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Based on the video what are the principal steps in the evolution of the Cultural Policies in Latin America

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Based on the video what are the principal steps in the evolution of the Cultural Policies in Latin America

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1) Sixties, in condition of post-war with the first decade of development by the UN and the Alliance for Progress by Kenedy administration for Latin America.
Change on the economy of LA, urbanization and reforms of the administration. The first cultural organization has an instrumental role which is linked to the education. The function is to unify all the cultural institutions in a unique national department. The aim of the Latin model is to copy the model of the ministry of culture in 1959: the promotion of the arts, the heritage preservation and the cultural diffusion (equal access).
2) Eighties, the crisis allow governments to change the concept of culture because the old model was considered as a failure.
This is the beginning of the lost decade. In fact, the culture was understood as an obstacle for the development. The French model was not adapted to the cultural specificities of LA. The lack of support to linked culture to development could explain the past failure. Then, with the cultural dimension of development of the UNESCO, the culture become a tool of development, mostly in countries without dictatorship regime. Social sciences prove that the continent is not homogenous, the diversity arrives with the constitutions. The plurality in culture becomes essential and a right. In addition, the economic policy change to liberal policy and the state power diminished.
3) Late nineties, the link between culture and economy. In fact, the cultural aspect contributes to a 2.7% of the PIB.
Taxes collected in the cultural economy are redistributed in subsidies from the state. Governments try to follow the English model with the council of the arts. The patronage and the private sector have a powerful role in the cultural economy. However, cultural institutions have different management from cultural industries. The culture goes from a management perspective to an economic perspective (example of branding). The concept of cultural in a social responsibility appears in difference from the charity. The main concept which appears is the diversity within companies (multilatinas, multilaterals). The diversity is a key competency for cultural managers and state administration because the diversity stays the major problem in the market.

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Principal steps of the cultural policies evolution:
1) Started to practice cultural activisme through spontaneity
2)Started to consider culture when making development plan (incorporate culture)
3) associate and train leaders in management and cultural administration to create a link between economic development and culture
4) by hiring  anthropology and sociology to support this development program  from a cultural point of view
5) recognize the diversity of culture in latin America
6) Change mind : Before culture was seen as an act of charity now it's an essential point, that shape the latin America countries
7)Culture is seen as a part of human rights
8) the idea of heritage has been assimilated
9) the concept of cultural manager appeared as a new body of the administration that has the purpose to make dialogues with the minister of economy

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1./ Post-war, in the sixties. The first step was to bring culture to the population. For this, two elements were decisive for the development of America Latina. The first one is “the first decade” inspired by the United nations. And the second one is “the alliance for progress” created by the Kennedy’s administration. These two elements changed radically the economic model in the continent.

With these two elements, there is a lot of changes in the administrative, demographic and of course in culture of America Latina

They copied the French cultural model. And they tried to copy also the director (André Malraux).

They based the culture aspect under three axes:

- Promotion of arts

- Preservation of arts

- diffusion of arts

2./ The second step take place in the early eighties. This is the development model that they will choose, regarding and analysing what failed. They call this step “the lost decade”.

There is at this time a lot of problems, notably a big economic crisis and a separation between the north (US, Canada, ...) and the south.

The fact that the model didn’t work, was that they don’t take into account the culture in the development model/plan.

The highlight of this step is the 1982 declaration of Mexico. They conceptualized the model around two axes:

-       Cultural identity

-       Development’s cultural dimension

3./ The third step is the changing of conception. They started by thinking that they are one entity. They are one country or continent with the same history. And this step (1984, with constitution of Canada) is the change between a homogenous state to the diversity.

Between 1984 and 2009, there is a reconfiguration of Latin America states into diversity.

This event completely changed the picture, and how culture is no longer seen as a singular part of this continent.

4./ The analysis. The started by seeing Culture as an act of charity, and now this aspect is primordial and essential to shape the new American’s countries.

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Ting Xu                                                                                                                                                                                                       ---From the video I know the relationship between management and culture in Latin America. And there is a necessary connection between the idea of development and the relationship between culture and management. Such as 'first decade of development' by united nations, the 'Alliance for Progress'  by the Kennedy administration for Latin America.These events changed economic model, demographic structure of Latin America, also the culture organizations and management methods. Under the ministries of education in various forms like deputy ministers of culture, cultural institutes, secretaries of culture, Latin America's culture developed gradually.                                                 ---To recognize culture from the diverse, build from the diverse.The word culture has a very different meaning and content. We say the same words but we named different things, then the old conceptions of culture have new meaning

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First step:

With the urbanization of countries in the 60s, the economic model changed, and the government had to adapt its administration. Therefore, a cultural organisation appeared, constructed on the French model, based on 3 functions: promotion of arts, heritage preservation and cultural promotion. The main idea was to bring culture to uneducated people and cultural diffusion was planned on cheap books, music… which has destroyed heritage. It was not planned, and it was an improvised policy.

