# data[].attributes.body
Arg 3.
Conclusion: We should not fail students.
Reason: Giving students a fail grade will damage their self-confidence
Value assumption: Self - confidence is very important

Arg 5.
Issue: Should laptops be used in classrooms?
Conclusion: Latops should be prohibited during class time.
Reasons:
+ Students use laptops for non-educational purposes
Evidence: In the writer's class, students use laptops visit networking sites like MySpace; e-mail or instant message their friends, and even shop online instead of studying
=> low grades
+ Students are deprived of ability to think originally
Assumptions:
- Value: orginality
- This situation in his class is representative of all other classes

# data[].attributes.body
Argument 3:

Reasoning structure:

Issue: Should we fail students?

Conclusion: We should not fail students.

Reasons: We will damage students’ self-confidence

Assumption:

+ Value preference: Self-confidence is desirable

+ Descriptive assumption: Low grades will make students insecure.
Argument 5:

Reasoning structure:

Issue: Should we allow students to use laptops in class?

Conclusion: We should not allow students to use laptops in class.

Reasons:

+ Students do not use laptops for educational purposes

+ Students are distracted

+ Students lose creativity and cannot think on their own

Assumption:

+ Value assumption: low grade, dropout and inability to produce original thoughts are undesirable and should be avoided.
+ Descriptive assumption:

1. All students will use laptops in the same negative manners.

2. The ability to produce original thoughts is the end result of education

3. Students don’t use networking sites for educational purposes in class

4. Searching for answers on the internet will degrade creativity.

5. Doing unrelated things will distract students from the lesson.

# data[].attributes.body
Argument 3: Giving students a fail grade will damage their self-confidence. Therefore, we should not fail students.

Issue: Should we fail students?

Reason: Failing  students damage their self-confidence

Conclusion: We should not fail students

Assumptions:

Value assumption: Self - confidence is more important than academic performance

Descriptive assumptions: Low grades lead to low self-esteem

Argument 5:
Issue: Are laptops good for learning?

Conclusion: Laptops have done more harm than good to students’ learning

Reasons:

1. Computers not used for lectures

2. Make students distracted from lessons

3. Make students visit social networking sites

4. lead to low grades

5. make students resort too much to Internet to do exercises

Assumptions:

Descriptive

-They have their own Internet connection to visit websites, Internet and be distracted from lectures

-Paying attention to lectures helps students get more knowledge

-Networking sites does not bring any knowledge or served for studying

# data[].attributes.body
Issue: Is this stamp highly valuable?

Conclusion: This stamp is probably highly valuable

Reasons:

1. Exhibits a printing error

2. Fine specimen --> In good condition

3. Quite old → Age

Descriptive assumption:  Rarity and uniqueness make an asset valuable ( in this case : printing error)

.

# data[].attributes.body
Conclusion: This stamp is probably highly valuable
Reasons:
- Criteria for stamps being valuable: good condition, rarity, and age
- This stamp:
+ Has a printing error
+ in good condition
+ quite old
Assumption:
- The writer believes that printing errors can be found in few stamps, leading to its rarity

# data[].attributes.body
*Reasoning structure:
Issue: Is the stamp valuable?

1. Conclusion: This stamp is probably highly valuable.

2. Reason:

It has printing error (1)

It is quite old (2)

=> Factors determining stamp’s value: rarity, age

3. Assumption:

Descriptive: a printing error is an indicator of rarity

# data[].attributes.body
- Conclusion: This stamp is probably highly valuable
- Reasons:
+ It exhibits a printing error
+ It is a fine specimen
+ It is quite old
- Descriptive assumption: The printing error on the stamp proves its rarity

# data[].attributes.body
Issue: Is this stamp valuable?
Reasons:
- The stamp
○ has a printing error (rarity)
○ Is old (age)

Conclusion: The stamp is of high value

Assumptions:
- The printing error only happened to a limited amount of stamps

# data[].attributes.body
* Argument 3:
- Conclusion: We should not fail students
- Reason: A fail grade will damage students' self-confidence
- Descriptive assumption: We should not damage students' self-confidence
- Value assumption: self-confidence is more important than other values learnt from a fail mark (e.g: knowledge, laboriousness,...)

* Argument 5:
- Conclusion: Laptops should be prohibited from classrooms
- Reasons:
+ Laptop users don't use laptops for lecture purposes
+ Laptop users don't pay attention to lectures and participate in discussion
+ Laptop users are overdependent on internet to produce thoughts
+ Laptop users often end up with low grades
- Assumption:
+ Students don't know how to use laptop for rightful purposes
+ The only reason for low grades is using laptop in class
+ The writer's class is representative for every case

# data[].attributes.body
1. Argument 3:
a. Value assumption: Students' self esteems are more important than academic ranking.
b. Descriptive assumption: Students base their self-confidence on grades

2. Argument 5:
a. Reasons:
- Students don't use laptops for academic purposes

b. Conclusion: Laptops should be banned in classroms

c. Assumptions:
- In-class computer use is the only reason for the poor academic performances.
- Students looking up materials online necessarily means that they don’t have an original opinion of their own and they will copy the answers.