# data[].attributes.body
The Egyptians created things that we use now. Geometric shapes like triangles or rectangle we still use now to build structures from sky scrapers to normal homes.

# data[].attributes.body
Pharoah Akhenaten built a open-air temple ( a temple with no ceilings, open to the sun) and a palace, because of his religious views that the sun was god, this temple has many tables for animal sacrifices to the sun. Before The smooth Pyramids we know today, there were step Pyramids were made for multiple pharaohs who ruled after Pharaoh Zoser.-Delaney (Source- Ancient egyptians by Laura buller and Mummies and Pyramids by will osborne)

# data[].attributes.body
Astronomy And Stars
An astronomical ceiling in the burial chamber of Ramesses VI shows the sun being born from Nut in the morning, traveling along her body during the day and being swallowed at night. An alternative building method was to gradually narrow successive doors into a specific room, in order to concentrate the sunbeams onto a god's image on the wall. The designs sometimes became quite complex. At the temple of Medinet Habu, there are actually two buildings which are slightly off-kilter. It has been suggested that the second one was built when the altitude of the other temple's orientation stars changed over a long period of time.

The Egyptians were a practical people and this is reflected in their astronomy in contrast to Babylonia where the first astronomical texts were written in astrological terms. Even before Upper and Lower Egypt were unified in 3000 BCE, observations of the night sky had influenced the development of a religion in which many of its principal deities were heavenly bodies.

In Lower Egypt, priests built circular mud-brick walls with which to make a false horizon where they could mark the position of the sun as it rose at dawn, and then with a plumb-bob note the northern or southern turning points (solstices). This allowed them to discover that the sun disc, personified as Ra, took 365 days to travel from his birthplace at the winter solstice and back to it. Meanwhile, in Upper Egypt a lunar calendar was being developed based on the behavior of the moon and the reappearance of Sirius in its heliacal rising after its annual absence of about 70 days.

After unification, problems with trying to work with two calendars (both depending upon constant observation) led to a merged, simplified civil calendar with twelve 30 day months, three seasons of four months each, plus an extra five days, giving a 365 year day but with no way of accounting for the extra quarter day each year. Day and night were split into 24 units, each personified by a deity.

Many Egyptian buildings were built with an astronomical orientation. The temples and pyramids were constructed in relation to the stars, zodiac, and constellations. In different cities, the buildings had different orientations based on the specific religion of that place. For instance, some temples were constructed to align with a star that either rose or set at harvest or sowing time. Others were oriented toward the solstices or equinoxes. As early as 4000 B.C., temples were built so that sunlight entered a room at only one precise time of the year.

# data[].attributes.body
Walls were built out of the Nile’s thick mud, plastered and then painted with light colors. If nights were hot some people slept on their roofs. The houses had flat, thatched roofs, meaning they had straw on their roofs. Painted pillars in the main room held up the roof and rooms all around it in the houses for the wealthy. The servants who work for the wealthy had their own villas outside the main house. some people, the wealthy, had mini domes to store wheat for them and their animals. The bricks to make the house are made of mud, water, and chopped straw. The person who made the bricks stomped on the mixture until it holds tight, then dumps it in a wooden mold so it holds it’s shape. They are set out in the sun to dry. When they are hard on top they dump them out of the mold to dry completely. They thatched the roof because it was cheap, kept the sun off and lasted long. It was made of bundles of straw or reeds and applied in layers.In the village of Kahun people whitewash their houses. The houses had wooden doors and mud floors. Sources: History Dudes-Grace

# data[].attributes.body
Architecture

Pharaoh Khufu was in charge of building the Great Pyramid. The Pyramid sat in the center of a huge area full of many different things like temples or monuments. The Great Pyramid took over 20 years to make and was built with more than 2 million blocks of stone that fit perfectly together. Inside the Pyramid was series of tunnels that lead to chambers big and small. One room had six roofs to hold up the stone above. The completed piece was a stunning piece of engineering.

