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The baby sleep
info source

For parents who wish to make informed
choices about infant sleep and night-time care.

About us

Welcome to Baby Sleep Info

This website presents research evidence about biologically normal sleep for human babies.

We discuss how infant sleep may vary due to cultural behaviours and expectations such as what babies are fed, where they sleep, and how we interpret their needs. This information is for:

parents who wish to make informed choices about infant sleep and night-time care

health practitioners who wish to share evidence-based information with parents about infant sleep.

Basis does not address clinical sleep problems or provide individual sleep advice and parents should contact a health practitioner with any concerns about their baby's health. For information about the organisations and funding that support Basis please see ' About Us '

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The Infant Sleep Info App provides key information from the Basis website in a handy format for mobile devices. Covering normal sleep development, sleep location and sleep safety the familiar info from the website is delivered in smaller chunks. Two features are exclusive to the app.

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Research-based information on baby sleep for parents and practitioners, covering normal infant sleep, sleep safety, where and how babies sleep, SIDS and SUDI, parental sleep and free resources.

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Credit: Alexander Raths | Dreamstime

A new study from Japan confirms what many mothers may know instinctively: Picking up and carrying a fussy baby usually calms down and relaxes the child, making the move a good one for both moms and infants.

When mothers in the study carried their babies while walking around, the infants became noticeably more relaxed and stopped crying and squirming. The babies' rapidly beating hearts also slowed down, evidence that the children were feeling calmer.

"Infants become calm and relaxed when they are carried by their mother," said study researcher Dr. Kumi Kuroda, who investigates social behavior at the RIKEN Brain Science Institute in Saitama, Japan. The study observed strikingly similar responses in mouse babies.

Since carrying (meaning holding while walking) can help stop an infant from crying, Kuroda said, it can offer mothers a way to soothe short-term irritations to their children, such as scary noises or vaccinations.

The findings were published online today (April 18) in the journal Current Biology.

A strong calming effect

For the small study, researchers monitored the responses of 12 healthy infants ages 1 month to 6 months. The scientists wanted to discover the most effective way for mothers to calm a crying baby over a 30-second period - simply holding the baby or carrying the infant while walking.

Young babies carried by a walking mother were the most relaxed and soothed, compared with infants whose mothers sat in a chair and held them, the study found. As a mother stood up and started to walk with her child cradled close in her arms, scientists observed an automatic change in the baby's behavior.

These results held even after the researchers took into account other factors, such as the child's age and sex, and the mother's age and walking speed.

Kuroda said she was surprised by the strength of the calming effect from maternal holding and walking. In observing experiments on both humans and mice, she was amazed at how quicklythe heart rate slowed, and by how much immediately after a mother started walking. (Mother mice pick up their young by the scruff of their neck with their mouths.)

According to the researchers, maternal walking may be more effective in calming infants than other kinds of rhythmic motion, such as rocking.

Advice for parents

When an underlying reason for crying persists, such as hunger or sustained pain, the infant may start crying again soon after the end of carrying.

That's why Kuroda recommended that when a baby starts crying, a brief period of carrying may help parents to identify the cause of the tears. She acknowledged carrying might not completely stop the crying, but it may prevent parents from becoming frustrated by a crying infant.

The findings also have implications for one parenting technique in which parents let babies cry as a way to help them learn to fall asleep by themselves, the researchers said.

"Our study suggests why some babies do not respond well to the 'cry-it-out' parenting method," Kuroda said.

Proponents of the technique advise parents to let infants, after a certain age, cry themselves to sleep - without mom or dad comforting them - in the hopes the baby will learn how to soothe himself or herself.

But Kuroda said that calming by maternal carrying, as well as crying during separation, are both built-in mechanisms for infant survival. These behaviors have been hard-wired for millions of years. "Changing these reactions would be possible as infants are flexible, but it may take time," she said.

Although this study looked at a baby's behavior in response to its mother, Kuroda said the effect is not specific to moms, and any primary caregiver for the infant can perform the carrying. The researchers observed the same carrying-induced calming effects when fathers, grandmothers and an unfamiliar female with caregiving experience carried babies who were under 2 months old, Kuroda said.

