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De Koepel prison in Haarlem, the Netherlands, which recently housed migrants. Credit... Dmitry Kostyukov for The New York Times

The Netherlands has a problem many countries can only dream of: a shortage of prison inmates.

While countries like Belgium, Britain, Haiti, Italy, the United States and Venezuela have grappled with prison overcrowding, the Netherlands has such a surplus of unused cells that it has rented some of its prisons to Belgium and Norway. It has also turned about a dozen former prisons into centers for asylum seekers.

About a third of Dutch prison cells sit empty, according to the Ministry of Justice. Criminologists attribute the situation to a spectacular fall in crime over the past two decades and an approach to law enforcement that prefers rehabilitation to incarceration.

"The Dutch have a deeply ingrained pragmatism when it comes to regulating law and order," said René van Swaaningen, professor of criminology at Erasmus School of Law in Rotterdam, noting the country's relatively liberal approach to "soft" drugs and prostitution. "Prisons are very expensive. Unlike the United States, where people tend to focus on the moral arguments for imprisonment, the Netherlands is more focused on what works and what is effective."

Recorded crime has shrunk by about a quarter over the past nine years, according to the country's national statistics office, and that is expected to translate into a surplus of 3,000 prison cells by 2021. The government has shuttered 19 of nearly 60 prisons over the past three years, and a government report leaked last year suggested that more cuts were coming.

The relative dearth of prisoners has spurred the Dutch to be creative.

At jails transformed into housing for asylum seekers, former cells for prisoners have been converted into apartments for families, albeit some with the original cell doors. At De Koepel, a former prison in Haarlem, refugees played soccer in a large interior courtyard that doubled as a soccer field. Some of the converted jails also have gymnasiums, kitchen facilities and outdoor gardens.

To make refugees feel more at home at a former prison in Hoogeveen, in the northeast, the authorities removed the high exterior walls and barbed wire and retooled the former cell doors so that they could open from the inside. Jan Anholts, a spokesman for the Central Agency for the Reception of Asylum Seekers, said the agency took special care not to house former political prisoners in cells, unless they felt at ease. "We want people to feel safe and secure," he said.

At a time of austerity, the government has also been able to raise money by outsourcing empty prisons to countries with overpopulated detention facilities.

Two years ago, Norway agreed to pay the Netherlands about 25 million euros, or $27 million at current exchange rates, per year for a three-year lease of Norgerhaven Prison, a high-security facility, where it sent 242 prisoners. Earlier, Belgium had sent about 500 prisoners across the border.

At Norgerhaven, where some prisoners can raise chickens and grow vegetables, Norwegian convicts live under the watchful eye of a Norwegian prison superintendent and Dutch guards. To make room for the Norwegians, long-term Dutch convicts - who make up an exclusive club in a country with only 35 adults serving sentences of life without parole - were relocated from comfortable cells, equipped with work spaces and televisions. None too pleased, they filed a lawsuit but did not succeed in blocking the move.

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A Syrian refugee at De Koepel prison. The Netherlands has so many empty prison cells that it has rented some to Norway and Belgium, and it has turned others into centers for refugees. Credit... Dmitry Kostyukov for The New York Times

Criminologists say that, beyond a drop in crime levels, the repurposing of prisons can be attributed to a building spree by the Netherlands in the 1990s that resulted in a glut of jails as crime decreased and the country's population aged.

Professor Swaaningen also argued that in the digital age, an increasing number of 12- to 18-year-olds - the most high-risk age group for committing petty street crime - spent time hunched over their computers, taking them off the streets and potentially reducing levels of criminality.

He said that prisons had also emptied because of an emphasis on other surveillance methods such as electronic tagging.

After a surge in jail population in the '90s, the Netherlands now imprisons roughly 61 of every 100,000 citizens, a rate similar to that in Scandinavia, according to data recently collected by the Institute for Criminal Policy Research at Birkbeck, University of London. In the United States, that number is about 666, among the highest in the world.

In Europe, the countries with the most crowded prisons include Albania, Belgium, France, Greece, Hungary, Macedonia and Spain, according to a recent report from the Council of Europe.

