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The ATMOSPHERE is a thin layer of gases that surrounds the Earth.
The TROPOSPHERE is the lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere.
The STRATOSPHERE is the next level. The ozone layer is located here.

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SOLAR ENERGY is energy from the sun.
SOLAR RADIATION is the energy that travels through space from the sun.
The heat from the sun is distributed unevenly because of LATITUDE and the tilt of the Earth on its AXIS. This tilt causes the seasons and the length of day and night.

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WIND is the movement of air over the surface of the Earth. They blow from areas of HIGH PRESSURE to areas of LOW PRESSURE.
TRADE WINDS are the winds that blow towards the equator.
THE CORIOLIS EFFECT is how winds appear to curve west due to the tilt of the Earth on its axis.
The PREVAILING WESTERLIES blow from the west between 30 and 60 degrees north and south.
The POLAR EASTERLIES blow from the poles.

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AIR MASSES are large moving pockets of air.
FRONTS are where 2 air masses meet. There are 3 types of front: warm fronts, cold fronts and occluded fronts.
An ANTICYCLONE is a high pressure system. Isobars are well spaced and there is good, clear and dry weather.
A DEPRESSION is a low pressure system. isobars are close together and there is cloudy, wet weather.

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STRATUS CLOUDS occur below 2000m. They look like a blanket and indicate bad weather.
CUMULUS CLOUDS occur below 5000m. They are very fluffy and indicate good weather that can bring heavy showers.
CIRRUS CLOUDS occur above 8000m. They are thin and wispy and indicate hot, clear weather.

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There are 3 types of rain:
CONVECTIONAL RAIN occurs in warm areas where the ground is heated by the sun. Warm air rises, cools and forms clouds. It rains.
CYCLONIC OR FRONTAL RAIN occurs at fronts. Warm air rises over the cold air. It cools and condenses. It rains.
RELIEF RAIN occurs when moisture from the sea reaches the coast and rises over mountains and hills. It cools and forms clouds. As they are forced over the mountain they drop their moisture. It rains.

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Measures how hot or cold it is using a THERMOMETER.
The UNIT is degrees Fahrenheit or degrees Celsius.
Shown on a weather map as ISOTHERMS.

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Measures the weight of the atmosphere pressing down on the Earth using a BAROGRAPH.
The unit is MILIBARS or HECTOPASCALS.
Shown on a weather map as ISOBARS.

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Measures the amount of moisture in the air using a HYGROMETER.
The unit is A PERCENT OF THE MAXIMUM MOISTURE THAT CAN BE IN THE AIR AT A GIVEN TEMPERATURE.
Shown on a weather map as A PERCENTAGE.

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Measures the direction in which the wind blows using a WIND VANE.
The unit is NORTH, SOUTH EAST OR WEST.
Shown on a weather map using ARROWS.

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Measured using an ANEMOMETER.
The unit of measurement is KILOMETRES PER HOU.
Shown on a weather map as how far apart the isobars are.

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Any form of liquid that falls from the sky is measured using a RAIN GAUGE.
The unit of measurement is MILLIMETRES.
Shown on a weather map as ISOHYETS.

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Measured using a CAMPBELL=STOKES SUNSHINE RECORDER.
The unit of measurement is HOURS PER DAY.
Shown on a weather map as ISOHELS.

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A hurricane is formed when warm moist air near the equator rises upwards. The air below it also heats up and rises and this cycle continues forming clouds that rotate with the spin of the Earth.

Hurricane Irma occurred in September 2017.  It was one of the most powerful hurricanes ever. Wind speeds were over 295 kph. It hit Barbuda, St Martin and Florida.

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90% of buildings in Barbuda were destroyed.
60% of the population were left homeless.
The cost of damage in Florida was over $100 billion.
It led to flooding
134 people died in total.
States of emergency were declared in many Caribbean countries and in many parts of south-eastern USA.