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This is an image of Chinese women who are working and making silk. During this time, most women were forced to stay at home, but some were able to get outside jobs like making silk or working as midwives. This source represents women’s roles and how some were starting to actually work and contribute to trading in China (Littell). Europeans impacted this change because of the demand of silk and the need for it to be made efficiently.

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“There is nothing we lack, as your principal envoy and others have themselves observed. We have never set much store on strange or ingenious objects, nor do we need any more of your country’s manufactures”. 

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“There is nothing we lack, as your principal envoy and others have themselves observed. We have never set much store on strange or ingenious objects, nor do we need any more of your country’s manufactures”. 

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“Those who follow this teaching  [Christianity]  are not allowed to worship their ancestors and ancestral tablets. They  do not recognize the relationship of parent and child. Their teachers oppose the Buddhists and Daoists, who do recognize the relationship between ruler and subject and father and son. Jesus did not recognize the relationship between ruler and subject and parent and child, and yet the Christians speak  of him as recognizing  these relationships. What arrant nonsense! …”

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“Those who follow this teaching  [Christianity]  are not allowed to worship their ancestors and ancestral tablets. They  do not recognize the relationship of parent and child. Their teachers oppose the Buddhists and Daoists, who do recognize the relationship between ruler and subject and father and son. Jesus did not recognize the relationship between ruler and subject and parent and child, and yet the Christians speak  of him as recognizing  these relationships. What arrant nonsense! …”

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Quote from letter written by Qian-Long refusing Great Britain's attempt to a trade agreement.

In this letter from Qian-Long, the emperor of the Qing Dynasty from 1736-1795, to King George III of Great Britain, Qian-Long refused the British trade agreement. China had strict trading rules such as trading only at special ports and paying tribute. Great Britain wanted to trade with China but did not want to follow these rules so the British wrote an agreement that China refused. Qian-Long says that China is self-sufficient and doesn't need useless British objects if the British weren’t going to agree to the Chinese trading rules (Littell).

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A quote from I Cannot Do Otherwise by Yang Guangian. Written between 1659 and 1665 where Guangxian denounced Christianity.

Christian ideals opposed Buddhist and Taoist ideals which were the basis of the Chinese empire and government.  In Buddhism and Taoism, the relationship between a ruler and his subject is heavily stressed,  so non followers and Christians were thought to not be essential to society. Many Chinese citizens including Yang Guanxian did not want to follow the Christian way of life.

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“Rarer, too, their timber grew, and rarer still and rarerAs the hills resembled heads now shaven clean of hair. For the first time, too, moreover, they felt an anxious mood. That all their daily logging might not furnish them with fuel,” Wang Dayue

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“Rarer, too, their timber grew, and rarer still and rarerAs the hills resembled heads now shaven clean of hair. For the first time, too, moreover, they felt an anxious mood. That all their daily logging might not furnish them with fuel,” Wang Dayue

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You can see a silver coin from Mexico with the image of Carols IV, minted in 1798. Pesos like these were commonly used in China and many other places around the world. The peso became the standard currency of China when the Europeans brought Silver.

Europeans had a lasting impact on China because of the currency they brought over which allowed for more reliable trade and a standard currency. The peso was also normalized by the Europeans to get more people to follow the Spanish king at the time, but the Chinese showed their reluctance to assimilate with other cultures, calling the image on the coin “Fat Buddha”.

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https://docs.google.com/document/d/1CoMiXUy0mAwRjQnwwaFMI4ERNvChXx2u23HgsHXxxBc/edit

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“I ask myself how these uncultivated Westerners dare to speak of the great precepts of China. . . . [T]heir doctrine is of the same kind as the little heresies of theBuddhist and Taoist monks. . . . These are the greatest absurdities that have everbeen seen. As from now I forbid the Westerners to spread their doctrine in China;that will spare us a lot of trouble.” 

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“I ask myself how these uncultivated Westerners dare to speak of the great precepts of China. . . . [T]heir doctrine is of the same kind as the little heresies of theBuddhist and Taoist monks. . . . These are the greatest absurdities that have everbeen seen. As from now I forbid the Westerners to spread their doctrine in China;that will spare us a lot of trouble.” 

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Quote from Emperor Kangxi in 1715, expressing his opposition to Christianity and his anger with European missionaries.

Kangxi is explaining that the Christian beliefs are absurd and the same as Buddhism or Taoism. He is expelling European missionaries from spreading Christianity in China because it was a waste of time and will benefit them in no way. He believes in Confucianism (Strayer).

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Wang Dayue was an eighteenth-century Cinese poet who voiced his fears about the ecological change regarding the loss of half of China’s area forest as the demand for silver was increasing. The quote suggests that as the loss of the forest occurred people began to doubt their actions and felt “anxious” about their decision, hoping that gaining silver will be worth the loss (Strayer). As the demand from European regions increased, China needed to begin making silver, therefore the loss of the forest was necessary in some opinions.

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Although economic interactions developed when China demanded silver and Europeans demanded silk, porcelain, and tea, China retained its global power and refuted influence from the Europeans' new goods and Spain's ideas of Christianity.