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Aviation and fuel consumption. By: Romera, Beatriz Martínez, Salem Press Encyclopedia, 2013

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Aviation and fuel consumption. By: Romera, Beatriz Martínez, Salem Press Encyclopedia, 2013

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Virgin Atlantic Airways. Aviation Week & Space Technology, 00052175, 10/2/2006, Vol. 165, Issue 13

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Virgin Atlantic Airways. Aviation Week & Space Technology, 00052175, 10/2/2006, Vol. 165, Issue 13

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Virgin Atlantic Airways Chairman Richard Branson plans to increase pressure on the aviation industry to cut aircraft engine carbon emissions and fuel use as part of his larger campaign to fight global warming. Branson said at a New York press conference that he has written to leaders at other airlines as well as manufacturers, asking them to join an "industry forum" to help brainstorm ways to tackle global warming. He wants to accelerate the work toward "continuous descent approaches" for aircraft and improve air traffic control efficiency. This week, he plans to meet with London Gatwick Airport executives about creating a holding area where aircraft would be towed, reducing the time engines are running.

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Section:

This week

If aircraft flew at lower altitudes they would lose the contrails that have such a big impact on global climate

AIRLINES could boost their emissions of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide and still halve their impact on global warming. That's the paradoxical conclusion of a new study into the effects of commercial aviation on the environment.

The CO[sub2] emitted from their engines is not the only way aircraft affect climate. They also do so through their contrails, the long trails of water vapour and ice that form in an aircraft's wake and which can persist for several hours. Contrails trap heat in the atmosphere by reflecting infrared radiation emitted from the Earth's surface.

In 1999 the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) calculated that contrails from the world fleet of 12,000 civil airliners contribute as much to globalwarming as the CO[sub2] their engines pour out as they burn jet fuel. But with global air traffic growing by around 3.5 per cent per year, and many of those extra flights being long-haul, high-altitude contrail-forming journeys, by 2050 contrails will be having a great deal more of an impact on global warming than the CO[sub2] emissions from aircraft engines.

Contrails could be eliminated if aircraft reduced their altitude from about 33,000 feet to between 24,000 feet and 31,000 feet, depending on the weather. But this would come at a price: lower altitude means denser air and higher air resistance, so planes have to burn more fuel. And this means more CO[sub2] emissions, which would apparently negate any benefits from eliminating contrails.

But according to researchers at Imperial College, London, the idea may work after all. “It seems counterintuitive,” admits Robert Noland, one of the authors of the study. But Noland and his colleagues have calculated that if planes flew low enough they leave no contrails behind, their fuel consumption would increase by only 4 per cent, boosting CO[sub2] emissions by the same amount. The team based their calculations on a simulation of a year's worth of traffic over the busiest part of Europe, taking into account the need for different aircraft to fly at different altitudes to avoid collisions.

Contrails form when warm, moist exhaust gases from an aircraft's engines mix with the surrounding air. If the air is cold enough, the vapour reaches saturation point and condenses to form water droplets that rapidly freeze, leaving a visible trail.

Even though contrails may only be formed for part of a plane's journey, and start out very narrow, they can quickly spread out and are thought eventually to form high-altitude cirrus clouds. “They can spread out several kilometres if the conditions are right and can be tens of kilometres long in extreme cases,” says Toumi.

At present, contrails cover 0.1 per cent of the Earth's surface area. By 2050 this is predicted to rise to 0.5 per cent. The effects of aircraft CO[sub2] emissions are cumulative: once it has been emitted, the greenhouse gas lingers in the atmosphere. The impact of contrails, by contrast, only lasts for as long as the trails themselves. Despite this, contrails contribute as much to global warming as all the CO[sub2] ever produced by the aviation industry since heavier-than-air powered flight began nearly a century ago.

But this proposed trade-off between cumulative CO[sub2] emissions and short-lived contrails should be approached with caution, says Ben Matthews, a climate researcher at the Catholic University of Leuven, in Belgium. “Such a policy might reduce the warming in the short term in regions where most planes are flying, but still increase the warming in the longer term in southern developing countries.”

And the Imperial team admits that reducing altitudes may not be a cure-all, since its burden on air traffic controllers has yet to be fully assessed.