Pass it on: Picking up and carrying a crying infant will automatically calm the child.

This story was provided by HealthNewsDaily, a sister site to LiveScience. Follow MyHealthNewsDaily @MyHealth_MHND, Facebook & Google+.

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A new study from Japan confirms what many mothers may know instinctively: Picking up and carrying a fussy baby usually calms down and relaxes the child, making the move a good one for both moms and infants. When mothers in the study carried their babies while walking around, the infants became noticeably more relaxed and stopped crying and squirming.

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Unicef UK article on the first weeks with a newborn

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Unicef UK article on the first weeks with a newborn

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"Is this normal?"

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The first week with a newborn can be a wonderful and exciting time, but adjusting to a new life can also be overwhelming, especially when parents aren't sure what to expect. In this guest blog, lactation consultant Emma Pickett explores what's "normal" in the first few days, and encourages mums to trust their baby and their own instincts of love, affection and responsive feeding.
I've been taking calls from new parents on the National Breastfeeding Helpline since it opened in 2008. Calls often begin with a mum in tears and she's sounding desperate. Breastfeeding really matters to her and she wants it to work. She's overwhelmed and confused. The first voice we hear might sometimes be the partner's and a mum is too upset to even come to the phone.

Hundreds of these calls end with a contented calm voice saying, "Thank you. It's such a relief to know that's normal. I feel so much better now". As it happened, breastfeeding was actually going OK; what was interpreted as a breastfeeding 'problem' was actually a new baby's normal and natural response to their new environment. The family just didn't know how babies were 'supposed to behave'.

If I had a magic wand, I would download into all parents the knowledge of what is normal in a newborn. Think The Matrix film - but instead of the ability to pilot helicopters or practise high level martial arts, you'd know about cluster feeding and a newborn's desire for closeness, nappies and normal fussiness. The National Breastfeeding Helpline would be quieter overnight but we'd all feel a lot more relaxed and able to enjoy these teeny new people in our lives.

But actually ... you've already had that download. You just may not have realised it. It's deep in there after millions of years of evolution, facilitated by hormones and natural instincts. It may not mean you know the exact details of the colour of baby poo on day three, or how to correct a baby's latch without help, but there's so much you do know. You may not have grown up surrounded by breastfeeding, and for some aspects you will need support and information, but there's a ton you do know about your baby: things that just feel right and things that don't. And your baby had the download too. Sometimes it gets fuzzied with a birth that didn't go to plan but their instincts are in there too.

Two things that are normal:

1.Babies want to be close to you.

Imagine a news story about a baby gorilla just born in London zoo: "ZSL London are delighted to announce the birth of new baby Fumbi. Mother and baby are in good health" but days later it's reported that staff are concerned. Fumbi's mother (despite being surrounded by other older female gorillas and having observed newborn care) keeps trying to put Fumbi down. She places her in the hay and walks off repeatedly and appears to be trying to avoid holding her for long periods. Fumbi is agitated. Her heart rate and respiratory rate shows signs of distress. She's losing heat (because teeny newborn gorillas have a large surface area and need to be held to regulate their temperature). Fumbi isn't feeding as often a newborn usually does because of the periods of separation. The mother appears to be missing out on some of the oxytocin- (the hormone that promotes feelings of love) induced bonding that helps the formation of their early relationship. Fumbi is at risk.

Oh dear. Something seems to have happened to Fumbi's mother. We'd be worried.

However, this is exactly what is happening in human homes across the UK today (though not in many other countries and cultures). We are primates just as gorillas are. We're designed to be close to our babies. We can see that by looking at the constituents of our breastmilk. Other mammals have much higher fat milk so babies can be left while mum fishes or grabs a rabbit for lunch. Our babies are born immature because of our pelvis shape from being upright and our large brains, and they are designed to have milk regularly for a relatively long time. We are supposed to hold our babies. Some people call us 'carry mammals'.

