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Turn towards a sound when they hear it

Be startled by loud noises

Watch your face when you talk to them

Recognise your voice

Smile and laugh when other people smile and laugh

Make sounds to themselves, like cooing, gurgling and babbling

Make noises, like coos or squeals, to get your attention

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Babble strings of sounds, like ‘no-no’ and ‘go-go’

Make noises, point and look at you to get your attention

Smile at people who are smiling at them

Start to understand words like 'bye-bye' and 'up' especially when a gesture is used at the same time

Recognise the names of familiar objects, things like ‘car’ and ‘daddy’

Enjoy action songs and rhymes and get excited when sung to

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Enjoy listening to music and singing, and sometimes move their body to ‘dance’ along to music

Enjoy looking at simple picture books together with an adult

Understand many more words than they can say, including the names of everyday objects like furniture, clothing and body parts

Understand some simple questions and instructions like ‘where’s teddy?’ and ‘kiss Mummy’

Say up to 20 single words (such as ‘cup’, ‘daddy’, ‘dog’) to ask for things or to comment on what they see, even though they may not be very clear yet

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Use 50 or more single words. These will also become more recognisable to others

Start to put short sentences together with 2-3 words, such as ‘more juice’ or ‘bye nanny’.

Enjoy pretend play with their toys, such as feeding dolly

Use a more limited number of sounds in their words than adults – often these sounds are p, b, t, d, m and w.

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Use up to 300 words

Put 4 or 5 words together to make short sentences, such as 'want more juice' or ‘he took my ball’

Ask lots of questions. They will want to find out the name of things and learn new words

Use action words such as ‘run’ and ‘fall’ as well as words for the names of things,

Start to use simple plurals by adding ‘s’, for example ‘shoes’ or ‘cars’

Use a wider range of speech sounds. However, many children will shorten longer words, such as saying ‘nana’ instead of ‘banana’. They may also have difficulty where lots of sounds happen together in a word, e.g. they may say ‘pider’ instead of 'spider'

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Use longer sentences and link sentences together

Describe events that have already happened, even if their sentences aren’t exactly like adults’ e.g. 'we went park'

Enjoy make-believe play

Start to like simple jokes even if they don’t understand them

Ask many questions using words like ‘what’ ‘where’ and ‘why’