HOW FLYING AT LOWER ATTITUDE HELPS CUT GLOBAL WARMING

Eliminating contrails offsets extra CO[sub2] from engines

At 33,000 ft, planes produce linear ice clouds called contrails. They can persist for hours, growing to form extended cirrus cloud cover

Between 24,000 and 31,000 ft, contrails do not form. The denser air menas planes burn 4% more fuel and produce 4% more CO[sub2], but the immediate net effect is to reduce global warming

CONTRAILS REFLECT LARGE AMOUNT OF HEAT RADIATED BY THE EARTH, HEATING THE ATMOSPHERE AND ADDING TO GLOBAL WARMING

PHOTO (BLACK & WHITE): Trails of ice and water trap the Earth's heat

PHOTO (BLACK & WHITE): CONTRAILS REFLECT SMALL AMOUNT OF SOLAR ENERGY

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By Duncan Graham-Rowe

Source: New Scientist, 10/19/2002, Vol. 176, p6, 2p
Item: 500941489

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Rising temperatures may mean fewer passengers on airplane flights

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Rising temperatures may mean fewer passengers on airplane flights

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Write great essays and dissertation- book

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Write great essays and dissertation- book

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Suggested method of data collection and why?

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Suggested method of data collection and why?

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I would collect my data by questionnaires as large amounts of data can be gathered quickly and relatively cheaply. Both quantitative and qualitative data can be produced.

Also, answers can be mailed which saves time.

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How do airlines contribute to global warming?

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On June 16, 1966, Dr. Henry Beecher, then a professor of anesthesiology at Harvard Medical School, published his seminal paper, titled " Ethics and Clinical Research," in The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM). Without naming names, Beecher described 22 unethical human experiments conducted by leading medical schools, hospitals, government agencies and industry. One common theme for many of these studies was the apparent failure of researchers to obtain the voluntary informed consent of the subjects.

Disclosures of unethical research such as those made by Beecher prompted the federal government four decades ago to issue regulations intended to protect human subjects involved in research and prevent unethical studies. These regulations, which were last updated in 1991, are based on three fundamental ethical principles: respect for persons, beneficence and justice.

The regulations require that most federally funded human research be reviewed and approved by a committee called an institutional review board (IRB) before the research begins. In its review, IRBs must ensure that research is ethical and meets criteria specified in the regulations. The regulations also mandate that researchers obtain and document the voluntary informed consent of all subjects, except in limited circumstances involving low-risk research.

Despite these regulations, researchers at leading medical schools and hospitals across the U.S. continue to conduct unethical human experiments with alarming frequency, with the results of many of these studies appearing in prestigious medical journals such as the NEJM.

Recent examples that garnered widespread media attention include the SUPPORT study -- an oxygen experiment involving premature babies at approximately two dozen neonatal intensive care units -- and the FIRST and iCOMPARE trials -- experiments testing the effects of longer resident work shifts on patient mortality. For each of these trials, lack of adequate informed consent was among the serious ethical lapses.

On April 20, Public Citizen called public attention to another unethical human experiment that was published in the NEJM in July 2015. The purpose of the study was to test whether cooling kidneys before a transplant would result in fewer post-transplant complications in the recipient patients. In the study, 572 patients received kidneys from deceased donors whose bodies either were kept near normal body temperature or were slightly cooled following declaration of brain death. Prior to the study, the researchers acknowledged that both the benefits and, importantly, the risks of such cooling for transplant recipients were unknown.

The IRB at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) -- the lead institution for the study -- incorrectly determined that this research constituted "nonhuman subjects research under U.S. federal law, since the patients were deceased." The IRB concluded that this study solely involved deceased kidney donors, failing to recognize that the living kidney recipients were human subjects.

As a result of this clear blunder, UCSF's IRB failed to adequately review and approve the experiment in accordance with human subjects protection regulations and failed to ensure that the researchers obtained voluntary informed consent from participating patients. The complete lack of informed consent represented a serious violation of the rights of the patients who were the unwitting guinea pigs in this experiment.

The study was funded by the Department of Health and Human Services through a grant from the Health Resources and Services Administration and was conducted, in part, by the Department of Veterans Affairs. Public Citizen has asked HHS' Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) and the VA's Office of Research Oversight (ORO) to launch an investigation and to appropriately sanction all institutions engaged in the study for failing to protect the human subjects of this research.

The patients enrolled in the research also deserve the truth about their involvement in the experiment as well as a clear explanation of how and why the authorities responsible for protecting them got it so wrong.

