# data[].attributes.headline
Esra DEMİR/ Ula Atatürk Secondary School/ Turkey

# data[].attributes.subject
Esra DEMİR/ Ula Atatürk Secondary School/ Turkey

# data[].attributes.body
Elifnaz

# data[].attributes.headline
Esra DEMİR/ Ula Atatürk Secondary School/ Turkey

# data[].attributes.subject
Esra DEMİR/ Ula Atatürk Secondary School/ Turkey

# data[].attributes.body
Ada Belma

# data[].attributes.headline
Esra DEMİR/ Ula Atatürk Secondary School / Turkey

# data[].attributes.subject
Esra DEMİR/ Ula Atatürk Secondary School / Turkey

# data[].attributes.body
Ela

# data[].attributes.headline
Esra Demir/ Ula Atatürk Secondary School/ Turkey

# data[].attributes.subject
Esra Demir/ Ula Atatürk Secondary School/ Turkey

# data[].attributes.body
Sena

# data[].attributes.body
Zühre28

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
In the US, "fake news" frequently becomes widely shared on the internet. Recently, a shooting incident occurred as a result of this spreading of fake news. The location was Washington D.C.

This is a translation of an article originally written in December for publication in the January 2017 edition of the Marubeni Group Magazine, M-SPIRIT.

Washington D.C. Office General Manager, Marubeni America Corporation Takashi Imamura

A Tweeted Lie Triggers an Incident

On Sunday, December 4, 2016, a shooting incident occurred at a pizza shop in northwestern Washington D.C. during the middle of the day. This was in a busy but peaceful shopping district, and the shop was filled with families. A man brought a rifle into the shop and began shooting. Fortunately, no one was hurt, and the suspect was arrested, but the motive for this crime and the circumstances that triggered it were shocking.

The pizza shop, called Comet Ping Pong, had become embroiled in a strange situation due to an event that had occurred about one month earlier. There were false tweets widely spread on the net claiming that this pizza shop was the base for a pedophile sex ring involving Democratic presidential candidate Hillary Clinton, a former Secretary of State, and members of her campaign. The operators of the pizza shop began receiving threats from right wing activists who believed that the reports were true.

According to The Washington Post, the trigger was the announcement on October 28 about the resumption of the investigation by the Federal Bureau of investigation ("FBI") into the issue of the use of private e-mail by Hillary Clinton during her tenure as Secretary of State. Two days later, there was a large volume of tweets about newly-discovered e-mail related to a pedophile sex ring. These posts were spread on anonymous bulletin board sites and via social media; and there were many abusive videos directed at Ms. Clinton posted on extreme-right-wing sites. Two days before the election, the FBI announced that they had reached a conclusion that they would not seek prosecution of Ms. Clinton.

The anonymous bulletin board sites then focused their attention on the pizza shop called Comet Ping Pong, which was frequently mentioned in the e-mail of John Podesta, head of the Clinton campaign, whose e-mails were being successively leaked on the whistle-blower site WikiLeaks at about this same time. This escalated into posts that this shop was the site of child sex trafficking. The day before the voting in the presidential election, the hashtag "#pizzagate" appeared. Even after Ms. Clinton's defeat the following day, the tweets did not subside, and instead continued to expand. It was reported that the Central Intelligence Agency ("CIA") had determined that there were cyber-attacks on the e-mail of Democratic Party officials, like Mr. Podesta, indicating that there was intervention from Russia aimed at ensuring that Mr. Trump would win the election; and President Obama demanded a thorough investigation of the government intelligence agencies before his own retirement.

As the number of people who believed in the "pizzagate" conspiracy grew, and the threats directed at the pizza shop increased, the shops in the neighborhood also became involved. The operators of the pizza shop and surrounding businesses said they became frightened by more and more confrontations with people who believed the fake news. Although social media subsequently banned posts related to pizzagate, the threats did not stop, culminating in the appearance of a 28-year-old man from North Carolina, who showed up at the shop with a rifle to do his own "investigation." According to a New York Times interview with the suspect after his capture, he was a soft-spoken, polite man who intended to rescue the children trapped in the shop.