But instead we get the message that babies can be 'spoilt'. We are supposed to encourage them to be independent and sleep apart from us. If we can't put them down, if they want to sleep touching us, if we hold them when they sleep - we've apparently failed some test. Though it's not quite clear who the examiner is.

There are popular books that even use terms like 'accidental parenting' just to load on the value judgments. Parenting experts such as Truby King in the 1910s told parents to avoid cuddling and unnecessary attention and the spectrum of 'advice' has been flip-flopping backwards and forwards ever since. Today one book will tell you to wear your baby in a sling as much as possible and another will tell you to arrange a baby's sleep by the clock and leave a baby only a few weeks old to cry if necessary.
What does your baby want?
They don't want to be put down and eaten by a sabre toothed tiger (less of a problem these days). They don't want to waste energy keeping warm and crying when they don't need to. They want to keep those calories to lay down fat and develop their brain. They want to use your breathing rate to regulate their own respiratory rate. They want you to notice when they start to show early feeding cues. They want your familiar smell and taste. You are home to them.

"My baby won't go down in its Moses basket". Yes, it's frustrating when you thought that was what they were 'supposed to do'. But would it feel easier if you knew that wasn't likely to be their first choice and there are good biological and evolutionary reasons for that?

"But I'm not going to get any sleep". According to the Baby Sleep Information Source, "70-80% of breastfed babies sleep with their mother or parents some of the time in the early months, and many studies have found that mothers and babies who bed-share breastfeed for much longer than those who sleep apart." Research shows that these mums breastfeeding through the night (and mostly bed sharing) will also be getting better quality sleep and be more rested than other parents. Good sleep is possible if we stop battling nature.

The book "Sweet Sleep: night time and naptime strategies for the breastfeeding family" is a great place to start. It talks to you about creating a safe space where everyone gets a better night's sleep.

A lot of your baby's urges are eminently sensible. If they don't want to sleep in a separate pile of hay, trust them. They are here today because those urges have kept them safe over the generations.

Don't expect to be up and making a moussaka on day five. The feeling that you 'shouldn't' be holding your baby is exacerbated when we live in a society which tries not to let new parenthood change our lives. Our bodies aren't supposed to change. Our commitment to work isn't supposed to change. Our ability to engage with political life and housework and social media isn't supposed to change. Actually, throughout much of human history, mum isn't going to do much of anything for a good 40 days. Someone else is making the moussaka, just as you would have once made the moussaka for them. We are supposed to be doing nothing else other than eating the food made by others (really doesn't have to be moussaka), sleeping and being with our new baby.

2.They come to the breast for lots of different reasons and they usually have a good reason for doing so.

Just as parents feel they've failed if their baby doesn't sleep in the separate pile of hay (aka fancy Moses basket that cost £75 and granny knitted a blanket for), they feel a failure if baby is at the breast 'too much'. I have written elsewhere on the dangerous obsession of the infant feeding interval. It's dangerous for both babies and mothers. But we need to remember breastfeeding isn't just about feeding and it never has been.

Babies have jobs to do. They are helping you to form new breast tissue in the first few weeks. They are elevating your prolactin levels (the hormone that governs milk supply). They are stimulating oxytocin (which is the key hormone in relationship-building and creating a sense of calm and well-being). They are increasing milk volume and altering fat content. They are reducing levels of the stress hormone, cortisol. They are facilitating digestion and the passing of stools. They are hydrating, regulating their temperature, feeling emotionally secure, growing brain connections and trying to get to sleep (which is one of the purposes of breastfeeding.)

To think breastfeeding is just about food and calories (and "quick, measure the gap between breastfeeds!") is to do nature a huge disservice. Measuring all the different reasons a baby comes to the breast is like trying to measure fairy dust. Do you count all the times your partner cuddles you, strokes your arm, kisses you, smiles at you affectionately, communicates with you, has a drink of water, eats a snack or has a meal? You wouldn't find an app for that.

