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The integumentary system covers the surface of the embryo (skin) and it's specialized skin structures including hair, nails, sweat glands, mammary glands, and teeth. Ectoderm forms the surface epidermis and the associated glands. Mesoderm, from the somites, forms the underlying connective tissue of dermis and hypodermis.

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The skin contains millions of nerve endings that transport stimuli. These nerve ending allow humans to detect sensation such as heat, cold, pain, and pressure.

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helps regulate body temperature through its tight association with the sympathetic nervous system, the division of the nervous system involved in our fight-or-flight responses. ... When the sweat evaporates from the skin surface, the body is cooled as body heat is dissipated.

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The skin functions as our first line of defense against toxins, radiation, and harmful pollutants. Skin contains cells that provide immune functions to protect against infections. Our skin has the ability to identify and destroy foreign substances that may potentially be harmful to the body.

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Thousands of pores on the surface of the skin can absorb vitamins, acids, water, and oxygen in order to provide moisture and nourishment to our skin.

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The skin or cutis covers the entire outer surface of the body. Structurally, the skin consists of two layers which differ in function, histological appearance and their embryological origin. The outer layer or epidermis is formed by an epithelium and is of ectodermal origin.

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They divide to form the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum, which migrate superficially. From the stratum basale, the keratinocytes move into the stratum spinosum, a layer so called because its cells are spiny-shaped cells. The stratum spinosum is partly responsible for the skin's strength and flexibility.

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Skin is a barrier that serves as one of the body's first lines of defense against harmful microbes. Specialized immune cells within skin tissue help to fight invading organisms. Yet the skin hosts diverse communities of beneficial bacteria, collectively known as the skin microbiota.

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The skin is the body's largest waste removal system. Toxins are released through the sweat glands and pores.

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The stratum lucidum is a clear layer of the epidermis found only in the thick skin of the palms of the hands, the soles of the feet, and the lateral surfaces of the fingers and toes.

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A keratinocyte is a cell that manufactures and stores the protein keratin. Keratin is an intracellular fibrous protein that gives hair, nails, and skin their hardness and water-resistant properties.

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The skin secretes sebum, a mixture of oils that keeps the skin soft and supple. The layer of sebum on the outermost layer of the skin is known as the acid mantle. When intact the acid mantle has a PH that ranges from 4.5-5.5. The acid mantle is acidic in nature to protect the skin from outside invasion.

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In the human skin, melanocytes are present in the epidemis and hair follicles. The basic features of these cells are the ability to melanin production and the origin from neural crest cells.

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The topmost layer, the stratum corneum, consists of dead cells that shed periodically and is progressively replaced by cells formed from the basal layer. The stratum basale also contains melanocytes, cells that produce melanin, the pigment primarily responsible for giving skin its color.

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The two primary functions of the stratum basale are 1) proliferation and 2) attachment of the epidermis to the dermis. Cells of the stratum basale essentially represent germinal cells (“brick generators”) responsible for the generation of all cells of the epidermis.

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The cells of the stratum granulosum accumulate dense basophilic keratohyalin granules. These granules contain lipids, which along with the desmosomal connections, help to form a waterproof barrier that functions to prevent fluid loss from the body.

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Merkel cells are specialized cells in the skin that are important for proper neural encoding of light touch stimuli. Conflicting evidence suggests that these cells are lineally descended from either the skin or the neural crest.

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Nerve receptors in the dermis layers detect sensations such as heat, cold, pain, pressure, and touch, allowing the body to be aware of these stimuli.

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Langerhans cells are dendritic but unpigmented and are found nearer the skin surface than melanocytes. Epidermis contains another system of dendritic cells, which do not manufacture pigment. Their distribution extends farther toward the skin surface than that of the pigment cells.