Pharaoh Senusret was amazing with art, literature, and architecture. They would mine for materials like gold, copper, and gems like amethyst. With these they could design monuments and buildings. Senusret’s greatest accomplishments were in temples, shrines, and monuments. One of his greatest pieces was the White Chapel. This was an amazing structure. It was made of alabaster ( Hard, white stone ) and the chapel was thought to have a thin layer of gold. Beautiful inscriptions decorated the pillars. Almost none of Senusret’s structures survived time. Later a pharaoh took the White Chapel apart. Scientists had to reconstruct it later on.

Pharaoh Hatshepsut left behind a brilliant monument. It was a great temple at Deir al - Bahri. Some of the temple was built into a cliff above the Nile River. The entrance had 2 monuments called obelisks. The entrance also had 200 sphinx statues! Scenes from her time line were all over the walls. There were also detailed carvings as well.-Skylar

Source: History Alive - Ancient World

# data[].attributes.body
The Sphinx

The sphinx’s head and bust were made of solid rock from the quarry where they got the stone for the Great Pyramid. The paws were built up with stone. It is thought a temple was designed in between the legs of the sphinx. The Sphinx’s head measured 19 feet between from the top of the forehead to the bottom of the chin and the circumference is 91 feet. The paws extend 56 feet. The body is 172 in length and the height from the bottom of the Sphinx to the top of the head is 66 feet. The Sphinx was carved in around 2500 B.C. It stands near three great Pyramids. In the building of the Sphinx the building crew actually had their own homes made of mud brick. It is believed that the bigger homes of the of the area were the overlookers which was normally a skilled craftsmen who sculpted the face or royal chambers on the Pyramid or sphinx.

To build the Great Pyramid egyptians had to cut over 2 million stone blocks. Over 10,000 people had to work on it. Each block itself weighed 2 to 4 tons. Then they had to be transported by big carts or other transportation like sledges. This was one of the most advanced architectures of their time and even now it is pretty advanced. No one is quite sure how the egyptians did it.  The entire structure weighs around six and one quarter million tons.-Skylar

Source: Britannica School - Technology - Sphinx

Source: Secrets of the Sphinx by James Cross Giblin

# data[].attributes.body
The Sphinx took months if not years to carve. Even with so many people working on it. It was shaped out of a rock  in the middle of a quarry which the limestone for Pharaoh Khafre’s Pyramid was built. The men and women carving the face had to work on platforms maybe 60 feet in the air. To add to that the platforms were not stable at ALL. Some people carving the face  fell and had serious injuries. There is a layer of limestone in the Sphinx. The bottom layer which the front paw and hind legs were carved, it is really firm and very hard. The next layer is the main part of the body and it is a much softer layer. The last layer is is firm and hard again but is from the neck to the head. This is why the Sphinx’s facial features have stayed so in tact. It’s body has been extremely damaged from severe weather, which is actually kind of sad. Originally the Sphinx had a braided beard but now it has faded over time. It is believed that the Sphinx was once painted if you look closely and see the traces of red here and there. This has to do with our topic because the Sphinx is a really advanced structure for their time and even now it would take some pretty advanced people to make it.

Source: Secrets of the Sphinx by James Cross Giblin

# data[].attributes.body
Rows and rows of mud brick houses been discovered at an area near the Sphinx. It is thought that 500 to 1,000 craftsmen lived here and soon they built so many of the mud brick homes the site could be a city pretty much. This relates to our question because this shows how simple some people's homes were and then some people's homes are really advanced so if you compare the two you can see advancements.

# data[].attributes.body
Thebes was the capital of the ancient egyptian empire. Thebes and the Valley of the Kings were where a lot of kings and pharaohs were buried. There are 62 tombs that have been discovered in the Valley of Kings and the only one not robbed was the tomb, Tutankhamen. This relates to our topic because it shows compared to other tombs that were not robbed how well protected there tombs were. Here it seems that most of the tombs were not protected very well.