The steady stream of unethical human experiments shows no signs of ebbing, now 50 years after Beecher highlighted the troubling frequency of unethical research and 40 years after federal regulations were issued to protect the subjects of human experiments.

Five decades ago, Beecher concluded that one of the most important components of a system for ensuring ethical human experimentation is the presence of "an intelligent, informed, conscientious, compassionate, responsible" researcher." Ultimately, we are going to need to find more researchers that possess these attributes.

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Outrage of the Month: A Steady Stream of Unethical Human Experiments

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On June 16, 1966, Dr. Henry Beecher, then a professor of anesthesiology at Harvard Medical School, published his seminal paper, titled " Ethics and Clinical Research," in The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM). Without naming names, Beecher described 22 unethical human experiments conducted by leading medical schools, hospitals, government agencies and industry.

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"Sampling is the process of selecting a representative group from the population under study."

1) Random Sampling- Everyone in the entire target population has an equal chance of being selected.

This is similar to the national lottery. If the “population” is everyone who has bought a lottery ticket, then each person has an equal chance of winning the lottery (assuming they all have one ticket each).

2)Opportunity Sampling- Uses people from target population available at the time and willing to take part. It is based on convenience.

An opportunity sample is obtained by asking members of the population of interest if they would take part in your research. An example would be selecting a sample of students from those coming out of the library.

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By Saul McLeod, Ph.D.

Definitions

Sampling is the process of selecting a representative group from the population under study.

The target population is the total group of individuals from which the sample might be drawn.

A sample is the group of people who take part in the investigation. The people who take part are referred to as "participants".

Generalisability refers to the extent to which we can apply the findings of our research to the target population we are interested in. This can only occur if the sample of participants is representative of the population.

Biased sample iswWhen certain groups are over or under represented within the sample selected. For instance if only males are selected, or if the advert for volunteers is put into the Guardian, only people who read the Guardian are selected. This limits how much the findings of the study can be generalised to the whole population.

The Purpose of Sampling

In psychological research we are interested in learning about large groups of people who all have something in common. We call the group that we are interested in studying our 'target population'.

In some types of research the target population might be as broad as all humans, but in other types of research the target population might be a smaller group such as teenagers, pre-school children or people who misuse drugs.

It is more or less impossible to study every single person in a target population so psychologists select a sample or sub-group of the population that is likely to be representative of the target population we are interested in.

This is important because we want to generalize from the sample to target population. The more representative the sample, the more confident the researcher can be that the results can be generalized to the target population.

One of the problems that can occur when selecting a sample from a target population is sampling bias. Sampling bias refers to situations where the sample does not reflect the characteristics of the target population.

Many psychology studies have a biased sample because they have used an opportunity sample that comprises university students as their participants (e.g. Asch).

OK, so you've thought up this brilliant psychological study and designed it perfectly. But who are you going to try it out on and how will you select your participants?

There are various sampling methods. The one chosen will depend on a number of factors (such as time, money etc.).

Random Sampling

Random sampling is a type of probability sampling where everyone in the entire target population has an equal chance of being selected.

This is similar to the national lottery. If the "population" is everyone who has bought a lottery ticket, then each person has an equal chance of winning the lottery (assuming they all have one ticket each).

Random samples require a way of naming or numbering the target population and then using some type of raffle method to choose those to make up the sample. Random samples are the best method of selecting your sample from the population of interest.

The advantages are that your sample should represent the target population and eliminate sampling bias.

The disadvantage is that it is very difficult to achieve (i.e. time, effort and money).

Stratified Sampling

During stratified samplin g, the researcher identifies the different types of people that make up the target population and works out the proportions needed for the sample to be representative.

A list is made of each variable (e.g. IQ, gender etc.) which might have an effect on the research. For example, if we are interested in the money spent on books by undergraduates, then the main subject studied may be an important variable.

For example, students studying English Literature may spend more money on books than engineering students so if we use a very large percentage of English students or engineering students then our results will not be accurate.

We have to work out the relative percentage of each group at a university e.g. Engineering 10%, Social Sciences 15%, English 20%, Sciences 25%, Languages 10%, Law 5%, Medicine 15% The sample must then contain all these groups in the same proportion as in the target population (university students).

The disadvantage of stratified samplingis that gathering such a sample would be extremely time consuming and difficult to do. This method is rarely used in Psychology.

However, the advantage is that the sample should be highly representative of the target population and therefore we can generalize from the results obtained.