Yet in the Netherlands, not everyone is rejoicing, including many of the roughly 2,600 prison guards who could lose their jobs in the next four years if more prisons close. Moreover, some law enforcement officials also say that the excess of vacant cells is a symptom of poor policing and the reporting of fewer crimes, rather than a reflection of Dutch crime-fighting prowess.

Frans Carbo, a senior official with the union FNV, said the closing of prisons was the result of penny-pinching - not effective policing. "If you close prisons now, you will only have to open them in a few years," he said.

With the center-right government of Prime Minister Mark Rutte facing a tough re-election bid later this year, officials have been careful not to gloat about the overabundance of vacant cells.

"Not losing too many jobs from the start was our main concern," said Jaap Oosterveer, a spokesman for the Ministry of Security and Justice, which oversees the federal prison system.

The surplus of empty jail cells, he added, is "good and bad news at the same time."

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Dutch Get Creative to Solve a Prison Problem: Too Many Empty Cells (Published 2017)

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The Netherlands has a problem many countries can only dream of: a shortage of prison inmates. While countries like Belgium, Britain, Haiti, Italy, the United States and Venezuela have grappled with prison overcrowding, the Netherlands has such a surplus of unused cells that it has rented some of its prisons to Belgium and Norway.

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Here's a bunch of shadows. Notice the distinct difference between dark and light. You want to define the cast light from the lamps and allow the area not in that beam to go darker.

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Here's a bunch of shadows. Notice the distinct difference between dark and light. You want to define the cast light from the lamps and allow the area not in that beam to go darker.

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Patio cover shadow, look how dark it is in the depth and the defined line where the light hits on the ground

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Patio cover shadow, look how dark it is in the depth and the defined line where the light hits on the ground

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Modern shaped shadows, but notice the clear edges of light next to dark

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Modern shaped shadows, but notice the clear edges of light next to dark

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While shadows remind us that the world is filled with light, they also tell their own story, independent of the light that creates them. The beauty of a shadow is found all around us. It is contained in the shadow that a small flower casts onto the grass, or in the skyscrapers and buildings that take over our landscapes.

Light is difficult to draw. In the introductory sketching class, I always ask students to replicate the given photo from a magazine. The students always manage to copy the design, but what they lack is real depth. Then they are asked to lay a piece of trace paper over the photo and shade in just the shadows in the photo. When the trace was lifted from the photo the composition was easily recognizable but stronger than the first drawing that they had made. This exercise help them to understand shadows as a powerful element in design.

The idea of building with shadows is not a new one. For centuries Japanese designers have mastered in designing dimly interior spaces, claiming that darkness can relax the mind and stimulate the imagination. Japanese designs are often constructed in such a way so interior spaces appear to change throughout the day and year resulting in some parts of a building being flooded with daylight, while other parts are filled with shadows.

Baroque architects and builders were masters at sculpting space and form. Shadows created by carved surfaces dramatically mold and define the architecture of that period. We can use the same techniques to draw attention to significant elements of a building. Bordering shadows describe the edges of physical form. They accentuate the shape of an unshaded portion of the building.

One of the architect who knew the power of the shadow is Louis Kahn. Kahn believed that light's purpose is to cast shadows, and these shadows are present to evoke a certain mood. The darkness of a shadow is linked to the mystery and uncertainty of a space. With multiple purposes, shadows are there to protect from the sun on a hot day, to altogether create a new design and pattern, and to define the auras around us.

As architects and designers, we need to be more conscious of the effect that building upward has, in order to capture the essence and beauty of shadows. Especially in the urban areas, where high rise buildings cast many overlapping shadows. Walking the same path will be a different experience depending on the time of the day, because the sun is always changing. We must use the materials around us to design beautiful structures while simultaneously creating appealing shadows. Shadows are actually very cool and can make a building very dynamic as the shadows move across a building throughout the day as well as throughout the year.
By: Ar. Shivani Varma Senior Faculty: Interior Architecture Design IVS School of Design

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While shadows remind us that the world is filled with light, they also tell their own story, independent of the light that creates them. The beauty of a shadow is found all around us. It is contained in the shadow that a small flower casts onto the grass, or in the skyscrapers and buildings that take over our landscapes.