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"Were lamentations none, but only sighs,
That tremble made the everlasting air.
And this arose from sorrow without torment, 51
Which the crowds had, that many were and great
Of infants and of women and of men."
Tone: Sad

Algheri created this tone by using certain diction like "sorrow" and "but without torment."

When algerhi says lamentattions none but only sighs he  is suggesting that these great people will most likely never know about their philosophies.

It would really suck to be surrounded by great people but know they can never learn more or move up in afterlife.

Their sighs made the air tremble.

Juxtaposition, it helps show how ironic this level is because their are a bunch of great people that didn't make it to heaven.-0

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"Hight Dioscorides; and Orpheus saw I,

Tully and Livy, and moral Seneca,

Euclid, geometrician, and Ptolemy,

Galen, Hippocrates, and Avicenna,

Averroes, who the great Comment made.

I cannot all of them pourtray in full,"

The tone is awestruck.  Aligheiri  creates this tone by stating that he cannot portray his heroes fully and by listing all of the great people who are in the first circle.

1. Dante uses the word great to describe Averroes' work, indicating that he thinks of him as a hero.

2.Dante says he cannot pourtray his heroes fully, showing that he has more to say about the people that he has found.

Narrative technique: The polysyndeton in the first stanza helps convey the way Dante is overwhelmed by his heroes.

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"Great grief seized on my heart when this I heard,

Because some people of much worthiness

I knew, who in that Limbo were suspended."

Tone: depressed and hopeless

How did he create this tone: He used heavy hitting words to emphasize his feelings

Annotations:
-He is depressed because his heroes are all in hell
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-

Literary device: Apostrophe

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"There standeth Minos horribly, and snarls;

Examines the transgressions at the entrance;

Judges, and sends according as he girds him.

I say, that when the spirit evil-born

Cometh before him, wholly it confesses;

And this discriminator of transgressions"
TONE: Intimidation and aggravation
Dante creates this tone by using word choice to demonstrate Dante's feelings towards Minos. He uses Minos' description to show intimidation by exaggerating Minos' features and he demonstrates Dante's aggravation by wording Dante's description of the scene

to show his emotions through an inner monologue.
ANNOTATIONS: Minos: In Greek mythology, Minos was the king of Crete and son of Zeus and Europa. He married Pasiphae and eventually became judge of the underworld.
"discriminator of transgression" - this shows tht in Dante's mind, lust is an act that goes against the christian/Catholicism 'code of conduct'
"There standeth Minos horribly, and snarls" - Minos is portrayed as a monster, as if to instate fear in the souls as they are being judged for their sins.
Narrative Technique: Periodic sentence. Dante procrastinates in telling us Minos' function until the end of the fist stanza.

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And round about I moved my rested eyes,

Uprisen erect, and steadfastly I gazed,

To recognise the place wherein I was.
TONE-visualization of yourself
He created this tone by including how he used his eyes to recognize where he was.
Annotations- he has been sleeping for awhile because it states he moved his rested eyes-Up risen erect means to get himself out of bed-he was impatient and confused he didn't know where he was.
Narrative Technique- Repetition of concept and the way he described his eyesight and his visualizations for himself.

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"Always before him many of them stand;
They go by turns each one unto the judgment;
They speak, and hear, and then are downward hurled."
Tone: Depressing
He created the tone by describing how the people are judged and then thrown into hell
1:There were people being judged on what level of hell they would go to
2:They speak about their sins and are then transported to a level of hell that will have the right punishment for them
3:There is a long line of people waiting to be judged
He uses a simple sentence to show the crude simplicity of

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"We ceased not to advance because he spake,

But still were passing onward through the forest

The forest, say I, of thick-crowded ghosts."

The tone of this passage is intimidating and depressing,
Alighieri created this tone by using words like ceased, not to advance and thick crowded ghost. t to create  depressing intimidating seen.
Annotations: The crowded ghost symbolizes the people sent to the underworld as there is many people with heavy sins.

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"I came into a place mute of all light,

Which bellows as the sea does in a tempest,

If by opposing winds ’t is combated.