Opportunity Sampling

Uses people from target population available at the time and willing to take part. It is based on convenience.

An opportunity sample is obtained by asking members of the population of interest if they would take part in your research. An example would be selecting a sample of students from those coming out of the library.

This is a quick way and easy of choosing participants (advantage)

It may not provide a representative sample, and could be biased (disadvantage).

Systematic Sampling

Chooses subjects in a systematic (i.e. orderly / logical) way from the target population, like every nth participant on a list of names.

To take a systematic sample, you list all the members of the population, and then decided upon a sample you would like. By dividing the number of people in the population by the number of people you want in your sample, you get a number we will call n.

If you take every nth name, you will get a systematic sample of the correct size. If, for example, you wanted to sample 150 children from a school of 1,500, you would take every 10th name.

The advantage of this method is that is should provide a representative sample.

The disadvantage is that it is very difficult to achieve (i.e. time, effort and money).

How many participants should be used?

This depends on several factors; the size of the target population is important. If the target population is very large (e.g. all 4-6 yr olds in Britain) then you need a fairly large sample in order to be representative.

If the target population is much smaller, then the sample can be smaller but still be representative. There must be enough participants to make the sample representative of the target population.

Lastly, the sample must not be so large that the study takes too long or is too expensive!

Simply Psychology's content is for informational and educational purposes only. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment.

© Simply Scholar Ltd - All rights reserved

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By Saul McLeod, Ph.D. Definitions Sampling is the process of selecting a representative group from the population under study. The target population is the total group of individuals from which the sample might be drawn. A sample is the group of people who take part in the investigation.

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Questionnaires are used to collect information from a large sample of people about their views, attitudes and behaviours. It can be used to gather data on a wide variety of topics and once constructed they are easy to administer, large amounts of data can be gathered quickly and relatively cheaply and both quantitative and qualitative data can be produced from them.

Convenient - researcher does not need to be present as answers can be mailed so respondent has time to consider answers.

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A research question is the fundamental core of a research project, study, or review of literature. It focuses the study, determines the methodology, and guides all stages of inquiry, analysis, and reporting.

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This review is a collection of views and advice on composing research questions from problem statements. It mostly reads as a list of tips and suggestions.

A research question is the fundamental core of a research project, study, or review of literature. It focuses the study, determines the methodology, and guides all stages of inquiry, analysis, and reporting.

The research question begins with a research problem, an issue someone would like to know more about or a situation that needs to be changed or addressed, such as:

Areas of concern

Conditions that could be improved

Difficulties that need to be eliminated

Questions seeking answers

A research problem leads to a hypothesis (H) and/or research question (RQ)

Questions should in some way. . .

Be worth investigating

Contribute knowledge & value to the field

Improve educational practice

Improve the human condition

Characteristics of a good research question:

The question is feasible.

The question is clear.

The question is significant.

The question is ethical.

From Research Problem to Research Questions and Purpose
Step 1. Draft a research question/hypothesis.
Example: What effects did 9/11/01 have on the future plans of students who were high school seniors at the time of the terrorist attacks?

Example (measurable) Questions: Did seniors consider enlisting in the military as a result of the attacks?, Did seniors consider colleges closer to home as a result?

Step 2. Draft a purpose statement.

Example: The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of the 9/11/01 tragedy on the future plans of high school seniors.
Step 3. Revise and rewrite the research question/hypothesis.
Example: What is the association between 9/11/01 and future plans of high school seniors?
Step 4. Revise andrewrite the research question/hypothesis.
Example: Purpose Statement (Declarative): The purpose of this study is to explore the association between 9/11/01 and future plans of high school seniors.

Note: Both are neutral; they do not presume an association, either negative or positive.

Notice that the above research question suggested an association or a relationship. When composing your own, it is helpful to determine which variables you would like to understand, and then word your question in such a way as to suggest how you will test your question. This is called operationalizing, referring to the actions, processes, or operations used to measure or identify variables.

Finally, you will want to be specific about whom you are studying. Using my example above, "students" is not specific, so I might revise to public high school seniors in the Midwest.

Expanding Simple Research Questions

You can expand your question by introducing additional variables or characteristics. We call these connecting, mediating, or moderating variables.

Example: What is the relationship between 9/11/01 and enlisting in the military?