Society that Facilitates the Spread of Fake News

Although no one was hurt, a real shooting being caused by fake news is serious. After this, one of the members of the transition team for the next president Mr. Trump posted a tweet saying "Until #Pizzagate proven to be false, it'll remain a story.", and was subsequently dismissed from the team. The people who believe the fake news, like the suspect in this incident, are often people who appear to be perfectly ordinary. Furthermore, people who do not hesitate to try to gain a political advantage, even when they are aware that the news is fake, are present in positions that can affect the formation of the next administration.

And, new fake news continues to appear. This is partly because the business model of US media companies has shifted from paper to digital media, making it possible to widely distribute fake news at a low cost. News sites that currently post fake news have names that sound like actual newspapers, like the Denver Guardian, and even include local weather forecasts in the content. Since the fake news attracts many viewers, the site operators can easily obtain advertisers. It is said that writers who find it difficult to make a living in the conventional media are willing to accept high fees to "report" fake news stories, regardless of their own ideology.

To eliminate fake news it is essential for the technology companies that operate social media to promote the development of technology to delete fake news, and for the conventional media to report truthful, accurate news. Some of the leading technology companies have started working on joint development, and the results are being awaited. The problem is the media. According to a 2016 opinion poll, in the US only 32% of the population trusts the media. Among Republican supporters, the rate is only 14%. They say that the media has a liberal bias and is suspicious; and that there is no trustworthy conservative media. In addition, the fact that conventional media charge fees to access their sites has created the niche for the free sites that post the fake news.

Under these circumstances, if the Trump administration does not take clear action to eradicate fake news, the situation will not improve; and, there is the risk that incidents like the Comet Ping Pong shooting will continue to occur. At the moment, however, the next administration has not issued any message that suggests there will be any improvement in the future. The Marubeni Group has developed numerous projects in the US, and has many employees there. While being aware of the current situation, we can only watch cautiously for the time being.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
19 Real Events Caused by Fake News in the US | Marubeni Corporation

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
In the US, "fake news" frequently becomes widely shared on the internet. Recently, a shooting incident occurred as a result of this spreading of fake news. The location was Washington D.C. This is a translation of an article originally written in December for publication in the January 2017 edition of the Marubeni Group Magazine, M-SPIRIT.

# data[].attributes.body
Y.Arda28

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
Often referred to as "fake news" in modern times, the term "misinformation" is defined as false or inaccurate information that may be distributed with the intent to deceive those who read it.

Information or opinions that you disagree with may not necessarily constitute misinformation. While the term "fake news" is often used as a pejorative in journalism today, this is a dishonest use of the term; indeed, the practice of calling fact-based reporting "misinformation" based on the premise that it doesn't align with your political views could arguably be called misinformation itself.

To understand the concept of misinformation, consider a couple of modern examples:

In May 2019, a video made the rounds on social media that appeared to show Nancy Pelosi stammering and slurring her speech, causing many pundits to question her mental aptitude. The New York Times revealed that this was, in fact, a doctored video.

In early 2020, a number of myths began making headlines regarding the supposed treatment of COVID-19, commonly referred to as coronavirus. Many bogus claims were presented as fact, including the idea that eating more red meat or coconut oil could treat the virus.

Both instances of misinformation are clearly designed to push a specific agenda, whether that be to besmirch a political opponent or to sell a phony solution to a desperate market. Such content can harm public discourse by influencing individuals to make misinformed decisions when it comes to politics or their personal well-being. Debunking such claims requires careful research, fact-checking, and media forensics. These are only a couple of examples of the countless areas where misinformation can make an impact.

While the two terms are commonly used in place of one another, "misinformation" and "disinformation" are not synonyms. Misinformation refers to inaccurate reporting that stems from inaccuracies; as such, the term does not imply an intent to deceive. Disinformation, on the other hand. refers to the intentional spread of inaccurate information with the intent to deceive.

To be clear, disinformation is always misinformation, while misinformation may be disinformation, depending on the intent. For example, if an article discussing a political figure is found to contain a factual error, it is misinformation. If it is discovered that the inaccuracy was intentional, the article can be called disinformation. Since intent can be hard to determine, these terms are often used interchangeably.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Fighting Fake News On Social Media | Verizon

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Often referred to as "fake news" in modern times, the term "misinformation" is defined as false or inaccurate information that may be distributed with the intent to deceive those who read it. Information or opinions that you disagree with may not necessarily constitute misinformation.

