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1. What was the Cultivation System? Explain.

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1. What was the Cultivation System? Explain.

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1. Who Developed the Cultivation System?  Explain.

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1. Who Developed the Cultivation System?  Explain.

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1.  Why was the Cultivation System finally abandoned?

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1.  Why was the Cultivation System finally abandoned?

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1.  What were the consequences of the Cultivation System? 

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1.  What were the consequences of the Cultivation System? 

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1. Why did the Dutch introduce the Cultivation System? Explain

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1. Why did the Dutch introduce the Cultivation System? Explain

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1.How did the Cultivation System Operate?  Explain.

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1.How did the Cultivation System Operate?  Explain.

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2.Find and record a quote from the "Max Havalaar" text which reflects a response related to the 19th C cultivation system. Translate to English if necessary and include citation. 

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2.Find and record a quote from the "Max Havalaar" text which reflects a response related to the 19th C cultivation system. Translate to English if necessary and include citation. 

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2.Find and record a quote from the "Max Havalaar" text which reflects a response related to the 19th C cultivation system. Translate to English if necessary and include citation.

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2.Find and record a quote from the "Max Havalaar" text which reflects a response related to the 19th C cultivation system. Translate to English if necessary and include citation.

# data[].attributes.headline
2.Find and record a quote from the "Max Havalaar" text which reflects a response related to the 19th C cultivation system. Translate to English if necessary and include citation.

# data[].attributes.subject
2.Find and record a quote from the "Max Havalaar" text which reflects a response related to the 19th C cultivation system. Translate to English if necessary and include citation.

# data[].attributes.headline
2.Find and record a quote from the "Max Havalaar" text which reflects a response related to the 19th C cultivation system. Translate to English if necessary and include citation.

# data[].attributes.subject
2.Find and record a quote from the "Max Havalaar" text which reflects a response related to the 19th C cultivation system. Translate to English if necessary and include citation.

# data[].attributes.headline
2.Find and record a quote from the "Max Havalaar" text which reflects a response related to the 19th C cultivation system. Translate to English if necessary and include citation.

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2.Find and record a quote from the "Max Havalaar" text which reflects a response related to the 19th C cultivation system. Translate to English if necessary and include citation.

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3. According to renowned Indonesian author Pramoedya Ananta Toer, what has been the impact of "Max Havalaar" on modern Indonesian History

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3. According to renowned Indonesian author Pramoedya Ananta Toer, what has been the impact of "Max Havalaar" on modern Indonesian History

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3. According to renowned Indonesian author Pramoedya Ananta Toer, what has been the impact of "Max Havalaar" on modern Indonesian History?

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3. According to renowned Indonesian author Pramoedya Ananta Toer, what has been the impact of "Max Havalaar" on modern Indonesian History?

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3. According to renowned Indonesian author Pramoedya Ananta Toer, what has been the impact of "Max Havalaar" on modern Indonesian History?

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3. According to renowned Indonesian author Pramoedya Ananta Toer, what has been the impact of "Max Havalaar" on modern Indonesian History?

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2.Find and record a quote from the "Max Havalaar" text which reflects a response related to the 19th C cultivation system. Translate to English if necessary and include citation.

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2.Find and record a quote from the "Max Havalaar" text which reflects a response related to the 19th C cultivation system. Translate to English if necessary and include citation.

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3. According to renowned Indonesian author Pramoedya Ananta Toer, what has been the impact of "Max Havalaar" on modern Indonesian History?

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3. According to renowned Indonesian author Pramoedya Ananta Toer, what has been the impact of "Max Havalaar" on modern Indonesian History?

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3. According to renowned Indonesian author Pramoedya Ananta Toer, what has been the impact of "Max Havalaar" on modern Indonesian History?

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3. According to renowned Indonesian author Pramoedya Ananta Toer, what has been the impact of "Max Havalaar" on modern Indonesian History?

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3. According to renowned Indonesian author Pramoedya Ananta Toer, what has been the impact of "Max Havalaar" on modern Indonesian History?

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3. According to renowned Indonesian author Pramoedya Ananta Toer, what has been the impact of "Max Havalaar" on modern Indonesian History?