Variables I might introduce to expand the question include:

Demographics (gender/age/ethnicity/religious preference)

Geographic location

Parent's educational level

Role of parent

Student's /parent's political affiliation

The Nobel Laureate (taking on your life's work)
Example: The Effects of 9/11/01 on K-12 students
The term paper (taking on too little)
Example: How many high school seniors enlisted in the military prior to 2002 graduation?
The Black Hole (taking on too much)
Example: The Effects of 9/11/01 on High School Seniors
1. When a relationship is expected among a certain type of subject, reference the population.
Example: Among young children, there is a positive relationship between level of psychomotor coordination and degree of self-esteem.

2. Make RQs and Hs as specific and succinct as possible.

OK: Administrators who provide wellness programs for their employees project positive effectiveness.

Bette r: Administrators who provide wellness programs for their employees receive higher employee ratings on selected leadership qualities than administrators who do not provide wellness programs.
3. Avoid words or terms that do not add to the meaning of RQs and Hs.
Rather than: Among elementary school teachers, those who are teaching in year-round schools will report having higher morale than those who are teaching in elementary schools that follow a more traditional school-year schedule.

Try: Among elementary school teachers, those who teach in year-round schools have higher morale than those who teach on a traditional schedule.
4. Stick to what will be studied, not implications or your value judgments.
Rather than: Religion is good for society.

Try: Regular attendance at religious services is inversely associated with cheating behavior while taking classroom tests.
5. Name the variables in the order in which they occur or will be measured.
Example. There is a positive relationship between College Board Scholastic Aptitude Test scores and first-semester grades earned in college.
6. Avoid the words significant or significance. 7. Avoid using the word "prove." 8. Avoid using two different terms to refer to the same variable.
* Note: "Wording" examples are attributed to Dr. Kathy Haywood, UMSL

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pdf version of this page This review is a collection of views and advice on composing research questions from problem statements. It mostly reads as a list of tips and suggestions. A research question is the fundamental core of a research project, study, or review of literature.

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Why do we have research in modern society?

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Why do we have research in modern society?

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Research is required not just for students and academics, but for all professionals. It is also important for budding and veteran writers, both offline and online.

Research helps people nurture their potential and achieve goals through various opportunities. These can be in the form of securing employment, scholarships, training grants, project funding, business collaboration, and budget travelling, among others.

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Why Is Research Important?

The significance of research cannot be understated. It is integral to succeeding in school as well as in many professions, such as law, writing, and finance. The main purposes of research are to inform action, gather evidence for theories, and contribute to developing knowledge in a field of study. This article discusses the significance of research and the many reasons why it is important for everyone-not just students and scientists.

Understanding that research is important might seem like a no-brainer, but many people avoid it like the plague. Yet, for those who like to learn, whether they are members of a research institution or not, conducting research is not just important-it's imperative.

Why Research Is Necessary and Valuable in Our Daily Lives

1. It's a tool for building knowledge and facilitating learning.

2. It's a means to understand issues and increase public awareness.

3. It helps us succeed in business.

4. It allows us to disprove lies and support truths.

5. It is a means to find, gauge, and seize opportunities.

6. It promotes a love of and confidence in reading, writing, analyzing, and sharing valuable information.

7. It provides nourishment and exercise for the mind.

A Tool for Building Knowledge and Facilitating Learning

Research is required not just for students and academics but for all professionals and nonprofessionals alike. It is also important for budding and veteran writers, both offline and online.

For nonprofessionals who value learning, doing research equips them with knowledge about the world and skills to help them survive and improve their lives. Among professionals and scribes, on the other hand, finding an interesting topic to discuss and/or to write about should go beyond personal experience. Determining what the general public may want to know or what researchers want others to realize or think about can serve as a reason to do research. Thus, research is an essential component in generating knowledge and vice-versa.

Knowledge is commonly described as a factual proposition in an individual's mind. It essentially refers to facts based on objective insights and/or study findings processed by the human brain. It can be acquired through various means, such as reading books and articles, listening to experts, watching documentaries or investigative shows, conducting scientific experiments, and interacting with other people. Facts collected during research can be checked against other sources to ensure truthfulness and accuracy.

Studies and Articles About the Importance of Research

In his article, " E pistemology," Yale University's David Truncellito (n.d.) identifies three kinds of knowledge: procedural (competence or know-how), acquaintance (familiarity), and propositional (description of "a fact or a state of affairs").

