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AMERICAN EDUCATIONAL HISTORY

The colonial period:

Local control over education developed early in America and remains characteristic of its educational institutions

the British authorities did not provide money for education ⇒ parents were responsible for children‘s education.

Schools’ aim is to teach religion, and a skill in reading as it allowed people to read the Bible.

Higher education also began early (In 1636 Harvard College was founded)

Before the Civil War

Only five of the 13 original states included provisions for public schools in the constitutions

In 1830, no state offered statewide, free public education.

By the Civil War, all states accepted the principle of tax-supported, free elementary schools ⇒ schools were provided with poor trained teachers ⇒ school quality was low

In the North only one out of six white children attended public schools in 1860 and it was illegal to give slaves schooling.

Half a century after the revolution, Protestant instruction began to disappear from public schools.

In the 1840s,  immigrant groups began to establish parochial (private, church-related) elementary and secondary schools.

(Morrill Act): Federal government‘s involvement in public higher education gave land for development ⇒ I promoted the higher education to people of all class

Immigration, assimilation and segregation, 1865 - 1945

American education was so different after 1865 because of the rapid pace of urbanization, industrialization and immigration.

Assimilation became important when immigrants from southern and eastern Europe and several Asian nations arrived in large numbers.

The schools were expected to Americanize these students by teaching English, the principles of American democracy and the skills needed for the workplace.

There was also a role for schools that is getting immigrant children out of unhealthy tenement
housing, off the streets, out of factories and away from gangs.

By 1880, almost three-quarters of school-aged children were in school.

The Second World War and the Cold War:

Congress passed the Servicemen‘s Readjustment Act (the so-called ―GI Bill‖) in 1944 => paid tuition for veterans in higher education

The National Defense Education Act (1958) provided federal money for research and university programs in fields including science and technology, gave loans to college students

After 1958, federal money was used for college-level foreign language teaching, the equipping of language laboratories, for the humanities in general.

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US:
- The colonial period: local schools were built based on the interest of settlers in education
-  The Supreme Court‘s Brown v. Board of Education decision struck down the principle of "separate but equal" educational facilities for the races in 1954.
- In the 2000s, the U.S education system was significantly reformed by the NCLB (No Child Left Behind) policies. One of them was the requirement of national and state standards of achievement in core curriculum subjects.

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US:
- One of the recent problems with the US's education is the decreasing educational outcomes. And there are a lot of explanations for this:
+ Some argue that it is because of the low educational quality of the inner-city districts that pull the average evaluation of the US's education down.
+ Another explanation is research-based. This explanation points out that the decrease is due to inadequate financial support, lack of discipline in the classroom, and overcrowding.
+ One more argument states that it is because students neglect basic skills and spend time on excessively vocational or undemanding electives

- The NCLB Act has received a lot of backlashes from educators since it was first introduced because it oversimplifies the educational systems and sets an unrealistic goal for improvement. Originally, it forced schools to use standardizing tests to measure teachers' and students' achievements in core curriculum subjects. However, not until mid-2012 that this was changed when Obama & his secretary of education allowed 26 states to withdraw from this Act. --> it allows schools to use more diverse methods of measurement and evaluation.

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BRITISH EDUCATIONAL HISTORY

State involvement in education  was late

Early schools: established by church (by rich individuals, monarchs)

High, grammar and public schools

For sons of the rich, aristocratic and influential

Later: schools provided by wealthy industrialists and philanthropists - The minority of children received only a basic instruction in reading, writing and arithmetic.

For working-class children

→ The majority of children received no adequate education.

The Education Act (the Forster Act) in 1870: the state became more actively involved.

The Balfour Act in 1902 made local governments responsible for state education and gave funding to voluntary schools.

The 1944 Education Act changed educational system:

2 types of state schools: county and voluntary

Most state secondary schools were effectively divided into grammar schools, secondary modern schools and technical schools

Intention: to provide universal and free state primary and secondary education

England’s education reform

Academies are former local-authority maintained school now run by charity

trusts

Greater freedom in curriculum and administration.

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US edu
- The colonial period:
+ Reading, writing and arithmetic ("three Rs") were the core subjects.
+ higher education also began.
- 1865-1945: Progressive education: Emphasis on learning by doing, personal growth and children-centred
- The second world war and the cold war: "GI Bill"- the federal government paid tuition and living cost for veterans in higher education
- The early 1970s:  Affirmative action (AA): aimed at  improving women’s and minority groups’ access to education
- The 1990s: No Child Left Behind Act
- In the Southern colonies, schooling often came from a private tutor, if the family could afford one.
- The colonialists expected the schools to teach religion, and a skill in reading was highly valued because it allowed people to read the Bible.
- These educators also developed the after-school extra-curricular activities, such as team sports, that became a typical aspect of American education
- in some areas parents can receive grants (or government vouchers) to pay for tuition at private schools.
-Some private educational institutions offer financial aid to attract students from a variety of social backgrounds

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UK Edu:
- Some schools were also periodically established by rich individuals or monarchs.
- the church created new schools
- Scholarships (financial grants) for clever poor children and some state funding for secondary schools were provided
- Two types of state schools resulted from the Act: county and voluntary.
- Following the 1944 Act, most state secondary schools in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland were effectively divided into grammar schools, secondary modern schools and technical schools.
- Labour governments from 1964 were committed to abolishing the eleven-plus, selection and the secondary school divisions.
- French language was used as subjunctive
-  government introduced the English Baccalaureate, a combination of academic subjects:
• maths
• English
• at least 2 sciences
• a humanity (either history or geography)
• a language
to provide pupils with the best opportunity of being admitted to the UK‘s most prestigious universities.

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UK:
- Originally, there was some sort of church schools in the UK. These schools' purpose was only to teach them about Christianity and to prepare boys for the priesthood. There are also other types of school existing at that time. But the problem is that it was only available for a small number of people in society: sons of the rich, aristocratic and influential.
--> therefore, the majority of people still stayed illiterate all their lives.
- 1944: Education Act change the education system in Britain
+ 2 types of state schools: county and voluntary
+ Most secondary schools are divided into grammar schools, secondary modern schools and technical schools.
+ Intend to provide universal and free state primary and secondary education.
US:
- Parents are responsible for children's education
- Three R's: Reading, writing, and arithmetic were the core subjects.
- "School-raising": a standard part of cooperative community building as house- or barn-raising
- Morrill Act: gave each state huge land areas for higher education -> raising of many land-grants colleges
-After 1865: Americanize exotic newcomers by teaching English, the principles of American democracy and the skills needed for the workplace.
- 1880s:  Public schools were poorly maintained schools and staff shortage -> became community centers and the mean of social progress.

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UK:
- In the early time of schooling of UK, only the rich and monarchs could receive education from the church, which was the only unit that provided education at that time
- In later centuries, more children were educated by the church thanks to their expansion in education; However, the majority still remained illiterate
- With the Forster Act in 1870, State became more involved in the educational system, and they started to supply people with free and elementary schooling
- The Balfour Act in 1902 made the local government responsible for state education and give funding to voluntary schools
- In 1944, The Bulter Act changed things differently: schooling becoming free and compulsory with children up to 15 => 2 types of school were established: county and voluntary school.
- However, with the 1944 Act, arguments between 2 political parties about whether maintain the selective schools or not
- Since 2010, the Britain goverment has stuck to the evidence-based, common -sense approach in education