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1. What are natural hazards and how do they occur?
2. How do natural hazards impact both human communities and the environment?
3. How are natural hazards managed?
4. Are natural hazards going to be much worse in the future?

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1. Where are Australia's water resources located?
2. Where is Australia's primary source of fresh water?
3. How can Australia increase the accessibility and availability of fresh water?

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1. What are economic, cultural, spiritual and aesthetic values of water?
2. What are the different ways that people use water?
3. Why do people live near water?
4. How do different people perceive the value of water?

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1. What is water scarcity and how does it effect different countries?
2. How do different groups work to overcome water scarcity?
3. How can individual actions contribute to water management?

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1. Why does fresh water availability vary between continents?
2. Why does the access to clean water change in different locations?
3. How does Australia compare to the rest of the world when looking at water resources?

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1. What are the types of environmental resources?
2. What are the different forms of water used as resources?
3. What is the distribution and availability of water resources?

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Starter Activity. What do you already know about water and how we use it?

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Use the attached information to create a graphic organiser that shows the different ways that we use water.

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A drip here,a drop there, conserve water with care.

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Groundwater
Soil Moisture (Green)
Surface water (blue)
Waste Water (Grey)
Salt Water
Ice
Water Vapour

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Complete the worksheet attached by using the information at this link. http://www.waterwise.co.za/export/sites/water-wise/downloads/water/WaterWise_Types_of_Water.pdf

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Spatial distributions and patterns of water resources

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Spatial distributions and patterns of water resources

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How the water cycle connects people and places

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How the water cycle connects people and places

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Factors influencing water flows and the availability of water resources

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Factors influencing water flows and the availability of water resources

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Spatial variations in Australia's water resources

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Spatial variations in Australia's water resources

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Variations in freshwater availability across Australia

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Variations in freshwater availability across Australia

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Variations in freshwater availability between continents

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Variations in freshwater availability between continents

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How many people have access to clean and safe water? Where do they get it from, and how much do they pay for it? A new report by the World Health Organisation/Unicef Joint Monitoring Programme delves into data on drinking water from the last 17 years to give a detailed view of the state of access to drinking water today.

It also examines how the current situation matches up to the vision for universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water - set out by the sustainable development goals (SDGs). It considers gaps in the data and what we still need to know to achieve universal access.

1 | Billions of people have gained access to water, but huge inequalities remain

Since 1990, 2.6 billion people have gained access to an "improved" drinking water source, one that is designed to protect against contamination. But in 2015, 663 million people - one in 10 - still drank water from unprotected sources. Huge inequalities persist between and within countries; almost half of people drinking water from unprotected sources live in sub-Saharan Africa, eight in 10 live in rural areas, and there are large gaps between the richest and the poorest.
In 41 countries, a fifth of people drink water from a source that is not protected from contamination
The sustainable development goals (SDGs) aim to achieve access for everyone, but we need more and better data on drinking water to ensure no one is left behind.

2 | Collecting water is still a major burden, especially in sub-Saharan Africa

In most countries, the majority of people spend less than 30 minutes collecting water, or have a piped supply within their home. But in some regions, especially sub-Saharan Africa, many people spend more than 30 minutes - and some more than an hour - on each trip to collect water. This burden still falls mainly on women and girls - they are responsible for this task in eight in 10 households that don't have a piped supply.
Mongolia is the only country where men and boys have primary responsibility for collecting water
Reducing collection times and increasing the number of people who have water sources within their home will be crucial in achieving other goals related to poverty, health, education and gender equality.

3 | In many parts of the world water is not available all day, every day

In many countries, households are asked whether their supply of water meets their needs, or for how many hours water is available each day. Existing data shows this availability varies widely between and within countries.
In some provinces of South Africa, water supply in 60% of households has been interrupted for two days or more
In South Africa in 2014, a fifth of households with municipal piped water had interruptions that lasted for more than two days. This was three times higher in some regions of the country. Few countries have water available continuously, but in many parts of the world a less than 24-hour supply is still considered sufficient. Countries use a wide range of different measures to assess availability and these must match up so that comparisons of service levels can be made across countries and over time.
In Nepal, 91% of the population drink from an improved water source, but E.coli has still been detected
4 | Some sources protect against contamination, but it still might not be safe to drink the water

To be considered "safe", a source of drinking water must be free from pathogens and high levels of harmful substances. Globally, the main health concern is faecal contamination, which is identified by the presence of bacteria such as E.coli. In many places, a water point is designed to protect against contamination, but the water from it might still have traces of E.coli - the groundwater may be contaminated by faulty latrines, or the containers people use to carry and store water may contain traces of the bacteria.

We need to invest more in low-cost techniques to test the quality of water people drink, especially for those who are not connected to regulated piped networks.
In Tanzania, 10% of the population spend more than 5% of their expenditure on drinking water
5 | People spend different amounts on water, but we don't know what they think is affordable
Tom Slaymaker is a senior statistics and monitoring specialist and Robert Bain is a statistics and monitoring specialist at Unicef. Join our community of development professionals and humanitarians. Follow @GuardianGDP on Twitter, and have your say on issues around water in development using #H2Oideas. Download the full report here.
Thanks to income and spending surveys, we know what people pay for water and sanitation varies from country to country. Data do not always capture the full costs of such services, such as the price to drill a borehole or get a household connection in the first place. We don't know if paying for water and sanitation will prevent people from getting access to them in the first place, or whether people think the amount they pay already is affordable.