Stop thinking about minutes. No one can tell you a baby should feed for X number of minutes because we all have different physiology and our babies do too. Create your world around you so you can meet your baby's needs in the way they are asking you to. Don't try and mould your baby to fit into a world that has become obsessed with counting and measuring. If you know you are a routine person and you are struggling with a feeling of 'losing control', give yourself a few weeks and see how it feels to trust your baby. Once your milk supply has maximised, you'll have some options. Try and 'control' too early and you'll find things go out of your influence in ways you can't come back from easily.

Get help if things feel wrong - if breastfeeding hurts, if you're not sure about weight gain or nappies, if you can't work out how to meet your own needs for food and sleep. There are lots of people who will help out and we're at the end of a phone or a Twitter account or Facebook page. But don't confuse your baby behaving unexpectedly for something going 'wrong'. Maybe no one told you what normal would be.
If we let normal happen it will make all of our lives easier in the long term. You're creating a little person who enters this world with their needs being met.
This blog was originally featured on the Growing Families conference website.

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Guest blog: "Is this normal?" The first week with a breastfeeding newborn - Baby Friendly Initiative

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In this guest blog, lactation consultant Emma Pickett explores what's "normal" in the first week with a newborn, and encourages mums to trust their baby and their own instincts.

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Links at the bottom of the article to organisations who can help if you are struggling with crying

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The need to soothe your little one - and frustration if you can't - can be overwhelming. But it is important to try to look after yourself during these challenging times too. A calm baby can begin with calm parents.

Crying is normal behaviour for babies and there are lots of reasons why they might cry. Watch our video to find out more.

Try the following to keep your tension levels down and navigate through their tears (and yours).

1. Take a break

Ask for help. From your partner, your family or a close friend. A support network is vital in those early days and people will love to come over to help. They are often itching for you to reach out and invite them for baby cuddles.

If you don't have a partner or friends and family nearby, try prioritising your own needs when your baby is sleeping or settled. That way you can revive yourself too.

2. Step away from the baby

If you're unable to soothe their cries and feel yourself getting increasingly upset or agitated, take some time out. Put your baby in a safe environment, such as their crib, pram or floor mat (before they are rolling) and go and sit down, make a cup of tea, or call someone for support.

A baby crying for just a few minutes like this isn't going to do them any harm. It can actually help you reset to be able to respond to their needs better.

3. Think back to birth breathing

Perhaps you learnt breathing techniques as part of birth preparations. These can be used once your baby is born too.

Either step away from the baby and take a few minutes to breathe deeply or employ this deep breathing while holding your baby. Think back to a pregnancy yoga class or a favourite calming song or experience, and breathe deep, rhythmical breaths. You and your baby are so closely connected that this may well calm them too.

4. Keep your emotional strength up

Lack of sleep, hunger and feeling isolated can all make it harder to cope with your baby's tears. Try to build your resilience by napping in the afternoon when possible and ensuring you eat well. Boosting your emotional wellbeing means you are better able to face your baby's cries and respond to their needs.

5. Don't hide away

Some parents are afraid to venture out if their baby cries a lot. But the fresh air and social interactions can be a fantastic respite for you and them.

Your friends, family, or other parents you meet are bound to understand - they've been there too. You'll also find numerous baby-friendly parks, cafes and play spaces where crying babies are the rule not the exception.

6. Attend to their needs, wherever you are

Don't be afraid to stop, wherever you are, and attend to your baby. Perfect strangers can often turn into best friends during your time of need and offer to help in the most wonderful of ways.

New parents up and down the country, right now, are feeding/burping/ changing their babies in car parks, car boots, side roads, restaurants and a thousand other places. More often than not, parents tell us that people are very happy for you to soothe your crying baby wherever and whenever.

7. A new normal

As time goes on, your baby will cry less as you learn to anticipate their needs. You'll also learn what's normal for them and when to be concerned. Take comfort in the fact that like every stage, this crying phase won't last forever.

8. Your network is broader than you think

New mums and dads can access a number of resources, although some are not immediately obvious. As well as friends and family, don't be afraid to call your health visitor or GP. This is especially true if you're afraid your frustration is getting too much and you're at risk of harming your baby.