Source - Brittannica - Video - Ancient Egypt

# data[].attributes.body
Some impressive structure remains from the Early Dynastic Period.There were mudbrick mastabas, or burial places for kings or high officials. Mastaba, meaning “bench” in Arabic is a name given to a certain type of tomb that looks a lot like the mudbrick benches you may see outside Egyptian houses. The burial chamber was below ground around several storerooms filled with goods. Above ground there was usually an offering chapel attached. Later sometimes the chapel was in superstructures. These mastaba tombs helped the development of later more detailed and advanced Pyramids. Mastabas were still used by other Egyptians.

The earliest type of Mastaba had a pit cut into the desert floor. This was split up by mudbrick walls and turned into several burial chambers. Later on the tomb would be provided with a staircase leading down into the tomb. Preparations had to be made against robbers so in a lot of tombs portcullises blocked the stairway. During the Old Kingdom the storerooms were involved in superstructures with shafts that led down to the burial chamber below.

Graves have recently been found in a Cemetery U at Abydos . Some of these tombs have several chambers and are thought to belong to Dynasty Zero Kings. One tomb had originally had nine rooms but later was extended to twelve. The rooms in these tombs were filled with things like pottery vases and local origin. In one burial chamber there were traces of wooden shrine and an ivory sceptre . Some of the first tombs found of the Early Dynastic Period were found in Cemetery B. One of the most brilliant ones belonged to King Aha . This tomb seems to be extended several times. Surrounding this tomb are other subsidiary graves. Some of the remaining tombs lie to the west. They also were brick lined pits but they did have some wooden paneling.

The Step Pyramid was the first building to be completely built out of stone. The Pyramid was developed from mudbrick mastabas and a mound of sand covered the burial chamber. This may be representing the first land that appeared on the primordial ocean. This goes with our tpic because it talks about some of different mastabas from the past then you can compare this to more recent tombs and see a development.

Source- Pyramids and Tombs of Ancient Egypt, An In-Depth Guide to the Burial Sites of an Ancient Civilization, Beautifully Illustrated With Over 200 Photographs by Lorna Oakes

# data[].attributes.headline
Amaury Andrews                  Ships and navigation              The ancient Egyptians employed knowledge of the science of aerodynamics in their ship construction processes to create ships that would catch the wind and push vessels through the water. They developed the use of numerous sails that could be adjusted to sail ships against the wind using side winds.They also came up with the concept of using rope trusses to strengthen the beams of their ships, and they were also the first ones to stem-mounted rudders on their ships. At first, they built small boats out of papyrus(egyptian paper) reeds, but eventually they began to build larger ships from cedar wood. Amaury-ancient egypt onlineMathematics    The great pyramids that the ancient Egyptians built required some knowledge of mathematics, especially of geometry. Mathematical principles were applied in the invention of simple machines, as well as for transactions and record keeping. Math and numbers were used to record business transactions, and the ancient Egyptians even developed a decimal system. All their numbers were factors of 10, though, such as 1, 10, 100 and so on. Therefore, in order to denote 3 units, they would write the number “1” three times. Amaury-ancient egypt online

# data[].attributes.subject
Amaury Andrews                  Ships and navigation              The ancient Egyptians employed knowledge of the science of aerodynamics in their ship construction processes to create ships that would catch the wind and push vessels through the water. They developed the use of numerous sails that could be adjusted to sail ships against the wind using side winds.They also came up with the concept of using rope trusses to strengthen the beams of their ships, and they were also the first ones to stem-mounted rudders on their ships. At first, they built small boats out of papyrus(egyptian paper) reeds, but eventually they began to build larger ships from cedar wood. Amaury-ancient egypt onlineMathematics    The great pyramids that the ancient Egyptians built required some knowledge of mathematics, especially of geometry. Mathematical principles were applied in the invention of simple machines, as well as for transactions and record keeping. Math and numbers were used to record business transactions, and the ancient Egyptians even developed a decimal system. All their numbers were factors of 10, though, such as 1, 10, 100 and so on. Therefore, in order to denote 3 units, they would write the number “1” three times. Amaury-ancient egypt online