Recording and comparing spending will be an important step towards working out whether drinking water services are affordable.

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Access to drinking water around the world - in five infographics

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Billions of people have gained access to clean and safe drinking water since 1990, but data show that huge inequalities remain

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Comparing Australia to the rest of the world

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Comparing Australia to the rest of the world

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Overcoming water scarcity and the role of different groups in sustainable water management

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Overcoming water scarcity and the role of different groups in sustainable water management

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Individual actions contributing to water management

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Individual actions contributing to water management

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People's perceptions about the value of water

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People's perceptions about the value of water

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The importance of water to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities

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The importance of water to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities

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Spatial distribution and cause of disasters

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Spatial distribution and cause of disasters

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Responses to floods and management strategies for future disasters

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Responses to floods and management strategies for future disasters

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The impact of and responses to disasters

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The impact of and responses to disasters

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Case Study: Managing water resources in Africa

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Case Study: Managing water resources in Africa

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Use the linked website to calculate what your water footprint is. Write your answers in the comments section below.

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Calculate how much water is used to produce food and products, or find out how your country's water footprint compares to others.

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Water - the ability to connect and affect places

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Water - the ability to connect and affect places

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Bali is an island province of Indonesia, located east of Java. The island is home to Indonesia's small Hindu minority, who make up more than 90% of Bali's 4.2 million population.
Until the 1980s. the Balinese economy was largely agricultural based. Today, 80% of the island's economic activity is driven by tourism. Despite this, agriculture, in particular, the growing of rice, is still the island's biggest employer. Fruit, vegetables and coffee are also grown, while fishing also assists the economy.
Sayan is a village located 5kms to the west of Ubud in central Bali. Water is critical for the growing of paddy rice, the basis of the community's economic and spiritual wellbeing.

Paddy Rice
The term represents the rice that is grown in semi-aquatic environments such as the flooded paddy fields seen in the image. Paddy fields dominate the landscape of much of East, South and South East Asia. The paddies can be build on river plains or carved into steep hillsides as terraces. The construction and maintenance of these terraces requires a great deal of maintenance, and a large quantity of water for irrigation. In order to get the water to the paddy, there is often a complex water transfer system, many of which have been in place for hundreds of years.
Flooded paddies provide an ideal environment for rice growing, while preventing the weeds growing that would normally compete with rice plants for nutrients.

Irrigated paddy rice in Bali
Sayan has a mountainous landscape, which has allowed farmers to terrace much of it to create small plots of arable land. Many of these terraces are more than 2,000 years old! Working with hand tools, the farmers carved the steep terraces into the hillside, and throughout the generations they have been extended and been looked after. They have done this out of necessity; rice is the islands main food. The water needed to grow the rice comes from the rugged, mountainous interior of the island. To transport it where it is needed involves a complex system of canals, tunnels, pipes, dams and dykes. The farmers use this system to flood or drain the rice fields at the right time.
Supplying these small terraced plots with water dominated communal life in Sayan. Just like their ancestors, today's rice farmers are members of a community cooperative called a subak. The subak system involves more than just managing water storage and supply, and draining the rice terraces. It is a complex part of an artificial ecosystem developed over thousands of years. It is also part of Balinese culture. Every Balinese village has a subak, and all rice farmers must join in order to participate in its activities. This helps to ensure that the limited irrigation water is given out fairy, and that a limited number of farmers tap into the flowing water at the same time. Importantly, it ensures that a farmer does not block the water from flowing downwards to the rice terraces below. The subak is a major reason why a farmer is able to get up to three crops per year from one paddy. The subak also plays an important role in the spiritual life of rice-growing communities. Every month, the subak members will come together in the village to discuss matters concerning the subak: water supply, the harvest and the celebration of the anniversary day of the subak water temple. They worship Dewi Sri, the rice goddess.

Questions
1. Describe the way in which Bali is different from the rest of the Indonesian provinces.
2. Explain how Sayan's farmers have adapted the rice growing agricultural system to the lands topography.
3. Outline the roles and responsibilities of the subak.
4. Create a PMI (plus, minus, interesting) on the benefits of taking a collaborative approach to the management of water resources. Consider how the relationship between peoples spiritual beliefs and the management of an environmental resource such as water can contribute to the long-term stability of a managed environment.
5. Select one of the following rice growing countries and investigate the way in which the irrigation of rice is managed in that society. What are the similarities and differences between your country and Sayan, Bali?
- Australia
- India
- Madagascar
- Malaysia
- Thailand
- Vietnam

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Continuous Resources
Groundwater
Ice
Non-Renewable Resources
Renewable Resources
Salt Water
Soil Moisture
Surface Water (Blue Water)
Waste Water (Grey Water)
Water Vapour

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1. How does water cycle through the environment?
2. How does water flow within a catchment area?
3. How does water connect people and places on its journey?
4. What factors affect the availability of water in different places?