Brain Research UK (formerly Brain Research Trust), a medical-research charity based in the United Kingdom, acknowledges the importance of research in building knowledge. It sees research as crucial to finding possible cures for diseases and ways to prevent them. Thus, research is necessary to ascertain whether previous studies support one's ideas or if these ideas still need further proof to be considered knowledge.

An example of one such endeavor is a 2016 study conducted by several psychologists to examine how sleep affects memory reactivation. In " Relearn Faster and Retain Longer: Along With Practice, Sleep Makes Perfect," they discovered that "interleaving sleep between learning sessions not only reduced the amount of practice needed by half but also ensured much better long-term retention. Sleeping after learning is definitely a good strategy, but sleeping between two learning sessions is a better strategy." This study supports the fact that both repetition and sleep improve a person's long-term retention of information. Their findings also emphasize how highly important sleep is to healthy brain function.

A study by The World Bank in 2006 also underscored sleep as a key factor in efficient learning, or the process of gaining optimal learning using few resources. The study reiterated the role of sleep in: (1) protecting and restoring memory, (2) advanced learning, and (3) enhancing mathematical ability and problem-solving. It further noted that "knowledge is better consolidated when people study at the time when they are supposed to be awake rather than, say, late-night sessions." It cited the need for research on "the memory capacity of the poor in low-income countries" to enable teachers to better help underprivileged students learn basic skills.

The effect of sleep on the human brain is just one of the countless topics that academics and specialists have examined in various universities and medical institutions. A myriad of newer and even more specific research ideas likewise await the attention of avid scholars and inquisitive writers. Indeed, research is instrumental in building and improving knowledge and supporting existing knowledge with verifiable facts to facilitate learning.

What Is Research?

A Means to Understand Issues and Increase Public Awareness

Using Research to Understand Current Issues

Television shows and movies-both fictional and nonfictional-ooze with research. For instance, Oprah Winfrey would not have achieved remarkable success as a news anchor and television show host had she eschewed doing her research about certain topics and public figures. According to entrepreneur and lifestyle coach Paul C. Brunson, in his interview with emotional intelligence expert and author Justin Bariso (2017):

"Oprah spends a disproportionate amount of her time gathering information from communities of people outside of her core (different age groups, social classes, ethnicities, education levels, careers, etc.) and then she shares that information within her community."

This kind of effort shows the necessary role of research in helping others and raising social consciousness.

Using Research to Understand People

Many film and TV actors also take time to interview individuals to understand their roles better. Actors have worked with detectives, boxers, scientists, business owners, criminals, and teachers, among others, to gain an inside understanding of what it's like to have a certain identity. Others even go through immersion to begin to understand their characters' issues better. This might look like living in jail or a drug rehabilitation center for a while, gaining or losing a significant amount of weight, or learning to captain a sailboat. Many read literature, biographies, or journals to have a better view or context of the story they've been hired to tell.

In her 2017 article about Daniel Day-Lewis, Lynn Hirschberg described how the award-winning actor prepared for his role as dressmaker Reynolds Woodcock in Paul Thomas Anderson's film, Phantom Thread. She wrote:

"To become Woodcock, Day-Lewis, who is 60, watched archival footage of fashion shows from the 1940s and '50s, studied the lives of designers, and most important, learned to sew. He consulted with Cassie Davies-Strodder, then curator of fashion and textiles at the Victoria and Albert Museum, in London. And for many months he apprenticed under Marc Happel, who is head of the costume department at the New York City Ballet, watching intently and then helping to reconstruct the famous Marc Chagall costumes for a production of Firebird. At the end of the ballet season, Day-Lewis decided he needed to build a couture piece from scratch."

People both within and outside of the entertainment industry have, on occasion, belittled what actors do or even the profession of acting itself. However, professional thespians like Daniel Day-Lewis exert great effort to make their characters believable. Their dedication to studying their roles involves a tremendous amount of research.

Using Research to Create Realistic Fiction and Stories

Many films, theater plays, broadcast dramas, and online videos present stories based on real-life events and problems. A serious writer or content producer sees how vital research is in substantiating the context of the stories they are telling to entertain and educate audiences through different media platforms.

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The significance of research cannot be understated. It is integral to succeeding in school as well as in many professions, such as law, writing, and finance. The main purposes of research are to inform action, gather evidence for theories, and contribute to developing knowledge in a field of study.

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News & Media | Travel & Tourism Research Association