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A claim must generally be false and must have been made to someone other than the person defamed.

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is an area of law that provides a civil remedy when someone's words end up causing harm to your reputation or your livelihood.

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The amendment addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War.

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It meant to safeguard Americans against excessive punishments.

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The right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury, shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.

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It includes speech attacking basic institutions of government, including particular governmental leaders

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The accused person wants one, and the chance to confront the witnesses who is accusing the defendant of a crime.

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"No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment

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Racial segregation, especially in public schools, that happens “by fact” rather than by legal requirement

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right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported

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A well regulated militia, being the best security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.

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rights include freedom of assembly, freedom of the press, freedom of religion, and freedom of speech.

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Judicial suppression of material that would be published or broadcast, on the grounds that it is libelous or harmful. In US law, the First Amendment severely limits the ability of the government to do this.

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Refers to the section of the First Amendment italicized here.

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he Supreme Court unanimously ruled that states are required under

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It upheld state racial segregation laws for public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal".

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Dred Scott was an enslaved African American man in the United States who unsuccessfully sued for his freedom and that of his wife and their two daughters

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Is a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court on the issue of abortion.

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The  basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin, is considered one of the crowning legislative achievements of the civil rights movement.

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Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States.

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that provide equal access to education for those groups that have been historically excluded or underrepresented, such as women and minorities.

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That determines the qualification of a voter based on his/her his ability to read and write or ability to read and understand any section of the State .

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the United States Supreme Court decided that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment, which protects against "unreasonable searches and seizures," may not be used in state law criminal prosecutions

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The Supreme Court ruled that detained criminal suspects, prior to police questioning, must be informed of their constitutional right to an attorney and against self-incrimination.

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The Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional.

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it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and encourage its recitation in public schools.

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A legal term in United States law used to describe actions that purposefully and discernibly convey a particular message or statement to those viewing it.

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It upheld affirmative action, allowing race to be one of several factors in college admission policy.

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reasonable grounds (for making a search, pressing a charge,

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The practice of segregating people by race and gender has taken two forms

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The communication of ideas through the combination of language and action

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The prosecution of a person twice for the same offense.

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Fair treatment through the normal judicial system, especially as a citizen's entitlement.

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based on constitutional law, saying that evidence collected or analyzed in violation of the defendant's constitutional rights is inadmissible for a criminal prosecution in a court of law.