# data[].attributes.body
Bilal28

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
These are two examples of satirical and fake news sites that deliver news with distorted or false information, biased viewpoints and fabricated facts:

The World News Daily Report

To confuse and add to the misleading of readers, World News Daily Report mixes some true stories with their fake ones. Their disclaimer starts with a large headline reading "NEWS YOU CAN TRUST," however, when you scroll to the bottom of the page, it reads:

WNDR shall not be responsible for any incorrect or inaccurate information, whether caused by website users or by any of the equipment or programming associated with or utilized in this website or by any technical or human error which may occur. WNDR assumes however all responsibility for the satirical nature of its articles and for the fictional nature of their content. All characters appearing in the articles in this website - even those based on real people - are entirely fictional and any resemblance between them and any persons, living, dead, or undead is purely a miracle. ( http://worldnewsdailyreport.com/disclaimer_/)

The Pacific Northwest Tree Octopus

https://zapatopi.net/treeoctopus/

Your help is needed to save the Pacific Northwest Tree Octopus from extinction! Visit the official site to learn more about this elusive species, what you can do help, and share sitghings of this temperate rainforest cephalopods.

It is pretty obvious that this clever and entertaining website is fake. It is not intended to be misleading, but a satirical site for a fictional animal that gained a surprise following.

Disclaimer

These internet links are provided to you as a courtesy. Walden University, LLC. (Walden) does not own or operate and is in no way responsible for the content of the web sites to which you will be directed upon accessing the links. Walden makes no representations or warranties as to the sites' content, does not attest to the accuracy or propriety of any information located there and does not endorse the sites or information on the sites in any way.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Academic Guides: Fact Check: How to decipher online news and information: Examples of Fake News

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Academic Guides: Fact Check: How to decipher online news and information: Examples of Fake News

# data[].attributes.body
Ela28

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Fake news - Trump falsely claims Biden has refused to condemn Philadelphia violence

# data[].attributes.headline
Berke/GAZİ PAŞA SECONDRY SCHOOL          

# data[].attributes.subject
Berke/GAZİ PAŞA SECONDRY SCHOOL          

# data[].attributes.body
The claim that 128-year-old man living in Argentina is Adolf Hitler:                     The claim that 128-yasindak-man is-adolf-hitler
In news sites such as Sabah, News, Last Minute, Ontrava, Webtekno, it was stated that the 128-year-old man living in Salta province of Argentina was allegedly dictator Adolf Hitler, but it was revealed that the news was spread from the parody website.

# data[].attributes.headline
ESCOLA S. TORCATO - PORTUGAL - "Trump, a major fake news orchestrator, falls victim of his own doings."

# data[].attributes.subject
ESCOLA S. TORCATO - PORTUGAL - "Trump, a major fake news orchestrator, falls victim of his own doings."

# data[].attributes.headline
ZEYNEP/37ŞEHİT ŞERİFE BACI SECONDRAY SCHOOL

# data[].attributes.subject
ZEYNEP/37ŞEHİT ŞERİFE BACI SECONDRAY SCHOOL

# data[].attributes.body
Mehmet Akif Ersoy İmam Hatip Ortaokulu

# data[].attributes.body
Mehmet Akif Ersoy İmam Hatip Ortaokulu

# data[].attributes.body
Zeynep A. MEHMET AKİF ERSOY İHO

# data[].attributes.body
Zeynep A.  MEHMET AKİF ERSOY İHO

# data[].attributes.body
In this fake news he explains that it may be that Sergio Ramos leaves Real Madrid and is signed by PSG

# data[].attributes.body
This video talks about Domelipa's fake pregnancy :):
https://youtu.be/EUWjdG_O7wk

# data[].attributes.body
Noticia falsa

# data[].attributes.headline
        Bazadze Demetre       scientists used 'fake news' to stop predators killing endangered birds-and the result was remarkable                

# data[].attributes.subject
        Bazadze Demetre       scientists used 'fake news' to stop predators killing endangered birds-and the result was remarkable                

# data[].attributes.body
When scientists first thought to deceive predators with bird smells, the idea seemed crazy. but after seeing how fake news messes with the minds of both humans and animals, it now makes sense.

