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https://www.grandin.com/beef.feedlot.welfare.form.html

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Cows normally start off eating by ripping up a tall chunk of grass off the ground with their massive tongue. They lightly chew their food then swallow it, regurgitating it up later on to more finely chew the cud. Cattle are ruminants meaning they have a stomach with four total compartments to slowly aid in the digestion of food.
http://www.cattle-empire.net/blog/119/how-do-cows-eat-grass

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Newborn Calves will first try to stand and walk, then search for the mothers' teet to nurse, and will also stick close to either its mother or other newborn calves.

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Mothers will typically lick the calf's body after birth, consume the placenta, and be very protective over her new calf.

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Commonly Observed Female Sexual Behavior

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Commonly Observed Female Sexual Behavior

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A common behavior for female cows would be when they start to mount other female cows in the same pen as them shown periodically in the video below.

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A common behavior for bulls in heat is to mount females, as you can see happening in the picture below.

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The type of dominance hierarchy most seen in cows is triangular. I came to this conclusion from my own experience working with cattle and observing how they interact with one another and from hearing about my professors experiences working with all types of cattle throughout the years.

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In the picture below it shows two bulls head butting each other with their horns clashing. They could be doing this for a number of reasons, either fighting or resources, over territory, or breeding opportunities. The point of this clash is for one bull to overpower the other and so they can claim whatever was being fought over with minimal bloodshed and energy spent.

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I chose to study cattle for this semester project because out of all the different types of farm animals they are probably my favorite. Not only do I enjoy them as a species, but I have also had the most experience working with them as opposed to the others.  I got experience working with cattle during ISUs calf watch, staying overnight at the school’s farm helping cattle through parturition. After being up close and personal with the schools heard and seeing how friendly they were and seeing how fun it was to help them it quickly became my favorite class and cattle became my favorite farm species aswell.