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like land plants, aquatic plants also need sunlight for photosynthesis. sunlight cannot reach deep into the water. the deeper the water, the less available sunlight is.

some aquatic plants adapt by floating or sticking their leaves out of the water surface. they also have adaptations to keep themselves upright to obtain sunlight.
the water lily has large waxy leaves. this prevents water from collecting on the leaves and sinking them.
aquatic plants have air spaces in their leaves and stems. these air spaces keep the plants upright in the water to get more sunlight

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adaptations for obtaining sunlight
plants need sunlight for photosynthesis. plants have many adaptations to help them get enough sunlight in their natural habitats.

adaptations of land plants

most plants and trees on land have strong, woody and upright stems to hold up their branches and leaves to get enough sunlight. however, there are some plants that have soft, non-woody stems, which cannot grow upright.
these plants have adaptations to position their leaves such that they get enough sunlight. such plants can be grouped under creepers or climbers.

climbers
climbers such as the morning glory or orchid climb onto supports such as walls, fences or other plants that have strong stems. some climbers have tendrils or clasping roots to latch onto supports.

creepers: grow horizontally on the ground. their shoots spread out on all sides of the main stem. carpet grass is an example of a creeper.

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all living things need oxygen to breathe and stay alive. aquatic animals use oxygen that is dissolved in the water or in the air above the water to breathe.

skin: the skin of some aquatic animals can take in oxygen that is dissolved in water. frogs, flatworms and toads are examples of animals that breathe through their skin. their skin must be kept wet at all times.

gills: most aquatic animals have gills to help them breathe in the oxygen that is dissolved in the water. when oxygen-rich water passes through the gills, oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is given out.
fish, shrimp and tadpoles are examples of aquatic animals that have gills.

gill chambers: some aquatic animals can stay out of water for short periods of time. these animals have a gill chamber to store water and keep the gills wet. when these animals are on land, they use the oxygen that is dissolved in the water stored in the gill chamber. crabs and mudskippers are examples of aquatic animals that have gill chambers.

air tube: many aquatic insects, such as mosquito larvae, cannot take in the oxygen dissolved in the water. they have to take in oxygen from the air. they have an air tube that extends from their body to the air above the water surface. water scorpions and water stick insects are other examples of insects that have an air tube.

special nostrils: mammals cannot breathe in oxygen dissolved in water. they can only breathe in oxygen from the air through their lungs.
aquatic mammals, such as seals and manatees, have nostrils at the tip pf their snout. when they need to breathe, these mammals push their nostrils above the water surface and inhale oxygen. when they are under water, they close these nostrils to keep the water out.

air bubbles: aquatic insects, such as water beetles and water spiders, have adapted wings, legs or hairy bodies to trap air bubbles. in this way, they can carry their own air supply when they dive into water to hunt for food.

blowholes: aquatic mammals, such as whales
and dolphins, have special blowholes on top of their heads to help them breathe. even when most of their body is underwater, these animals can breathe because their blowholes are above the water surface.

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bats, some insects and most birds can fly. flying helps them to escape danger and catch prey easily. all flying animals have wings. insects and bats can fly easily because of their small size.

birds can be quite large. so, they have special adaptations for flying.these adaptations can be seen in their:

wings: birds have well developed wings that help them fly. wings are modified limbs.

bones: birds have bones that are hollow yet strong. hollow bones reduce a bird`s body weight, which makes flying easier.

feathers: birds have feathers that make light but strong wings. feathers also keep birds warm when they are flying. the warmth provided by the feathers help the flight muscles work properly.

streamlined body shape: birds have streamlined body shape that helps them to move faster in the air. the body is narrow at the ends and broad in the middle.