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“Pemerintah memaksa pekerja untuk menumbuhkan apa yang dikehendaki di tanah pekerja; menghukumnya ketika ia menjual hasilnya ke pihak lain; dan itu menyesuaikan harga yang dibayar padanya. Biaya transportasi ke Eropa, melalui sebuah perusahaan perdagangan istimewa, adalah tinggi. Uang yang diberikan kepada pimpinan-pimpinan untuk mendorong mereka membengkakkan harga pembelian lebih lanjut, dan. . . karena seluruh bisnis harus menghasilkan keuntungan, tidak ada cara lain mendapat keuntungan selain membayar orang Jawa hanya cukup untuk mencegah dia kelaparan. Kelaparan? Di tanah Jawa yang kaya dan subur? Ya, pembaca. Hanya beberapa tahun yang lalu, di berbagai daerah orang-orang meninggal karena kelaparan. Ibu-ibu menawarkan menjual anak-anak mereka untuk mendapatkan makanan. Ibu-ibu makan anak-anak mereka. ”

Translated:

"The government forces workers to grow what they want on the workers' land; punishing him when he sells the results to another party; and that adjusts the wage paid to him. Transportation costs to Europe, through a special trading company, are high. The money given to the leaders to encourage them to swell the purchase price further, and. . . because the whole business must make a profit, there is no other way to make a profit than paying the Javanese only enough to prevent him from starving. Starving? In the rich and fertile land of Java? Yes, reader. Only a few years ago, in various areas people died of starvation. Mothers offer to sell their children to get food. Mothers eat their children. "

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The Culture System, also known as the Cultivation System is a revenue system that resides in Indonesia that forced farmers to pay Dutch people revenue in the form of crops or labor. It was introduced by Johannes van den Bosch in 1830. This system forced villagers to provide land rent, setting aside one fifth of their field for the dutch or by working for 66 days. This system remained in Indonesia for 40 years, when it was finally removed in 1870.

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Find and record a quote from the "Max Havalaar" text which reflects a response related to the 19th century cultivation system. Translate to English if necessary and include citation.

<http://sejarahmodern.weebly.com/the-cultivation-system.html>
Extract from "Max Havelaar" written by Eduard Douwes Dekker, aka "Multatuli" which meant, "I have suffered much."
Multatuli was a Dutch writer who often wrote about the abuse of colonialism in the Dutch East Indies.
Was written based on his own experiences.

"Take a look at the incredible quantity of Javanese products you see on the markets in the Netherlands, and you will be convinced that this policy has been very successful, even if you don't find it noble. For, if anyone asks whether the farmer himself obtains any reward, proportional to his labour, I must give a negative answer. The government requires him to cultivate on his soil what the government pleases, he is even punished if he sells his products to anyone else, and the government decides the price that will be paid. The cost of transport to Europe, with the intermediary of a privileged trade organisation, is high. The money paid to the chiefs to encourage them, make the price even higher and – because we want profits after all, this profit can only be found by paying the Javanese a minimum amount, lest he starve, for that would diminish the producing power of the nation."

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Only a very few people benefitted from the cultivation system, mostly the Dutch administrators that were in charge. It created the consequence of the commoners not profits and some even to famine and shortages in the village. The system itself was suppose to protect the fair benefits earned by both the villagers and the Dutch but in practice, it caused exploitation by the Dutch towards the villagers. The biggest impact that it had was that the government had a monopoly-like control over spices and trades.

“Indonesia - The Java War and Cultivation System.” Country Studies, U.S. Library of Congress , countrystudies.us/indonesia/11.htm.

Akoumianaki-Ioannidou, Anastasia & RASOULI, Marina & Podaropoulou, L & Karapanos, Ioannis & Bilalis, D. (2015). Effects of Cultivation System and Fertilization on Seedling Production of Ocimum basilicum L. and Mentha spicata L.. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca. 43. 131-137. 10.15835/nbha4319851.  (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290251896_Effects_of_Cultivation_System_and_Fertilization_on_Seedling_Production_of_Ocimum_basilicum_L_and_Mentha_spicata_L)

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Pramoedya Ananta Toer, a famous Indonesia writter sees Max Havalaar as the book that ended colonialism in Indonesia. The book was written by  Edward Douwes Dekker in 1860. According to Pramoedya, the book Max Havalaar has not only affected Indonesia, but the whole world. The book tells a story about a Dutch colonizer that rebels against the current cultivation system. Edward wrote the book Max Havalaar to share his thoughts and beliefs on Colonialism. The book has given many Indonesians confidence and knowledge that eventually led to the beginning of the Revolution.

Source
azali, kathleen, and kathleen azali. "Max Havelaar: Buku Yang Membunuh Kolonialisme (Pramoedya Ananta Toer) – C2O Library & Collabtive." C2o-library.net. N. p., 2017. Web. 26 Sept. 2018.
https://c2o-library.net/2017/02/max-havelaar-buku-yang-membunuh-kolonialisme/
"Max Havelaar, Inspirasi Perjuangan Tanpa Lelah | GEOTIMES." GEOTIMES. N. p., 2018. Web. 26 Sept. 2018.
https://geotimes.co.id/opini/max-havelaar-inspirasi-perjuangan-tanpa-lelah/

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Labor requirements from the system were so great that local farmers lacked time and energy to devote to staple crops. Eventually, famines and epidemics occurred by the 1840s as rice shortages surfaced, thus increasing the cost of maintaining the colonial military establishment and pressured for more export-crop development.
The system led to mass exploitation of the villages where Dutch and Indonesian local officials abused their position. Eventually it began to attract criticism on ethical grounds, one of which was "Max Havelaar" that outlined the abuses of the system. In the early 1860s, a liberal Dutch government began to dismantle the Cultivation System, abolishing government monopolies over the spice monopoly. Developments of other laws such as the Sugar Law (1870) and the Agrarian Law (1870) eventually replaced the Cultivation System and an era of relatively free trade began.

