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                                    THE ORIGINS OF LANGUAGE 

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                                    THE ORIGINS OF LANGUAGE 

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As human beings we do not know how language is originated. We know that how to produce sound and simple vocal patterning which are an ancient part of the brain that we share with all vertebrates and other mammals. However, this is not human language. There are assumptions about some types of spoken language may have been developed between 100,000 and 50,000 years ago. But, direct evidence have not been found about the speech. Neverthless, there are some assumptions about how human language was created.

1) The Divine Source
In most religions, it is believed that a divine source gives language to the humans. Nearly all divine theories assume that language is originated from a single source. Because of this hypothesis, it is thought if human infants were allowed to grow up without hearing any language around them, then they would spontaneously begin using the original God-given langugae.
Because of this purpose, over the years people carried out experiments in order to discover this God-given language.

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As an example, The Greek writer Heredotus reported a story of an Egyptian Pharoah named Psammetichus (Psamtik) who tried an experiment with two newborn babies. Those babies were raised only with goats and a mute shepherd. After two years of isolation, the children were reported to have spontaneously uttered. The word they uttered was not an Egyptian word, but something that was identified Phrygian word ''bekos'', meaning bread.

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Some of the views about how human language is originated is based on natural sounds. The human auditory system allows us to make connections between a sound and the thing producing that sound. This is why, there is an idea that primitive words derive from imitations of the natural sounds. There are two kinds of theory in natural sound source according to Jespersen (1922)

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A- The ''bow-wow'' theory

The early human tried to imitate the sounds and then used them to refer to those objects even when they were not present. For example, in English, we have splash, bang, boom, rattle, screech, buzz, etc.
Words that similar to the noises are examples of ''onomatopeia''.

B- The ''pooh-pooh'' theory

It argues that speech developed from the instinctive sounds people make in emotional circumstances. Hence, the origin of human language may have come from natural reflection of emotions such as anger, pain and joy. The examples we have in English are, Wow!, Yuck!, Phew!, Ooh!, etc. However, they are produced with sudden intakes which is the opposite of ordinary talk. We produce spoken language while we exhale, not inhale. This is why, this theory seems to be rather unlikely candidates as source sounds for language.

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Another assumption about origin of the human language is called ''ye-he-ho'' theory. It focuses on social context. The idea behind this source is, the sounds of a person involved in physical effort could be the source of our language, especially when that physical effort involved several people and the interaction had to be coordinaed.

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We may look the types of physical features that human possess. Those physical adaptations or features may have been able to support speech production. These features consist of upright posture, with bi-pedal (on two feet) locomotion and a revised role for the front limbs.

Teeth and Lips
Human teeth are upright, not slanting outwards like apes and they are roughly even in height. They are better adapted for grinding and chewing. They are also very helpful in making sounds such as ''f'' or ''v''.
Human lips have much more complicated muscle interlacing than other primates. This is why, we are capable of producing sounds such as ''p'', ''b'' and ''m''.

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Mouth and Tongue
The human mouth is relatively small compared to the other primates. It can be opened and closed rapidly. It is also a part of an extended vocal tract that has much more of an L-shape. With the help of it, we are capable of doing wider range of shapes and produce more rapid and powerful sounds.
Humans have a shorter, thicker and more muscular tongue than other primates. This is why, it can be used to shape a wide variety of sounds inside the oral cavity.

Larynx and Pharynx
The human larynx or voice box contains vocal folds. In the period of human physical development, the assumptions of an upright posture moved the head more directly above the spinal column and the larynx dropped to a lower position. This created a longer cavity known as ''pharynx''. It acts as a resonator for increased range and clarity of the sounds. Other primates have almost no pharynx.

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Humans started making tools and manipulating objects by using two hands. The functions for object manipulation and for speaking are very close to each other in the left hemisphere of the brain. This is related with lateralization which is dividing two parts of the brain functions.

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Throughout our lives we are experiencing some physical changes in our body. And these changes affects our use of langugae. This is almost an automatic set of development. Even children who are born deaf become fluent speakers in sign language. It is innate and no other creature seems to have it.