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Let's start the seminar with a video from a favorite fictional girl boss! 

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Let's start the seminar with a video from a favorite fictional girl boss! 

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Leslie Has The Flu | Parks and Recreation

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The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach - Oliver Serrat - The Basics!

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The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach - Oliver Serrat - The Basics!

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A livelihood comprises the capabilities, assets, and activities required for a means of living.

It is deemed sustainable when it can cope with and recover from stresses and shocks and maintain or enhance its capabilities, assets, and activities both now and in the future, while not undermining the natural resource base.

Let's reflect!

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Development builds upon individual freedoms. The capabilities to have these freedoms are enhanced by public policy, or the participatory capability of these individuals can influence the direction of the public policy.

Let's Reflect!
This also ties in nicely with feminism and development, as often, like discussed last week, using the example of Afghanistan, women (particularly of color) do not have the same freedoms as men.

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Video on the history of women's rights - reflects on Sustainable Development Goals

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Video on the history of women's rights - reflects on Sustainable Development Goals

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A global history of women’s rights, in 3 minutes

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The History of Feminism and Development 

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The History of Feminism and Development 

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Most notably started in the 19th and 20th centuries, in the West.

Feminism gained predominance in the Global North during the fight for suffrage and voting rights. Which was only granted in Great Britain and the U.S from 1918-1928.

One of the most influential books in Western Feminism was published in 1963 entitled 'The Feminine Mystique' written by Betty Friedan.

This sparked the second-wave of feminism which has been criticized for being white-washed and not being inclusive of minority voices.

However, unlike many theories, feminism adapted in the light of criticism.

"Third-wave (feminist) theory places more emphasis on the fundamental ambiguity in gendered terms and categories and usually includes queer theory and transgender politics while rejecting gender binaries. It also addresses itself to antiracism and women-of-color consciousness, womanism, postcolonial theory, critical theory, transnationalism, ecofeminism, libertarian feminism and new feminist theory."

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Internationally, women still receive lower wages and face higher unemployment than men.

Many low skilled women in the Global South work in factories manufacturing garments, toys and electronic parts.

Left wing organizations are critical of this type of employment as women are often underpaid and work in poor quality conditions.

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The Problem With Fast Fashion | Teen Vogue

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Post structuralist feminist theory questioned where information and sources of power come from and found they were often male orientated.

This relates to patriarchy.

Harding questioned whether feminists should give up trying to provide one true feminist story about reality when confronted by powerful alliances between science and sexist, racist social projects.

Women scholars contribute to the research that determines.

How the world gets framed for the people who live in it.

Smith’s ideas are similar to poststructural ideas derived from Foucault, but Smith disagreed with the postmodern position that “den[ies] that categories and concepts can refer to, and represent, a reality beyond them,” the position that says it is not “meaningful to speak of a reality which is not in language”.

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Audre Lorde argued “discursively colonize the material and historical heterogeneities of the lives of women in the third world, thereby producing/re-presenting a composite, singular ‘third world woman’".

Often Western Assumptions of women in the developing world were characterized by assumptions, privileges and ethnocentric values.

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In modernization theory, Scott (1995: 5) argued, modernity’s rational, forward-looking, male-dominated public sphere was contrasted with a feminized, backward, traditional, family- oriented private sphere.

Modernization theory viewed women as invisible and used to determine the levels of 'backwardness'.

Dependency theory shared with Marxism a definition of development as the mastery and transformation of nature. It too centered conceptualization of social struggles around productive activity, excluding struggles between men and women and retaining (however implicitly) notions of nature = as feminine.

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WID
Women in Development: liberal modernization theory, restructuring development programs, welfare, equity, antipoverty, efficiency, empowerment.

WAD
Women and Development: socialist feminism alternative development, dependency, global capitalism, patriarchy .

GAD
Gender and Development: radical feminism women’s, emancipation, capitalism, patriarchy, racism.

WED
Women, Environment, and Development: feminist political ecology, sustainable development, gendered knowledges, rights, politics.

PAD
Postmodernism and Development: postmodern feminism, postdevelopment, different development representation, discourse, local knowledges.

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Socialist feminists pointed to deficiencies in classical Marxism—that its analysis missed activities and relations fundamental to women’s existence—yet many also continued to admire the historical materialist form of understanding and shared Marxism’s liberating intent. Socialist feminists have been particularly critical of classical Marxism’s emphasis on the economy and its relative silence on the question of women.

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Consequently, gender had to be acknowledged as part of a wider international system.

Capitalism used gender relations to produce a reserve of labor, while women’s unpaid labor in the household was a way of creating wealth for global corporations.

Development as a conscious practice, as a set of policies, alters gender relations in favor of men, shifting resources to the male sphere of control, making women more vulnerable to disasters, whether natural or social in origin.

Feminist thought involves restructuring the imagination to think in entirely new ways. Also, it is important to include lower classes.

Alternative feminist conceptions about development are difficult, but not impossible, to create. It is time to raise again the fundamental issues involved in real socialist feminist alternatives.

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What are the pros and cons of feminist theory?

What are the weaknesses in feminist discourse?

What do you think about the roles of gender?

What are the positives to come out of gender and development?

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What did we learn?

What did we like or dislike about the seminar?

What remains unclear?

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Caroline Moser (1993) talks about five variants within the WID school that shows changes in policies of the western development agencies (pp. 287):

1. Welfare approach: focused on women’s reproductive roles and related issues

2. Equity approach: call for equity from UN Decade for Women

3. Antipoverty approach: focused on women entering the workforce

4. Efficiency approach: stressed women’s participation in restructured economies

5. Empowerment approach: reflected third world women’s writings, grassroot organizations and women’s need to transform laws and structure