Pike, John. “The Cultivation System.” GlobalSecurity.org, www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/indonesia/history-dutch-4.htm.

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Citizen in Indonesia is forced to provide land rent to the government and sacrifice some of their land to grow export crops. However, they can either pick to do that method or to work for the government for around 66 days.

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“Culture System.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 22 June 2010, www.britannica.com/event/Culture-System

"Review Buku: Max Havelaar." Gerakan Indonesia Cerdas Bermedia. N. p., 2015. Web. 26 Sept. 2018.

"The Cultivation System." The Indonesian Schools History Project and Indonesian Studies hub. N. p., 2018. Web. 26 Sept. 2018.

Toer, Pramoedya. "Best Story; The Book That Killed Colonialism." Nytimes.com. N. p., 1999. Web. 26 Sept. 2018.

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"Take a look at the incredible quantity of Javanese products you see on the markets in the Netherlands, and you will be convinced that this policy has been very successful, even if you don't find it noble...  The cost of transport to Europe, with the intermediary of a privileged trade organisation, is high. The money paid to the chiefs to encourage them, make the price even higher and – because we want profits after all, this profit can only be found by paying the Javanese a minimum amount, lest he starve, for that would diminish the producing power of the nation" (Havelaar).

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1. Why did the Dutch introduce the Cultivation System?

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1. Why did the Dutch introduce the Cultivation System?

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Jovanka

In 1825, The Netherlands Trading Society (Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij or NHM) was created to support the East Indies trade and was supported by the government. However, the company ran worse than expected and did not produce the hoped-for commercial expansion. In 1830, when General Johannes van de Bosch created the Culture or Cultivation system to tap the resources of the archipelago. From the government’s perspective, the System was an overwhelming success. It improved their economy and raised their currency.

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The cultivation system was forced cultivation that the Dutch government imposed on Indonesian peasants, which was later rebelled against by an idealistic Dutch colonist: Eduard Douwes Dekker. In his novel, it is said that "concern for the impact of the colonial policies on the Indonesian people had marked the career of Dekker, who originally studied to be a minister. (Dekker, 1860)". Dekker, who rebelled against his fellow Dutch colonists, which led to his demise, with only his skills in writing saving him. The book "Max Havelaar" became the weapon for a growing movement in the Netherlands, which fought to bring about reform in Indonesia to shame the Dutch Government into creating a new policy known as the ethical policy to promote irrigation, inter-island migration and education in the Dutch Indies (Toer, 1999). This boost of confidence and hope that Indonesia received from a colonist gave them the poewr to start a movement for freedom, leading to a full-scale revolution in the 1940's. Without the motivation received from Dekker, a Dutch, Indonesia may never have had the power to rally their forces, affecting the modern state of Indonesia as their growth and development continues to be stunted by colonists.

Toer, Pramoeda Ananta. “Best Story; The Book That Killed Colonialism.” New York Times, 18 Apr. 1999.

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According to Pramoedya Ananta Toer, "Max Havalaar" impacted Modern Indonesian History as it helped start the revolution that ended with Indonesia's eventual freedom. According to author Pramoeddya Anata Toer, the book had significant impact on the Dutch Government at the time, as it forced them to change the way they treated the Javanese and also had them implement laws and better facilities. This gave the Javanese and other people in Indonesia at the time access to education, enough to help them begin the revolution.

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3. According to renowned Indonesian author Pramoedya Ananta Toer, what has been t he impact of "Max Havalaar" on modern Indonesian History?

Pramoedya Ananta Toer, in a 1999 New York Times article, referred to Max Havelaar as "the book 'killed' colonialism" (New York Times, 1999). He credits the Indonesian Revolution to the book, stating that by the 20th century, its effects were beginning to be felt by young Indonesians, and leaders that realised that they had to stand up to their oppressors. They began fostering a movement for emancipation and freedom, that -according to Pramoedya, is what eventually led to Indonesia's full-scale revolution in 1940.

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“Sebab kita bersukacita bukan karena memotong padi; kita bersukacita karena memotong padi yang kita tanam sendiri" (Havelaar).

translation
"For we rejoice not because we are cutting rice; we rejoice because we are cutting the rice we plant ourselves" (Havelaar).

