer, like how many species of plants and animals actually exist in the world's oceans. Oceanography is the study of the world's oceans, including aspects of its biology, chemistry, physics, geology, and meteorology, among many others.

For example, chemical oceanographers study the composition of seawater and the chemical interaction of seawater with the atmosphere and sea floor. Biological oceanographers study plants and animals in the marine environment. Geological oceanographers explore the ocean floor and the processes that form its mountains, canyons, and valleys. Physical oceanographers study the physical processes in the ocean, including waves, tides, currents, eddies, and the interactions with the atmosphere. In fact, ocean scientists and their tools have advanced so much that they can even measure the temperature, depth, and salinity of the oceans from space using satellites!

History of Oceanography

Humans have been interested in the oceans since pre-historic times when people would venture out from their homes along the coast on rafts. Around 2,000 to 3,000 years ago, naturalists and philosophers, including Aristotle, began to try to study and understand the vast bodies of water. However, the modern field of oceanography did not emerge until late in the 19th century when America, Britain, and Europe joined together to fund expeditions to explore ocean currents, the seafloor, and the life that thrived within the ocean.

The first organized, scientific outing to explore the world's oceans and seafloor was the Challenger Expedition, which was onboard a three-mast British warship in 1872 that circumnavigated the earth. During World War II, the potential to gain an advantage in submarine warfare spiked a further increase in interest in understanding the oceans.

Sir John Murray, a Scottish scientist during the late 1800s, is considered the father of the field of oceanography and was the first to coin the term oceanography. He participated in the Challenger Expedition as an assistant and was the first to note the existence of oceanic trenches.

Despite many years of study, our knowledge of the ocean is confined to the top couple miles of the ocean. It's often predicted that for every one species of marine life we have identified, there are three more that we have yet to discover; that would mean we only know about 25% of the things living in the ocean! However, research vessels are constantly exploring the ocean, taking samples and measurements, and comparing their data to previous measurements to understand how things are changing. Computer models are also an integral part of modern oceanography; since we'll never be able to sample the entire ocean, models are developed using complex math equations to predict what the ocean currently looks like and how it may change in the future.

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history & facts - video & lesson transcript | study.com

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What is Oceanography? - Definition, History & Facts - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com

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Did you know that phytoplankton, sea weeds, and other sea plants living in the ocean produce about 50% of the oxygen we breathe? Through oceanography, we've learned some amazing facts about the ocean, though there are still many questions to answer, like how many species of plants and animals actually exist in the world's oceans.

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Career Test: Free Tests & Quiz for Students and Adults

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An archeologist studies civilization's past by studying the physical remains of artifacts left by that civilization to understand their culture. Archeology is actually a subfield of anthropology, as anthropology is a broad study of all human culture. Archeologists want to understand why people lived where they lived, what life might have been like for a group of people, and what changes to their society may have occurred over time. Archeologists would even discover the advances made by the civilization over time.

Watch a Video:

How to Become an Archeologist

According to the Society of American Archeology, this is also the only field of study that covers all times periods and all geographic regions inhabited by humans. An archeologist requires a master's degree or PhD in archeology. They would normally do field work for 12-30 months while obtaining a PhD and many master's degrees may also require field work hours as well.

Experience in some form of archaeological field work is usually expected, by employers. Those holding a bachelor's degree may obtain entry level jobs as field workers or assistants, but to conduct independent studies or projects one must earn a doctorate degree.

Job Description of Archeologist

An archeologist researches the culture and past human life in history from remains, architectural features, artifacts, and structures found in excavation or underwater recovery or other discovery. They carefully record an object's information and location then authenticate, date and identify the objects and structures that an excavation has recovered. Recordings would include an artifact's function, shape, size, and decoration and can give descriptions based on an artifact's attributes or physical properties, like the materials they were made of.

Archeologists answer specific questions about past societies and cultures according to their survey and research and write and/or publish reports that record site methodology, history and artifact analysis results. They would also give their recommendations and findings to colleagues and the general public for interpreting findings and conserving.

An archaeologist works very closely with anthropologist; they would draw and update maps of the site of features, stratum surfaces and unit profiles. A collection would be made of the artifacts of various materials and be placed and marked in bags identifying where they were discovered. An archeologist can work in museums, parks, historic sites, public education, or manage exhibits. Others work in laboratories studying samples or at archaeology field sites. Often times archeologist are traveling all over the world and to certain geographical locations.

Archeologist usually work full time and may work more than a traditional work schedule. At times they may work 7-10 days in a row consequently having to work on close deadlines or limited permits. Work hours in the field usually start in early mornings and end at noon, especially in hot climates. A technician or assistant may work in the evening processing data that has been found throughout the day. Archaeologists have a slow growth rate therefore employment opportunities are limited and can very be competitive.

Resources

Archeology Magazine (Online)

Archeology Online Magazine at archaeology.org is a publication of the Archaeological Institute of America. You can get the latest news on archeology here.

Educator Resources

There is a pdf guide to teaching Archeology for Grades 3-12 on the ssa.org website. This electronic booklet supported by funds from the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation and National Park Service, Archaeological Assistance Division, and the Society for American Archeology. They also have an educator resource page you may find extremely useful.

Archeologist Career Video Transcript

What most people think about when they think of archeologist, is going out in the field and digging things up and finding bones and pots and things like that, and that's certainly a big part of what goes into archeology. But probably the bigger part, the more important part, is being able to explain what those bits and pieces actually mean. We use things like shovels and sometimes picks. We also use smaller tools like trowels or smaller digging spades.

One of the tools that we use is something called a screen, which it's actually sort of like your window screen but a little bigger and we put the dirt in there and shake it. So what that does is it separates all the smaller dirt particles from the artifacts and then you look through what remains in the screen. This farm was actually part of a plantation that was established in 1794 by a family of French people. They had about 748 acres total and they had 90 enslaved laborers in their possession.

An eye witness account that gave us a little of a clue as to the general location of where the slave quarters were and then we really just had to go out and start digging. We uncovered a wide variety of artifacts. Everything from broken glassware and ceramics to rusty old nails and pieces of hardware. Lots of food remains so bone and shell. This is a shell pendant and this is made of oyster shell, like the shell that we have here. So this would have been made likely by one of the enslaved individuals and they would have taken the larger shell and they would made it into this decorative object and then inscribe all of these little lines that go down here and the hole that they probably would have put a cord through to wear it. This is actually an 1817 U.S. large cent, which is the equivalent of what today is the penny and you can probably tell that it's much bigger than a penny today and that's one of the attributes along with the date that help us figure out when this was made.

Article Citations
Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Outlook Handbook, Anthropologists and Archeologists. National Center for O*NET Development. 19-3091.02. O*NET OnLine. The career video is in the Public Domain and originally hosted on Kids.gov which is now USA.gov, an interagency product administered by USAGov, a division of the U.S. General Services Administration's Technology Transformation Service.

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What does a Archeologist do How to Become an Archeologist | Archeology

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An archeologist studies civilization's past by studying the physical remains of artifacts left by that civilization to understand their culture. Archeology is actually a subfield of anthropology, as anthropology is a broad study of all human culture.

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A very famous archeological site

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Pompei - Italy - Unesco World Heritage Site

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This video shows u robots in the manufacturing industry and the speed is real time.

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Automated Manufacturing Robots - FABTECH

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What does an Archeologist Dd
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Pompeii - Italy
Pompeii - Italy
A very famous archeological site
Egyptologists
Egyptologists

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