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What is Grammar?

Is known as rules of a language governing the sounds, words, sentences, and other elements, as well as their combination and interpretation. Is the underlying structure of a language that any native speaker of that language knows intuitively. (Duignan, n.d.)

Traditional Grammar.

Traditional grammar is the type of grammar study conducted before modern linguistics began.

According to Yule (2010), traditional grammar "has its origins in the description of languages such as Latin and Greek".

The grammars of these languages were used as models for other ones, since they were both the languages of philosophy, religion, among others.

Parts of Speech.

It indicates how the word functions in meaning as well as grammatically within the sentence. There is 8 parts of speech, they are: noun, pronoun, adjective, adverb, preposition, conjuction, verb and interjection.

Agreement and grammatical gender

-> Agreement: According to Yule (2010),  “traditional grammar has also given us a number of other categories, such as: number, person, tense, voice and gender”.

Example: Cathy eats pizza with her boyfriend.

In this sentence the verb agrees with the noun “Cathy”, wich is a 3rd person singular.

-> Grammatical gender: There is some languages that uses grammatical gender, it refers to the agreement in sex (female, masculine), the type of noun (feminine, masculine) the gender class of a nound and,  the articles and adjectives that agree with the gender of the noun.

Example: In spanish: La casa (feminin) and El árbol (masculine)

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Prescriptive Grammar

Prescriptive grammar refers to the set of norms and rules that establishes how language usage should or should not be instead of describing the ways in which a language is used. It is based on the Latin as role model to determinate the proper use language.

Descriptive Grammar.

Descriptive grammar refers to the structure of a language as it is normally used by speakers and writers. A descriptive grammar is a set of rules about language based on how it is actually used. In a descriptive grammar there is no right or wrong language. (British Council, n.d.)

Prescriptive Vs. Descriptive grammar

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Descriptive Approach - Concept and word categorization 

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Descriptive Approach - Concept and word categorization 

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Structural Analysis

It main concers is to investigate the distribution of forms in a language.  Ex: The child makes a lot of noise.

This approach involves the use of test-frame in which we can prove what kind of word fits in the empty slots in sentences.

Constituent analysis

It shows how small components are in a sentence to form a  large constituent. Ex: the cat eats some piece of fish ( there is 7 constituent).

Labeled and bracketed analysis

It is a way to show how constituents are constructed in a sentence, in this way we have to mark each structure with labeled brackets; starting from the biggest to the smallest structure.

Ex: [[the dog] [loved the girl]]

________
Constituent analysis' picture:

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Structural Analysis

There are different forms that can fit into these slots to produce
sentences of English and also achieving a good grammar (e.g. house, boy, horse, hamster, phone).
Because of these procedure all these forms fit in the same test-frame. But they can be used in any grammatical category. (Yule, 2010)

Constituent Analysis

This procedure establishes how the words can join together until the moment they can create phrases. For example: we can identify nine constituents that at the same time are actually words at the word level: An old man brought a shotgun to the wedding. (Yule, 2010)

Labeled and bracketed analysis

At applying this procedure we can notice how the constituents of the sentence are shown at the word level [the] or [dog], at the phrase level [the dog] or [loved the girl], and at the sentence level [The dog loved the girl]. (Yule, 2010)

-> We can then label each constituent using these abbreviated grammatical terms:

According to Yule (2010),
-> Art (= article)
-> V (= verb)
-> N(= noun)
-> VP (= verb phrase)
-> NP (= noun phrase)
-> S (= sentence)

-> PP (=Prepositional Phrase)

-> Adj (= Adjective)

-> Adv (= Adverb)

-> Det (=Determiner)

-> PN (=Proper Noun)

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"A prescriptive grammar is one that gives hard and fast rules about what is right (or grammatical) and what is wrong (or ungrammatical), often with advice about what not to say but with little explanation (Advanced English Grammar: A Linguistic Approach, 2012)". (Nordquist, 2019)

Parts of speech

Nouns -> A thing or person.
Ex: This is my cousin.

Pronouns -> Replacement of a noun.
Ex: He is handsome.

Adjectives -> Description of a noun.
Ex: That hamburger is big.

Verbs ->  Action.
Ex: You run every day.

Adverbs -> Description of a verb, adjective or adverb.
Ex: We sometimes eat donuts.

Determiners -> Determines a noun.
Ex: My cousin has a house with many animals.

Prepositions -> Linking of a noun and another word.
Ex: I am going to the beach on Saturday.

Conjunctions -> joins clauses or sentences or words.

Ex: I like dogs and I like cats.

Interjections -> short exclamation, sometimes inserted into a sentence.

Ex: Ouch! That hurts!

Concordance

Number -> singular or plural.
Person -> this is found between verb and subject.
Tense -> present, past, future, ect...
Voice -> active or pasive.
Gender -> feminine or masculine.

Examples:
-Paul plays piano and flute.

Paul (personal pronoun) plays (verb). Number: singular. Person: 3rd.
Play. Number: singular. Person: 3rd. Voice: active. Tense: present.

-Jhon talked about his book and bored everyone.

Jhon and his. Number: singular. Person: 3rd. Gender: m.

talked and bored. Voice: active. Tense: past.

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British Council. (n.d.) Descriptive Grammar. Retrieved from:

https://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/article/descriptive-grammar#:~:text=A%20descriptive%20grammar%20is%20a,how%20it%20is%20actually%20used.&text=Learners%20can%20be%20encouraged%20to,in%20use%20in%20authentic%20texts.

Duignan, B. (n.d.). Grammar. Retrieved from: https://www.britannica.com/topic/grammar

Nordquist, R. (2019). Definition and Examples of Prescriptive Grammar. Retrieved from: https://www.thoughtco.com/part-of-speech-english-grammar-1691590

The Ling Space (2014, September 17). Descriptive and Prescriptive Grammar. [Video file]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eFlBwBwL_iU

Yule, G. (2010). The Study of Language: fifth edition. Cambridge University Press

THANK YOU.

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As a group, we have come to the conclusion that the best approach for us is the one of the Structural analysis. Even though it might seem as the most laborious process, the Structural analysis suggests a complete overhaul of all the alternatives that can be found within sentences. It allows a thorough understanding of where and when certain parts of speech appear, and, on the contrary, when and where they aren't allowed. Additionally, the slots test frame of  this type of analysis helps us categorize and label each word form, in order to describe accurately every sentence structure. As a final thought, we consider that this analysis offers deep insight into one of the most valuable properties of language which is the ability to establish patterns, providing a wide scope into the English language nature.