# data[].attributes.body
Products can be blended by different processes, such as

In-line through a manifold system

- With proportionate volumes of each component injected into the main where turbulence promotes thorough mixing, gasoline, distillates, jet fuel, and kerosene are blended in-line. Other ingredients include octane boosters and metal deactivators as well as anti-oxidants and knock inhibitors.

Batch blending in tanks

All components are combined in a mixing mixer and mixed until they form a smooth, uniform mixture.

Onboard blending into marine vessels

Suppliers and trading organizations benefit greatly from onboard blending since it makes it possible to prepare cargo to exacting standards without the use of onshore facilities.

# data[].attributes.headline
Treating Processes After the Conversion Processes

# data[].attributes.subject
Treating Processes After the Conversion Processes

# data[].attributes.body
Processing methods for handling petroleum products stabilise and improve them by separating them from undesirable ones and removing undesirable components. Hydrodesulfurization, hydrotreating, chemical sweetening, and acid gas removal eliminate unwanted constituents like sulphur, nitrogen, and oxygen. Deasphalting is one of the treatment techniques used largely in the separation of petroleum products. Before refining, crude oil feedstocks are desalted to remove salt, minerals, grit, and water. Polymerization and stabilisation of asphalt using asphalt blowing increase the weathering properties of asphalt.

# data[].attributes.body
After distillation, heavy distillation fractions with low value can be further processed to produce lighter products with higher value, such as petrol. Distiller fractions are converted here into streams (intermediate components) that are then used to make the finished products.

In order to convert heavy hydrocarbon molecules into lighter ones, the most common conversion process is known as cracking. This method employs heat, pressure, catalysts, and even hydrogen occasionally. A cracking unit is made up of a rocket-shaped reactor with thick walls and a network of furnaces, heat exchangers, and other vessels, as well as one or more. Cracking units, such as fluid catalytic cracking units and hydrocracking/hydrocracker units, are common in large refineries.

Crude oil is converted in a variety of ways, including through cracking. Instead of dividing molecules, some refining operations rearrange molecules to add value.

# data[].attributes.body
Due to benzene, aromatics, and olefin content restrictions in gasoline, the isomerization procedure is playing an increasingly important role in the current refining context. By saturation of the benzene fraction, the isomerization process increases the octane number of light SR naphtha while simultaneously lowering the benzene content that is normally used. Isomerization works in tandem with the catalytic reforming process to increase the octane number of refinery naphtha streams. When compared to other octane-improving processes, isomerization is a straightforward and outlay process for octane enhancement.

# data[].attributes.body
FRACTIONATION

Unit operation: Separator/Distillation Column

Process:
- Initial step in the refining of petroleum.
- Separate the components parts of the petroleum according to boiling point.
- The petroleum is heated up, and the gas produced enters the fractionating colum.
- Temperature is highest at the bottom of the column and collected as liquid.
- Fractions are colledted amd processed to create end product.

Benefits:
- Can use some fractions as feedstock which are used in an industrial process.
- Example: solvent, lubricant, detergent and etc.

# data[].attributes.body
Decomposition- The unit of decomposition is used to process and alter the heaviest molecules that emerge from the initial distillation column to produce more valuable product. The commonly used for decomposition units are coking and catalytic cracking. It is used by a combination of heat and pressure to break the bonds of larger hydrocarbon molecules and generating coke, a carbon residue.

# data[].attributes.body
Blending

Unit operation: Blender

Processes:
1) Involves combining different fuels
2) Ried Vapor Pressure (RVP) is set depending on the average temperature of the location the gasoline will be used (cold temperatures require higher RVP than warmer climates). These two specifications are the most significant and they are documented with each blend, to minimize the potential for octane giveaway.

Outcome:
1) To ensure all product demands and specifications are met at the least cost and to produce products which maximize overall profit.

# data[].attributes.body
Fractionation

Unit operation: Crude distillation unit (CDU)

Processes:
1) Separate crude oil based on different boiling point
2) Based on concepts of distillation

Outcome:
1) The fractions hold more useful substances such as solvents, gasolines, diesel fuels and jet-engines propellants and also raw substances for petrochemical synthesis

# data[].attributes.body
Defination: Conversion process are used to convert one hydrocarbon stream into another by changing molecule size and structure. The objective is to shift the yield of the refinery - to seperate between valuable product (gasoline) and less valuable product (LPG).

Operation: By breaking large molecules into smaller ones cracking or changing the shape of molecules without changing overall size.

Benefits: The product which are highest demand (and value) can be choose with conversion process.

# data[].attributes.body
Based on the above figure, evaluate the unit operations and processes involved in fractionation, conversion and blending sections of refinery operation. In addition, discuss the function of each process and its benefit towards final products.