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Camels replaced horses and donkeys when traveling through the Sahara because the didn't need as much water. The animal changed but the traveling across the Sahara didn't change

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Axum declined and then, during the 12th century, a new dynasty formed in the same place and promoted the same religion.

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Axum declined and then, during the 12th century, a new dynasty formed in the same place and promoted the same religion.

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Land and water routes became the basis for transregional trade, because merchants mariners would commonly use sea lanes of the Indian ocean to trade with the east African Coast and the Persian, Hellenistic and Roman sailors would do the same using the red sea.

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The Swahili societies were influenced by Arabian culture. The Swahili language is a Bantu language with Arabic influences.

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The Ghana's political leadership fell and their empire dissolved. Later on,  after the Mali empire formed, and the Mali expanded over where the Ghana once stood.

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Bananas entered Africa by way of sea lanes across the Indian Ocean.

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Diviners were educated people who could communicate with gods and deities and would give advice to families when they ran into problems, such as illness or crop failure.

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The creator god was a dominant god from the early days of agriculture. When they underwent considerable development as individual people they learned about deities honored in their societies.

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Early city of Jenne-jeno merchants would trade their developed iron products as well as food supplies and domesticated animals across North Africa and the Mediterranean to the savannas and forests of central Africa.

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The population history of sub-Saharan Africa reflects the significance of iron metallurgy and bananas

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The Swahili were coastal communities that traded along the coast, and later became a popular trade destination in Indian Ocean routes

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During the the conversion of Islam in African societies, women began to be restricted more (from speaking to men other than their husband, wearing clothes showing their head) as Islam was adopted.

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During the the conversion of Islam in African societies, women began to be restricted more (from speaking to men other than their husband, wearing clothes showing their head) as Islam was adopted.

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Islamic merchants traveled across the Sahara and made commercial relations with sub-Saharan Africa

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Mansa Musa, ruler of Mali from 1312 to 1337, went on pilgramage to Mecca. Upon his return to Mali, he took the Islamic religion more seriously and made Islam better known in the Mali empire. This included religious schools and bringing in Arabian and north African teachers, including four of Muhammad's descendants.

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Mansa Musa, ruler of Mali from 1312 to 1337, went on pilgramage to Mecca. Upon his return to Mali, he took the Islamic religion more seriously and made Islam better known in the Mali empire. This included religious schools and bringing in Arabian and north African teachers, including four of Muhammad's descendants.

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After the Mali empire would fall, the Songhay would take it's place.

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After the Mali empire would fall, the Songhay would take it's place.

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Increased conflict between villages resulted in the formation of Chiefdoms who overrode previous developments and controlled their territories.

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Nomadic tribes would establish small commercial expeditions with Sub-Saharan kingdoms.

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Nomadic tribes would establish small commercial expeditions with Sub-Saharan kingdoms.

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The Swahili society language was influenced and formed by the Arabians

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Later on (11th and 12th centuries), trade concentrated on more coastal trade in East Africa.

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During and after the Bantu migrations, stateless/segmentary societies became prevalent.

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Integration into trans-Saharan trade networks brought great amounts of wealth and power to Ghana. 

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Integration into trans-Saharan trade networks brought great amounts of wealth and power to Ghana. 

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In Bantu society, males were the heads of families and helped to make up the villages' ruling councils. This later changed ad Bantu communities began to fight & chiefs began to create kingdoms out of multiple neighboring societies.

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The forest people converted to Bantu society as a result of increasing Bantu population, which made it difficult for them to forage.

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This is shown in the Swahili city-sates when the cities themselves underwent an impressive transformation from trade which brought wealth to coastal east Africa. From the works of that new states were formed in some regions.

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The Bantu people had no or little government or hierarchy officials, but they did have a did have a chief that represented the village. They developed kin-based societies.

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East African trade concentrated into several port cities that grew in population as more people settled in them, thus relying more on agriculture. Architecture advanced from wood and mud materials to large buildings constructed out of coral

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although Christianity and Islam were prominent, they served more as a supplement instead of a replacement because traditional practices like nature and ancestor worship remained prominant

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Over the emergence of Islam, Saharan overland routes linked west Africa with the Mediterranean region, while maritime trade routes linked east Africa to the Indian Ocean basin.

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In the basin of the Congo River kin-based societies were pressured by military and population challenges, resulting in the formation of small states that included a few small villages each.

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Nobles in east Africa began to adopt Islam as their religion of choice. Even though they were now Islamic, they didn't give up their original cultural and religious traditions for the sake of providing leadership to their societies. The ruling elites converting to Islam had also gained legitimacy in the eyes of Islamic states in southwest Asia.

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Because of the increasing population in Sub-Sahara Africa some  people had to live in the forest and would become forest specialist. The effect that this had was forest specialist being able to trade things such as animal skins with the Bantu communities for iron tools

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The conversion of ruling elites to Islam affected their trade with Muslim Merchants from North Africa and Southwest Asia because they both had a cultural foundation