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1. 1800-1860: EARLY REFORM - Formal Education Programs for People who are Deaf and Blind Open

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1. 1800-1860: EARLY REFORM - Formal Education Programs for People who are Deaf and Blind Open

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Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet and Laurent Clerc begin teaching students who are deaf at the Connecticut Asylum. Samuel Gridley Howe educates people who are blind.

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2. Training for People with Intellectual Disabilities Begins in Europe

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2. Training for People with Intellectual Disabilities Begins in Europe

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Under the tutelage of Jean Marc-Gaspard Itard, creator of programming to help students with major intellectual deficiencies,  Edouard Seguin publishes the first volume on caring for and training children with intellectual challenges (Spaulding & Pratt, 2015, p. 95).

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3. Industrial Revolution Causes Academic Progress to Halt

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3. Industrial Revolution Causes Academic Progress to Halt

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The need for more workers forces institutions to provide job training rather than academic learning, pushing people with disabilities into factory employment.

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4. Dorothea Dix "Framed Disability as an Issue of Civil Rights Rather than Philanthropy and Charity" (Spaulding & Pratt, 2015, p. 104) 

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4. Dorothea Dix "Framed Disability as an Issue of Civil Rights Rather than Philanthropy and Charity" (Spaulding & Pratt, 2015, p. 104) 

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After witnessing the deplorable conditions that marginalized people live in, Dix speaks on their behalf, urging the Massachusetts legislature to see people with disabilities as humans. Laws change and funding for institutions increases.

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5. Nurture Wins as the Primary Focus in Special Education

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5. Nurture Wins as the Primary Focus in Special Education

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Gallaudet and Howe operate with the belief that nurture truly benefits people with disabilities, allowing them to be part of society. Both teachers create methods that are used to this day.

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6. 1860-1950: STAGNATION AND REGRESSION - Powerful Influences Attempt to Separate and Restrict People with Disabilities 

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6. 1860-1950: STAGNATION AND REGRESSION - Powerful Influences Attempt to Separate and Restrict People with Disabilities 

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Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species, written about the animal kingdom, and readers apply his ideas to humans, which leads to eugenics and intelligence tests. These tests allow people with disabilities to be separated.

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7. "Deviance and Disability Merged in the Public Eye" (Spaulding & Pratt, 2015, p. 97) 

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7. "Deviance and Disability Merged in the Public Eye" (Spaulding & Pratt, 2015, p. 97) 

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With eugenics theory developed by Franics Galton and the Kallikak Study, a well-known genealogy from Henry Goddard, people with disabilities are once again viewed as threats. Restrictive eugenics is commonplace; people with disabilities are separated from society through institutionalization (Spaulding & Pratt, 2015, p. 97).

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8. Nature Viewed Over Nurture as Primary Issue of Disability

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8. Nature Viewed Over Nurture as Primary Issue of Disability

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The need to identify and measure intelligence results in tests that target inability rather than ability. This leads to the conclusion that heredity is everything, which means that nature wins, and marriage restriction and sterilization laws pass.

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9. Supreme Court Decision Sets Standard for Sterilization in America and in Nazi Germany

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9. Supreme Court Decision Sets Standard for Sterilization in America and in Nazi Germany

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"This case, which enforced the involuntary sterilization of a young woman purported to be 'feeble-minded,' enshrined eugenic compulsory sterilization laws in a majority of states, paving the way for more than 60,000 operations in more than thirty American states and providing a precedent for 400,000 sterilizations in Nazi Germany" (Spaulding & Pratt, 2015, p. 98).

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10. Scientists and Educators Support the Segregation of Students with Disabilities

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10. Scientists and Educators Support the Segregation of Students with Disabilities

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The newer ideas of eugenics, oralism, and compulsory attendance further marginalize students with disabilities. The scientific thoughts of the day continue to push exclusion while teachers also believe that two separate learning environments are necessary.

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11. 1950-PRESENT: CONTEMPORARY REFORM - Public Perception of People with Disabilities Shifts to the Positive; Balance Between Nature and Nurture Required

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11. 1950-PRESENT: CONTEMPORARY REFORM - Public Perception of People with Disabilities Shifts to the Positive; Balance Between Nature and Nurture Required

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After World War II, "Americans wanted to fully distance themselves from eugenic practices. Furthermore, public awareness and sensitivity toward people with disabilities increased as war veterans returned with physical and emotional disabilities" (Spaulding & Pratt, 2015, p. 100). Psychologists Watson and Bandura emphasize the return to nurture in helping marginalized groups.

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12. "The Kennedy Family was Instrumental in the Fight for Equal Rights in the US" (Spaulding & Pratt, 2015, p. 100)

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12. "The Kennedy Family was Instrumental in the Fight for Equal Rights in the US" (Spaulding & Pratt, 2015, p. 100)

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Eunice Kennedy Shriver writes about her sister Rosemary, who had a disability, and the family's story, urging her brother President John Kennedy to dedicate research and funding to people similar to their sister along with money set aside for training teachers. In 1961, Kennedy forms a panel to carry out these tasks.

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13. Gunnar Dybwad Alongside Parent Advocacy Groups Demands Civil Rights of People with Disabilities

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13. Gunnar Dybwad Alongside Parent Advocacy Groups Demands Civil Rights of People with Disabilities

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Dybwad recognizes people with special needs as human beings with rights to education. He testifies in Pennsylvania where the court rules to end state laws of exclusion, setting the model for schools to educate all students, those with and those without disabilities.

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14. Dybwad Works the Legal System While Burton Blatt Appeals to the General Public

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14. Dybwad Works the Legal System While Burton Blatt Appeals to the General Public

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Blatt "successfully galvanized public opinion and instigated significant changes in societal perceptions of disability through his eye-opening photographic essay Christmas in Purgatory" (Spaulding & Pratt, 2015, p. 102). Showing the reality of living conditions of marginalized populations spurred two movements.

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15. Wolf Wolfensberger Introduces Normalization and Deinstitutionalization 

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15. Wolf Wolfensberger Introduces Normalization and Deinstitutionalization 

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These movements go hand-in-hand. Normalization brings people with disabilities into mainstream society. Deinstitutionalization moves people with special needs out of institutions and into small and supportive communities, which promotes increased awareness and acceptance of these individuals (Spaulding & Pratt, 2015, p. 103).

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Spaulding, L. S., & Pratt, S. M. (2015). A Review and Analysis of the History of Special

Education and Disability Advocacy in the United States. American Educational History Journal, 42(1), 91-109.