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main greenhouse gases are
- Water vapor
- Carbon dioxide
- Methane
-Nitrous oxide

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-methane
-co2
-nitrogen
-water vapour
natural greenhouse effect warms the earth without the influence of anthropogenic activities

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Greenhouse gases are gases that absorb and emit heat in the atmosphere

This includes CO2, Methane, Sulfur Dioxide, Carbon Dioxide, Nitrous Oxide, and water vapour

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the more cloud coverage there is, the lower temperature as the short wave radiation is reflected back into the atmosphere.

-the thinner the cloud, the more short wave radiation can pass and increase the temperature
- the thicker the cloud, the less short wave radiation can pass through
- clouds are able to re-emit head during the night

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Greenhouse gases refer to gases which contribute to the greenhouse effect, by reflecting or reemitting long-wave radiation back onto the surface of the earth.

These gases include:
- CO2
- Methane
- Water vapour
- NO2
- Carbon monoxide
- Aerosols
- SO2 (Sulfur dioxide)

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Greenhouse gases are particles in the air that create the phenomenon known as the greenhouse gas effect. This effect is the process of trapping infrared radiation (shortwave) in the atmosphere which causes the temperatures to rise.

The gases that make up the greenhouse gases are methane, oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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Greenhouse gases are gases in the earths attmosphere that trap heat. It is any gas that has the property of absorbing infrared radiation emitted from the earths surface and readiates it back to the earths surface causing the greenhouse effect.

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Albedo effect refers to the reflectivity of the earths surface. For example, the arctic have have a high albedo effect due to the high reflectivity of solar radiation from the white snow. The darker the surface, the more long-wave radiation it absorbs from the sun.

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1. Troposphere 0-17km from earth surface
2. Stratosphere 20-50 km from earth surface
3. Mesosphere 56-80 km from earth surface
4. Thermosphere 90-100 km from earth surface

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its the balance between the increasing and decreasing amounts of radiative energy in a system

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The albedo effect is the reflectivity of the earth's surfaces. Light surfaces like ice have the largest albedo effect, while darker surfaces like soil and green forests have smaller albedo effects.

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- sediments from the bottom of the ocean
- coral reefs
- frozen glaciers and ice caps
- rings of trees
- fossils

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Troposphere
Stratosphere
Mesosphere
Thermosphere
Exosphere - coldest one (?)

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-tree stumps --> the thicker the rings are, the cooler the temperature
-ice caps --> used to identify organisms that could with stand a certain temperature

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Milankovitch cycles are variations in the shape of the earth's orbit around the Sun, causing the earth to alternate between following a circular orbit and a non-circular elliptical orbit. These variations along with the earth's tilt and rotation axis can cause the global climate to experience more extreme temperature variations between seasons.

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Positive feedback loop is when the end of the loop amplifies of enhances changes.

Negative feedback loop is when the last process of the loop goes back to the normal state of the loop.

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Greenhouse gases are gases present in the atmosphere that have the ability to retain heat, trapping long-wavelength radiation and re-emitting it back to the Earth's surface.

Examples:
CO2, methane, CFCs, water vapour, NOx (various nitrogen oxides)

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Positive feedback loop --> essentially enhance or amplify changes (mainly but e.g increased global temperatures = more ice caps/glaciers melting = sea level rise)
Negative feedback loop --> change no longer proceeds and has triggered something to revert back to normal e.g soil degradation --> using more sustainable agricultural techniques and natural fertilizers to replenish soil biodiversity and nutrients.

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Balance between insolation entering Earth and longwave radiation emitted by the Earth

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positive feedback is when a change happens that causes the system to move from its equilibrium

whereas

a negative feedback is what returns the system to its equilibrium

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climate change or global warming, the impact on the climate from the additional heat retained due to inccreased amounts of co2 and other gasess that humans have relased into the atmosphere

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the enhanced greenhouse effect is greatly influenced by the increase of CO2 in the atmosphere due to human activities such as burning fossil fuels. This causes less short wave radiation to be reflected back into the atmosphere and increasing the temperature of the planet.

GHGs include:
-CFC
-CO2
- water vapour
-nitrous oxide
-methane

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The enhanced greenhouse effect is caused by anthropogenic (human) causes such as increased carbon emission from industrialization. This traps short wave radiation reflected from earths atmosphere increasing global temperatures.