Theme: Dark, depressing, scary
He created this theme by setting the scene to be vivid to the people reading it

Annotates:  "If by opposing winds ’t is combated." this refers to the lustful who in their life they were never able to choose and settle down, so they will always be blown away in hell.
""I came into a place mute of all light,

Which bellows as the sea does in a tempest," - This refers to the torrential rainfall that was mentioned in the Canto
"I came into a place mute of all light," - Dante had finally made it into Hell, which is underground most likely, so there would be little to no light that would be visable.

Juxtaposition: Dante refers to the storm because of the 'tempest" and winds and the sea which represents the rain.

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Passage: That they sinned not; and if they merit had,

’Tis not enough, because they had not baptism

Which is the portal of the Faith thou holdest;

And if they were before Christianity,

In the right manner they adored not God;

And among such as these am I myself

Tone: regretful and remorseful
Created tone by:  "And among such as these am I myself"- shows that he has to think about why he is here, and this will make him regret his actions
Annotations: It was not enough for them to not sin because they didn't get baptised, they did not adore god because they did not know of him, it was not their fault that they didn't worship god because Christianity wasn't wide spread.
Narrative Techniques: "And among such as these am I myself"- Polyptoton

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BROKE the deep lethargy within my head

A heavy thunder, so that I upstarted,

Like to a person who by force is wakened;
TONE- Unaware
He created it by using a strong word choice that makes the reader feel as confused as Dante.
Annotations- Lethargy is a lack of energy and enthusiasm-Awoken by the thunder he understood he was in the abysmal valley dolorous- ẗo whoś force was awaken" connection to star wars.
Narrative technique- Repetition and we found it by the different words used for one thing.

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Passage:  "And he to me: “The anguish of the people
Who are below here in my face depicts
That pity which for terror thou hast taken.
Let us go on, for the long way impels us.”
Thus he went in, and thus he made me enter
The foremost circle that surrounds the abyss."

Tone: sad, unsatisfied, sorrow, pity
How he created tone was through descriptive words such as "anguish" and "pity"
Annotations: "Foremost circle"- least amount of punishments
"abyss"- represent the rest of hell
"anguish...pity"- Dante relates to the people in the first circle because they are poets and philosophers and mathematicians who deserved to be honored but were born in the wrong era
Narrative technique:
"Thus he went in, and thus he made me enter..."
PARALLEL STRUCTURE because 'thus' is the word that separates different ideas (Virgil went in and then Virgil made Dante enter) in a parallel way because he introduced the ideas by saying 'thus.'

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"There standeth Minos horribly, and snarls;
Examines the transgressions at the entrance;
Judges, and sends according as he girds him"

Tone: intimidated and scared
Alighieri creates this tone when he uses the words "horribly, and snarls".
Annotations:
transgressions- sins
Dante isn't fond of Minos, because of the way he describes him
girds- surround/circle

Narrative Technique: Asyndeton- the deliberate omission of conjunctions between ideas. It annunciates how scary and creepy Minos is. Asyndeton emphasizes a point.

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-"The infernal hurricane that never rests
Hurtles the spirits onward in its rapine;
Whirling them round, and smiting, it molests them."
-Tone: Hatred, mad towards them.
-He choose harsh punishments, and understands it. He goes seep in describing the situation.
-Mental punishment that is eternal and never ending.
Continues to throw spirit to test them.
After all that, it is not only mental and emotional punishment it is physical punishment.
-Repetition: continuously talks about the punishment for eternity. Also they talk about punishment inflicted on them.

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And he to me: “The honourable name,
That sounds of them above there in thy life,
Wins grace in Heaven, that so advances them.”
In the mean time a voice was heard by me:
“All honour be to the pre-eminent Poet;
His shade returns again, that was departed.”

Tone: The author here is conveying the tone of honor and respect through his word choice to honor his hero, the poet Virgil.

Annotations:
1. "His shade" refers to Virgil's spirit, which implies that his guide is not a mortal, but has already died.
2. "All honour be to the pre-eminent Poet" refers to Virgil, who is not considered the best poet of all time, but according to Dante, he is.
3. "Wins grace in Heaven, that so advances them.” Dante thinks that Virgil deserves a place in Heaven.

Narrative technique:
Repetition: The concept of honor is emphasizes throughout these stanzas.

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