Extreme cases where parents don't cope well with a crying baby and shake, throw or roughly handle them, can lead to death or long-term disability (Reijneveld et al, 2004).

Make sure you reach out before it gets too much. The NSPCC 's website is a useful resource as are the resources mentioned below.
This page was last reviewed in March 2022.
Further information

Our support line offers practical and emotional support with feeding your baby and general enquiries for parents, members and volunteers: 0333 252 5051.

You might find attending one of our Early Days groups helpful as they give you the opportunity to explore different approaches to important parenting issues with a qualified group leader and other new parents in your area.

Make friends with other parents-to-be and new parents in your local area for support and friendship by seeing what NCT activities are happening nearby.

Watch our coping with crying film.

Understanding childhood also have a range of resources available online and to download, developed by child psychotherapists, including a leaflet on crying.

There's also useful information on the NHS website.

The NSPCC helpline provides help and support to thousands of parents and families.

The Lullaby Trust has lots of useful information and support for parents about safe sleep.

Other useful websites include Cry-sis, Care for the Family and Family Lives.

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How to cope and keep calm with a crying baby | Baby & toddler articles & support | NCT

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The need to soothe your little one - and frustration if you can't - can be overwhelming. But it is important to try to look after yourself during these challenging times too. A calm baby can begin with calm parents. Crying is normal behaviour for babies and there are lots of reasons why they might cry.

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Reasons to be proud

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Birth to Five Timeline

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Help us help you get the treatment you need

Because of coronavirus (COVID-19), it can be hard to know what to do if you're unwell. It's important to get medical help if you think you need it.

For help from a GP - use your GP surgery's website, use an online service or app, or call the surgery.

For urgent medical help - use the NHS 111 online service, or call 111 if you're unable to get help online.

For life-threatening emergencies - call 999 for an ambulance.

If you're advised to go to hospital, it's important to go.

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Help us help you get the treatment you need Because of coronavirus (COVID-19), it can be hard to know what to do if you're unwell. It's important to get medical help if you think you need it. For help from a GP - use your GP surgery's website, use an online service or app, or call the surgery.

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Safer sleep advice

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We use cookies to give you the best possible online experience. If you continue, we will assume you are happy for your web browser to receive all cookies from our website. Accept

How to reduce the risk of SIDS

Our safer sleep advice gives simple steps for how you can sleep your baby to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) which is commonly known as cot death. It can give you the peace of mind to enjoy this special time.

Our advice is based on strong scientific evidence and should be followed for all sleep periods, not just at night.

If you have any questions about SIDS or safer sleep, please call our information line on 0808 802 6869 (lines open Monday-Friday 10am-5pm).

Things you can do

Always place your baby on their back to sleep

Keep your baby smoke free during pregnancy and after birth

Place your baby to sleep in a separate cot or Moses basket in the same room as you for the first 6 months

Breastfeed your baby

Use a firm, flat, waterproof mattress in good condition

Things to avoid

Never sleep on a sofa or in an armchair with your baby

Don't sleep in the same bed as your baby if you smoke, drink or take drugs or are extremely tired, if your baby was born prematurely or was of low birth-weight

Avoid letting your baby get too hot

Don't cover your baby's face or head while sleeping or use loose bedding

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How to reduce the risk of SIDS for your baby

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We use cookies to give you the best possible online experience. If you continue, we will assume you are happy for your web browser to receive all cookies from our website. Accept Our safer sleep advice gives simple steps for how you can sleep your baby to reduce the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) which is commonly known as cot death.

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Baby brain map

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To view the Baby Brain Map, please visit this page on a browser and device that supports Adobe Flash Player.
To get started, select an age range from the pull-down menu and click on it. Depending on the age range, different hotspots on the brain will appear. Click on a hotspot to reveal questions to find out how a baby's brain develops during this period of brain growth. You'll also learn what you can do to enrich a very young child's development.

Don't forget to click on the questions to display the answers.

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To view the Baby Brain Map, please visit this page on a browser and device that supports Adobe Flash Player. To get started, select an age range from the pull-down menu and click on it. Depending on the age range, different hotspots on the brain will appear.

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