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(4) Formation of Urea - Deamination of Amino Acids

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(4) Formation of Urea - Deamination of Amino Acids

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I.How will this function of the liver be affected by cirrhosis?

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II.What implications are there for the bodily function and/or lifestyle of the patient?

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(3) Metabolism of Amino Acids - Protein Synthesis

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(3) Metabolism of Amino Acids - Protein Synthesis

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I.How will this function of the liver be affected by cirrhosis?

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II. What implications are there for the bodily function and/or lifestyle of the patient?

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(1) Carbohydrate metabolism - Regulation of Blood Glucose Regulation

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(1) Carbohydrate metabolism - Regulation of Blood Glucose Regulation

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I. How will this function of the liver be affected by cirrhosis?

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II. What implications are there for the bodily function and/or lifestyle of the patient?

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I.How will this function of the liver be affected by cirrhosis?

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II.What implications are there for the bodily function and/or lifestyle of the patient?

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- Cirrhosis is a condition which develops when scar tissue replaces healthy, living cells in the liver.

-The scar tissue makes it difficult for blood to flow into the liver through the hepatic portal vein.

-A reduction in the total living cells in the liver causes it to become lumpy and hard.

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(5) Detoxification - Breakdown of alcohol

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(5) Detoxification - Breakdown of alcohol

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I.How will this function of the liver be affected by cirrhosis?

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II.What implications are there for the bodily function and/or lifestyle of the patient?

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I.How will this function of the liver be affected by cirrhosis?

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II.What implications are there for the bodily function and/or lifestyle of the patient?

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When excess amino acids are transported to the liver, their amino groups are removed in a process called deamination, and converted into urea. Urea is removed from the body as urine. The remains of the deaminated amino acids are converted into glucose in the liver and stored as glycogen.

When there is liver cirrhosis, lesser amino acids are transported to the liver and lesser of their amino groups are removed and converted into urea. Leading to lesser deamination and more amino acids stored in the liver. Thus, lesser urea is removed from the body as urine. There will be lesser remains of the deaminated amino acids which are converted into glucose in the liver and lesser glycogen will be stored. Resulting in lesser glucose for cellular usage.

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Functions of a healthy liver:
-The liver plays a key role in carbohydrate metabolism by keeping blood glucose levels constant.
-When blood glucose levels is too high or low, hormones insulin and glucagon is secreted respectively.
-The liver is then stimulated by the hormones to store and release glucose
Unhealthy liver with liver cirrhosis:
-Low blood sugar levels can also cause a variety of problems within your central nervous system.
-Early symptoms include weakness, lightheadedness, and dizziness.
-Liver is less able to regulate glucose levels
-Less efficient to convert glucose to glycogen vice versa

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I :
- the liver uses amino acids to synthesis proteins
- amino acids are removed and converted into urea in the liver
- the carboxyl groups of amino acids from deamination are converted to glucose in the liver
- The metabolism of amino acids, except those with branched chains, starts in the liver.
- excess amino acids are transported to the liver and the amino group is separated and incorporated into urea.
- urea is then removed from the body as urine, the remains of the deaminated amino acids are converted into glucose in the liver and store as glycogen.
-> however, when one suffers from liver cirrhosis,
- the liver is unable to separate and incorporate the amino groups into urea, and thus
- urea is unable to be removed from the body as urine and it is stored in the body as excess protein.
- when there is too much amino acids stored in the patients body, the patient would suffer Gastrointestinal distress, such as bloating. Abdominal pain. Diarrhea.
II:
As liver function gets worse, other more commonly recognized symptoms of cirrhosis appear including:
Easy bruising and bleeding.
Yellow tint to your skin or the whites of your eyes (jaundice).
Itchy skin.
Swelling (edema) in your legs, feet and ankles.
Fluid buildup in your belly/abdomen (ascites).
Brownish or orange color to your urine.
Light-colored stools.
Confusion, difficulty thinking, memory loss, personality changes.
Blood in your stool.
Redness in the palms of your hands.
Spider-like blood vessels that surround small, red spots on your skin (telangiectasias).
In men: loss of sex drive, enlarged breasts (gynecomastia), shrunken testicles.
In women: premature menopause (no longer having your menstrual period).
There are many complications of cirrhosis of the liver. Because cirrhosis develops over many years, some of these complications may be your first noticeable signs and symptoms of the disease.

Portal hypertension: This is the most common serious complication. Portal hypertension is an increase in the pressure in your portal vein (the large blood vessel that carries blood from the digestive organs to the liver). This increase in pressure is caused by a blockage of blood flow through your liver as a result of cirrhosis. When blood flow through veins is partially blocked, veins in your esophagus, stomach or intestines can become enlarged (a condition called varices). As the pressure in these veins builds, the veins can bleed or even burst, causing severe internal bleeding.

Additional complications of portal hypertension include:

Swelling (edema) in your legs, ankles or feet.
Buildup of fluids in your abdomen (called ascites).
Swelling/enlargement of your spleen (splenomegaly).
Formation and dilation (expansion) of blood vessels in the lungs (hepatopulmonary syndrome), leading to low levels of oxygen in the blood and body and shortness of breath.
Failure of kidney function as a result of having portal hypertension as a complication of cirrhosis (hepatorenal syndrome). This is a type of kidney failure.
Confusion, difficulty thinking, changes in your behavior, even coma. This occur when toxins from your intestines aren’t removed by your damaged liver and circulate in the bloodstream and buildup in your brain (a condition called hepatic encephalopathy).
Hypersplenism: Hypersplenism is an overactive spleen. This condition causes quick and premature destruction of blood cells.

Infections: Cirrhosis increases your risk of getting and fighting serious infections, such as bacterial peritonitis (infection of the tissue that lines the inner wall of your abdomen).

Malnutrition: Your liver processes nutrients. A damaged liver makes this more difficult and leads to weight loss and general weakness.

Liver cancer: Most people who develop liver cancer have cirrhosis of the liver.

Liver failure: Many diseases and conditions cause liver failure including cirrhosis of the liver. As its name implies, liver failure occurs when your liver isn’t working well enough to perform its many functions.

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I: The liver carries out the process of converting harmful substances(e.g. alcohol) into harmless ones (e.g. acetaldehyde) known as detoxification. The liver also breaks down alcohol and provides energy for cells
In liver cirrhosis, the liver won't be able to convert harmful substances into harmless ones because substances will enter the liver through the hepatic portal vein at a slower rate. It also won't be able to break down alcohol.

II:  This means there will be more acid secretion in the stomach and the risk of gastric ulcers will increase. So they cannot consume too much alcohol at once. Patients with alcoholic cirrhosis may have bleeding in the liver. In the worst case, it can lead to liver failure and subsequently death.

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Article 1:

The normal liver will function in a way where bile production will keep up with the amount of food eaten. Due to the lack of Red Blood Cells that are broken down when there is Liver Cirrhosis, there are lesser bile pigments being formed from haemoglobin. This will cause a lower bile production, which slows down the rate of fat globules' physical digestion. (lesser fat emulsification happens in the duodenum) In turn, there will not be a higher surface area and chemical digestion will be slowed down. (lipase cannot break down fatty acids and glycerol)

Article 2:

The patient, will not be able to digest as much fatty/ oily food (cutting down on fat intake). This may cause the patient to also have a slower protein absorption rate from the byproduct of fatty acids and lower metabolism