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Q1. Name the two (2) thyroid hormones affected by the above disease and identify the cells that produce them.

The two hormones are Tetraiodothyronine (aka thyroxine) or simply, T4: and, triiodothyronine, known as T3. The cells that produce them are: Follicular Cells (produces T3, T4) and the Parafollicular Cells (produce/secrete calcitonin aka, thyrocalcitonin).

REFERENCE

Shayri M. Kansagra, BS, Christopher R. McCudden, PhD, Monte S. Willis, MD, PhD, The Challenges and Complexities of Thyroid Hormone Replacement, Laboratory Medicine, Volume 41, Issue 6, June 2010, Pages 338–348, https://doi.org/10.1309/LMB39TH2FZGNDGIM

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Hello! Can everyone submit their final questions onto this padlet please when you've completed them all xx

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Hello! Can everyone submit their final questions onto this padlet please when you've completed them all xx

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https://padlet.com/tarapako/d77etfnjt8tzdpza

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Q4. Outline the role Sodium plays in the production of a muscle action potential.

Sodium plays a pivotal role in the production of the muscle action potential in a specific method. That is, once the sodium channels open up, the membrane is depolarised in the motor end-plate triggering the action potential on the muscle fiber membrane (sarcolemma). That is, as the concentration of sodium in the extracellular solution is reduced, the action potentials become smaller allowing the Na+ to flow into the muscle cell in order to commence the initiation of the muscle action potential.

REFERENCE:
du Toit FJ, Hoover PL, Mold JW. Can botulinum toxin A injections into the paravertebral muscles reduce pain in patients with refractory, chronic muscular lower back pain? J Okla State Med Assoc. 2008 Apr;101(4):83-4. PMID: 18557583.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/5298326_Can_botulinum_toxin_A_injections_into_the_paravertebral_muscles_reduce_pain_in_patients_with_refractory_chronic_muscular_lower_back_pain

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Hello lovely people,

I did some research and this was one of the very few articles I found relating to the topic in the muscle system topic. Let me know if you guys think this will do as being the primary source for that specific part of the ebook xx

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12891_2017_Article_1816 report on chronic back pain

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Peer Review Form :)

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Let me know your thoughts :)

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<3

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Question 5 Draft:))))

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This is my draft for the skeletal system! Let me know what you think xx

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The effects of weight bearing yoga training on the bone resorption markers of the postmenopausal women. Phoosuwan M, Kritpet T, Yuktanandana P. J Med Assoc Thai. 2009 Sep;92 Suppl5:S102-8.PMID: 19891384

Effects of exercise training on bone density in older men and women. Blumenthal JA, Emery CF, Madden DJ, Schniebolk S, Riddle MW, Cobb FR, Higginbotham M, Coleman RE. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1991 Nov;39(11):1065-70.PMID: 1753043

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Hello, not sure how to use this! excited and will start on my endocrine system research soon!

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Q5. Which specific somatosensory pathway is affected when an individual with MS experiences the loss of the sensations identified in question 4?

Name two (2) specific areas in the cerebral cortex that may be affected when experiencing loss of vibrational sensation and proprioception and provide rationale for answer.

Proprioception and vibration sensation, both carried by the dorsal columns, are frequently impaired in an individual diagnosed with MS. Moreover, this periphery somatosensory pathway (sensory receptors) is impacted when an individual with MS experiences the loss of sensations eg inability to detect various stimuli: thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors. In these cases, damage to the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe, dorsal columns (or, the dorsal root ganglion) can cause the loss of vibrational sensation and proprioception mainly as MS disturbs the ability of nerves to purposefully conduct information.

Reference

Rougier P, Faucher M, Cantalloube S, Lamotte D, Vinti M, Thoumie P. How proprioceptive impairments affect quiet standing in patients with multiple sclerosis. Somatosens Mot Res. 2007 Mar-Jun;24(1-2):41-51. doi: 10.1080/08990220701318148. PMID: 17558922

LINK: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17558922/