Second step:

In the 80s, reflexions called the actual model into question as it failed on many aspects. The main reason of failure was to apply models made and implemented by other countries, in the latin America countries, without taking into account the cultural specificities of the country.

The turning point was to create a bridge between development and culture: culture is incorporated in development. External investment support programme with a cultural aspect.

Therefore, the cultural policy was expected to strengthen the cultural identity of the country.

Third step:

Then, another problem was faced because culture was thought as a single culture. But in fact, the culture is shaped by diversity. Between 1983 and 2009, Latin America countries changed the concept of culture around diversity. This is the process of diversity recognition.

Fourth step:

This project find trouble in application as the 90s is a neoliberal period, where the market law and less state intervention is predominant. The paradigm is that to build cultural institutions, the state needs to be strong. However, thanks to studies, cultural sector is finally seen as important, notably on economic part to convince some opposition ideas.

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3 important moments in the relationship between development, culture and management in Latin America from the sixties until today
1) In the sixties, a change in the economic model of Latin-America is inspired by United Nations and the "Alliance of progress" from Kennedy administation. Those events allows the beginning of urbanization, and with that changes in the deep social structures of the countries. with the new administrative organization, culture emerged in  the ministries of education, and had then separate to become ministries of culture. On management point of view this first step is lead by improvisation, spontaneity : cultural intuition prevailed over cultural preparation. But culture remain an obstacle to development.
2) Seventies, early eighties : "The lost decade". The economic model had failed because development plans has not take culture into account. New plans incorporating culture were made, but no leaders were prepared to make the bridge between development and culture. Cultutr became a tool for development.
3) Since 1984, a big change of conception has begin in Latin-America, it start from the constat that cultural identity in Latin-America is not homogenous : several languages, several religions... The third stage is a reconfiguration of Latin-America around diversity. The culture is no longer singulat

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1) the 60’s: they started to create the first cultural organizations in Latin America. First, education and culture were associated, but then it became 2 different ministries.

They copied the French model of culture. Characteristics of this management: improvisation. First stage: Culture was considered as an obstacle to development.

2) the 80’s: crisis of the economic model. Culture and diversity were seen as obstacle to development. Second stage: culture was considered as an instrument for development. 2 axes: culture for development and cultural identity --> they became the axis of all policies. But, when they formulated the policies, they talked about cultural identity, but it did not exist. They turned into diversity. Between 1983 and 2009, there has been a reconfiguration of Latin American states around diversity. Tension at this moment à recognized diversity (Colombia: recognized 64 languages for instance) but tension because coincidence with a new shift of the economic paradigms.

3) 90’s: neoliberal. However, institutions and the state weakens whereas they needed strength. New phenomenon: IDB, courses and specializations in cultural management. Catalonia = a place for culture, where we educate the new generation. Cultural intelligentsia had emerged in Latin America who spoke as equals to other latitudes.

To conclude: now complexity of understanding culture from diversity AND new elements that imply a new cultural manger begins to appear. Latin America is experiencing a phenomenon that is very interesting = the emergence of multilatinas. Diversity: element fundamental for management.

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Latin America has made considerable progress in modernization in the 20th century. Major changes have taken place in the economic structure, economic organization and system, infrastructure, and national integration. The lives of ordinary people have also undergone significant changes. In particular, it is worthy of recognition that the progressive classes and social forces in Latin America are constantly playing games and reforms with traditional conservative forces and external interference forces in order to promote social change, to achieve economic development and social justice, and to get rid of the state’s dependent status. , Development and governance have always been the main theme of Latin American history. But on the other hand, as far as the entire Latin American region is concerned, modernization is still in progress, and some problems need to be solved urgently, such as the decline in total factor productivity, the low quality of political democratization, the serious polarization of income distribution, and the prominent problem of over-urbanization. , System reform is lagging behind, and so on. If compared with the triumphant advancement of North American modernization, the modernization process in Latin America has indeed faltered.