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How does the balance system work? (2014). Retrieved September 5, 2020, from The Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital: https://www.eyeandear.org.au/page/Patients/Patient_information/Balance_Disorders/How_does_the_balance_system_work/?fbclid=IwAR0bMivDOFXn9-vxoV3knNPJMex4DQuoRzy1K0tQUIFLS6vzDKiZ122Ydps

Watson, M. A., Black, F. O., & Crowson, M. (n. d.). THE HUMAN BALANCE SYSTEM. Retrieved September 5, 2020, from VeDa: https://vestibular.org/article/what-is-vestibular/the-human-balance-system/the-human-balance-system/

Merchant, R. E. (2011). Vestibular Nuclei. Retrieved September 06, 2020, from https://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007/978-0-387-79948-3_376

Bordoni, B. (2020, August 10). Neuroanatomy, Cranial Nerve 8 (Vestibulocochlear). Retrieved September 06, 2020, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537359/

Biga, L. et al. (n.d.). 15.4 Equilibrium. Retrieved September 06, 2020, from https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/15-4-equilibrium/

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For body movements, the accessory nerve and the vestibulospinal tracts are needed for the spinal motor control.

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For the control of eye movements, the oculomotor (CN III), trochlear (CN IV), and abducens (CN VI) are responsible for motor functions.

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The stimulated tiny hairs transmit message through the balance nerve or the cranial nerve VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve) to the cerebellum.

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The brainstem receives the balance information from the peripheral sensory organs (eyes, muscles, joints, and the vestibular system’s two sides. It is where the information is organized and integrated with the input of the cerebellum and cerebral cortex. The cerebellum which is the control center for movements send instruction to muscles to move and make adjustments to move body position which will maintain balance and coordination. The cerebral cortex, the thinking and memory center is responsible for priorly memorized information. Since integration of sensory have now occurred, the brainstem then sends impulses to the muscles which control the movements of eyes, head, trunk, and legs.

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The sensory receptors found in the skin, muscles, and joints provide information to the brain regarding the movement and position of the body parts in relation to the environment.

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The visual system, which involves eyes, muscles, and parts of the brain that function together for visual input and cease blurring of objects when the head moves. It also aids in maintenance of being aware of positioning. (eg. when running, walking, riding a vehicle)

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The movement of endolymph, which is the term for the fluid in the canals, stimulate tiny hairs.

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The semicircular canals that are oriented in different directions detect head movements such as rotations, tilting, and nodding.

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The calcium carbonate crystals that are found in the fluid of these otoliths stimulate tiny hairs.

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The two otoliths, saccule and utricle, send messages to the brain regarding body movements in straight line or vertical orientation (backwards/forwards and upwards/downwards) and also head movement in relation to gravity (such as tilting, leaning, and lying down).

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The vestibular system in the inner ear includes three semicircular canals and two otolith organs whose function is to provide constant feedback to the cerebellum with regards to head movement.