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Q2:
-“Di Jawa, burung dara tidak akan terbang ke mulut seseorang dalam keadaan sudah terpanggang. Harus ada kerja, dan siapapun yang tidak mau bekerja akan miskin, dan dengan sendirinya akan tetap miskin.”

"In Java, pigeons will not fly into one's mouth when they are already roasted. There must be work, and anyone who does not want to work will be poor, and will naturally remain poor. "

-“Bencana kelaparan sering terjadi di daerah-daerah yang dijadikan contoh kesejahteraan.”

- "Hunger disasters often occur in areas that are used as examples of welfare."

Sources:
https://www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/1413754-max-havelaar-of-de-koffij-veilingen-der-nederlandsche-handelmaatschappy
https://tvtropes.org/pmwiki/pmwiki.php/Quotes/MaxHavelaar

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-Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Culture System.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 22 June 2010, www.britannica.com/event/Culture-System.

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2. Find and record a quote from the "Max Havalaar" text which reflects a response related to the 19th C cultivation system. (Tiffany)

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2. Find and record a quote from the "Max Havalaar" text which reflects a response related to the 19th C cultivation system. (Tiffany)

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“Karena kita bergembira bukan karena memotong padi; kita bergembira karena memotong padi yang kita tanam sendiri. Dan jiwa manusia tidak bergembira karena upah, tapi karena bergembira untuk mendapatkan upah itu.”
Translation:
"We are happy not because we are cutting paddy; we are happy because we are cutting the paddy that we planted ourselves. The human soul does not rejoice in wages, but it rejoices because of the joy in receiving such rewards."
Citation:
Dekker, Eduard Douwes. “Max Havelaar Quotes by Multatuli.” Goodreads, Goodreads, www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/1413754-max-havelaar-of-de-koffij-veilingen-der-nederlandsche-handelmaatschappy.

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3. According to renowned Indonesian author Pramoedya Ananta Toer, what has been the impact of "Max Havalaar" on modern Indonesian History? (Valeska)

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3. According to renowned Indonesian author Pramoedya Ananta Toer, what has been the impact of "Max Havalaar" on modern Indonesian History? (Valeska)

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Pramoedya Ananta Toer compares “Max Havelaar” to "Uncle Tom’s Cabin.” “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” was the book that resulted into the American Abolitionist Movement. In the same way, “Max Havelaar" slowly starts to reform the people of Indonesia. Movements for emancipation and freedom changed resulted into the modern Indonesia.

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Toer, Pramoedya Ananta. “Best Story; The Book That Killed Colonialism.” The New York Times, The New York Times Company, 18 Apr. 1999, www.nytimes.com/1999
/04/18/magazine/best-story-the-book-that-killed-colonialism.html.

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The cultivation system, or cultuurstelsel in Dutch, is a system introduced by the Dutch that forces the Indonesia/ local farmers to pay the Netherlands through mandatory labor, or crops/ harvest. This system was founded by Governor-General Johannes Van Den Bosch of the Dutch East Indies in 1830 due to the Netherlands's weak financial conditions. The local farmers needed to "grow and make deliveries of coffee, sugar cane, indigo, pepper, and other export products in exchange for crop payments"(Fasseur). The crops will then be exported back to the Netherlands and other countries where it is sold in a high price. The local's taxes to the Netherlands are sometimes paid through the crops. If there were any crop failures, the government will take money from the people.

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Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Culture System.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 22 June 2010, www.britannica.com/event/Culture-System.
Multatuli, and Roy Edwards. Max Havelaar ; or, The Coffee Auctions of the Dutch Trading Company. Penguin, 1995.

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Based on an article written by Pramoedya Ananta Toer for New York Times in 1999, “Max Havelaar” has impact modern Indonesian History greatly. However, it does not only impact Indonesia, as it also has a global impact. “Max Havelaar” by Edward Douwes Dekker talked about an idealistic Dutch colonizer in Java, who rebelled against the Cultivation System. “Max Havelaar” has the same “big idea” as “Uncle Tom’s Cabin”. However, Dekker emphasizes on “poor oppressed Javanese”, while Harriet  Beecher Stowe, the writer of “Uncle Tom’s Cabin” emphasizes on “negro slaves”. Both books urged the government to change the rules and the government did do something about it.

Edward Douwes Dekker certainly has the heart to care about the impact colonialism have over Indonesia that he decided to make changes, to express what he truly thought about it, while providing real life events that supports what he was trying to convey. The book “Max Havelaar” became a weapon of liberal movement that has been forming in the Netherlands. They sought to pressure the Dutch government to create a new regulation with ethical policies, intending to promote irrigation, migration between islands, and education in the Dutch East Indies.

The impact of this reformation starts off small and simple. However, as time goes, Indonesians of wealthy/powerful descents starts to feel the impact, as they are equipped with high education. Consequently, the education that those Indonesians obtain results in the formation of emancipation and freedom movements that eventually leads to the 1940s revolution.