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Ethos is an appeal to ethics, and it is a means of convincing someone of the character or credibility of the persuader.

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This plot makes the audience feel how unjust was for Douglas and for all the slaves to be separated form their mother's warm love and care, and grow up in such coldness in which even their mothers felt like complete strangers.

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This proves that Douglas was a slave and that everything he tells was true because slaves were not allowed to get birth certificates and  he didn't have a birth certificate, making him ignorant of his exact age. As a slave he lived through and was a credible witness of the injustices of slavery in the 1800's.

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" I do not recollect of ever seeing my mother by the
light of day. She was with me in the night. She would lie down
with me, and get me to sleep, but long before I waked she was
gone. Very little communication ever took place between us.
Death soon ended what little we could have while she lived, and with it her hardships and suffering. She died when I was about
seven years old, on one of my master’s farms, near Lee’s Mill. I
was not allowed to be present during her illness, at her death, or
burial. She was gone long before I knew any thing about it.
Never having enjoyed, to any considerable extent, her soothing
presence, her tender and watchful care, I received the tidings of
her death with much the same emotions I should have probably
felt at the death of a stranger."

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"I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it. By far the larger part of the slaves know as little of their ages as horses know of theirs, and it is the wish of most masters within my knowledge to keep their slaves thus ignorant. I do not remember to have ever met a slave who could tell of his birthday. "

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The author was trying to say that it was not true or reasonable to keep slaves with the excuse that they were descendants of Ham because their blood was so mixed through all those hundreds of years that there were no more descendants of Ham any more. Specially for those slaves who's father was a a white master.

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"Whether this prophecy is ever fulfilled or not, it is nevertheless plain that a very different-looking class  of people are springing up at the South, and are now hold in slavery, from those originally
brought to this country from Africa; and if their increase do no
other good, it will do away the force of the argument, that God
cursed Ham, and therefore American slavery is right. If the
lineal descendants of Ham are alone to be scripturally enslaved,
it is certain that slavery at the south must soon become
unscriptural; for thousands are ushered into the world, annually,
who, like myself, owe their existence to white fathers, and those
fathers most frequently their own masters."

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Logos is an appeal to logic, and is a way of persuading an audience by reason.

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Pathos is an appeal to emotion, and is a way of convincing an audience of an argument by creating an emotional response.