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when the greenhouse effect intensifies due to anthropogenic activities eg. an increase in GHG emissions due to industry

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The enhanced greenhouse effect is an amplified version of the greenhouse effect. This entails the increased emissions of greenhouse gases. Over the past years, this has been due to human activity, burning fossil fuels and creating large landfills that emits greenhouse gases. The process of increasing the greenhouse gases, suggests that there is a thicker layer that allows the infrared radiation to leave the earth's atmosphere, causing an increase in the earth's temperature.

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A process where by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases contribute to increased levels of global warming. This can be in the form of releasing natural stores of methane from permafrost, burning fossil fuels which release greenhouse gases, or engaging in practices which release greenhouse gases such as making concrete.

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1. positive:
2. negative: ice reflects from the sun, when the ice melts, less light gets reflected back, raising the sea level and temperature

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A process that is further amplified due to a series of other processes is called a positive feedback loop.
eg. global warming
glacial retreat
more dark oceans and less reflective ice surfaces causes more absorption of insolation
global temperatures rise

A process that is eventually cancelled out by the causes of the initial process is called a negative feedback loop.
eg. rise in temperatures
more evaporation of water stores
larger water vapour content in atmosphere- more clouds
more reflection of insolation
global temperatures fall

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the enhanced greenhouse effect is the effect on the climate of more heat being trapped in the earths atmosphere as a result of rising levels of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases produced into the earth's atmosphere by human activity

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when there is more clouds the cooler it will be due to the radiation being blocked and reflected from the clouds

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It is the balance between shortwave radiation emitted by the sun and long wave radiation bounced back from the earth.

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The balance between short wave insolation from the sun and emission of long wave radiation from the earth, in a state where the two balance each other out.

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Cloud cover causes more short wave radiation to be reflected back into space as clouds are light and reflective surfaces. This leads to lower global temperatures

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Increased cloud coverage is able to reflect solar radiation from the sun, however at night , existing solar energy can trap heat and reflect back into the earths surface

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Clouds have the ability to both cool and warm the Earth's temperature.
Clouds may obstruct the Sun's light and heat, lowering the Earth's temperature.
However, some of the Sun's heat does reach Earth. The heat from the Sun can be trapped by clouds. Even at night when there is no sunlight, clouds continue to retain heat. They return the heat to Earth, warming the lowest layers of the atmosphere. The height and kind of cloud present in the sky determine whether clouds heat or cool the Earth's surface.

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- Analysis of ocean sediment or rock cores from the ground
- glaciers and ice caps
- tree stump rings

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Clouds can also act like a blanket trapping heat on Earth by absorbing the heat released by the surface of the planet. They radiate heat or cool the surfacce of the earth depends on the height and type of cloud in the sky. Regulates the tempreture of the earths surface. During the day clouds reflect a portion of the solar energy that reches earth back into space. this prevents the planet from becoming too warm.

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CO2, SO2, CFC's, methane, NO2, CO

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Exosphere
The outermost layer of the atmosphere is the exosphere and it fades in the space.  It lies between 400-1500 km above the earth. The air here is extremely thin.

Thermosphere
The thermosphere is the layer of the Earth’s atmosphere directly above the mesosphere.

Mesosphere
Mesosphere layer lies above the stratosphere and extends to a height of 90 km from ground level. This temperature in this layer decreases with height and reaches a minimum of −110 degree Celcius.

Stratosphere
Stratosphere lies above the tropopause. There is a total absence of water vapor in this layer. It extends to a height of 50 km from sea level. The temperature here is around −55 degree Celcius.

Troposphere
The troposphere is the lowermost and densest layer. Its height varies from 18 km at the Equator to 8 km at the Poles. Seventy-five percent of the atmosphere is found in this layer.

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It is the variations in the earths orbit around the sun which include:
- Eccentricity: the shape of Earth's orbit
- Obliquity - the angle Earth's axis is tilted with respect to Earth's orbital plane
- Precession  - the direction Earth's axis of rotation is pointed

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They are cyclical orbital movements around of the earth around the sun. This is turn reflects the earths climate and seasons.

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Troposphere - majority of weather occurs here
Stratosphere - contains the ozone layer (protects from short wavelength UV-light)
Mesosphere - where meteors burn
Thermosphere - Hottest layer in the atmosphere temperatures between 1300 to 1800 C and oxygen molecules absorb solar radiation creating heat
Exosphere - space

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light reflectivity on earth's surfaces, north and south pole have the largest albedo effect due to more ice and along the equator has little to no albedo effect due to there being less reflective surfaces

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- ice caps and the number of bubbles within them --> more bubbles = warmer environment at the time
- tree stumps --> thicker circles, dryer/colder environment