# data[].attributes.headline
Nini Gvasalia -  after the presidential election in US former president Donald Trump spread unconfirmed news about him winning the election on twitter.

# data[].attributes.subject
Nini Gvasalia -  after the presidential election in US former president Donald Trump spread unconfirmed news about him winning the election on twitter.

# data[].attributes.body
This boy is talking  abut a funny Fake about a new phone with pear form.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
A controversial herbal concoction has been in the news again in India, with renewed claims that it is effective against coronavirus.

The substance, called Coronil, was launched recently at an event attended by some Indian government ministers.

But there is no evidence that it works, and misleading claims have been made about approval for its use.

It's a combination of herbs used in traditional Indian medicine and sold by Patanjali, a big consumer goods company in India, under the name of Coronil.

It first appeared in June last year, promoted by popular yoga guru Baba Ramdev, and described - without any basis - as a "cure" for Covid-19.

But marketing had to stop after an intervention by the Indian government, which said there was no data to show it worked as a treatment.

However, the government said it could continue to be sold as "an immunity booster".

On 19 February this year, the company held another event - with Health Minister Dr Harsh Vardhan present - at which claims were repeated that it could prevent and treat Covid-19.

Dr Vardhan's presence attracted criticism from India's largest doctors' body, the Indian Medical Association.

They described the promotion of an "unscientific medicine" in the presence of the health minister as an "insult to the people of India", and asked the minister to clarify whether he supported it as a cure.

We contacted the health ministry to ask about Dr Vardhan's presence at the event, but had not received a response by the time of publication.

The Patanjali company defended the minister's attendance, saying "he neither endorsed ayurveda [India's traditional medicine], nor undermined modern medicine".

The company continues to insist its product works against Covid-19.

"It has treated and cured people," Acharya Balkrishna, managing director of Patanjali told the BBC.

It referred us to scientific trials, the results of which it says have been published in several peer-reviewed journals.

It pointed specifically to a study from November 2020 in a journal published by the Swiss-based MDPI, which was based on a laboratory trial.

However, this study was conducted on fish, and it does not state there was evidence Coronil could cure coronavirus in humans.

It said only that the "results obtained from the present pre-clinical study warrant detailed clinical trials in humans".

Dr Michael Head, an expert on global health at the University of Southampton in the UK, told the BBC there was a huge difference between doing pre-clinical trials in the lab, and getting regulatory approval for something that works in humans.

"Many medicines show some potential promise in the laboratory, but when trialled in humans, they simply don't work for a variety of reasons," he says.

A human trial was conducted between May and June last year, on 95 patients who had tested positive for coronavirus.

Of these, 45 received the treatment and 50 were part of a placebo group (who didn't receive anything).

It said there were faster recovery rates among those who were given Coronil than those who were not.

However, this was a pilot study with a small sample size.

This can make it difficult to draw firm conclusions, as the difference in recovery rates could have been down to other factors.

In December 2020, the Patanjali company, which is based in Uttarakhand state, asked the state authorities to change Coronil's existing licence from an "immunity booster" to one for "medicine for Covid-19".

In January this year, the Patanjali company said the product had got approval - as a "supporting measure" against Covid.

The state authorities confirmed to the BBC that they issued a new licence, but made clear that it was not as a "cure" for Covid.

"The upgraded licence means it can be sold like zinc, vitamin C, multi-vitamins or any other supplemental medicines," Dr YS Rawat, director of the traditional medicine department and the state licensing authority told the BBC.

"It [Coronil] is not a cure," he added.

The company also points to the fact that it's got a Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) certificate, which it says is "in line with World Health Organization (WHO) certification schemes".

Rakesh Mittal, a senior executive, even claimed in a tweet that Coronil had been "recognised by the WHO", a statement he then deleted.

The GMP certification is from India's top drug regulator - under a World Health Organization (WHO)-recognised scheme - and is to ensure production standards for export purposes.

"A GMP certificate has nothing to do with the efficacy of a medicine, it is to maintain standards of quality when manufacturing," Dr Rawat from the Uttarakhand state government explained.

The WHO confirmed to the BBC that they have "not... certified the effectiveness of any traditional medicine for the treatment of Covid-19".

Dr Head, of Southampton University, says: "There is no clear evidence right now that this product is beneficial for treating or preventing Covid-19."

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Coronavirus: The misleading claims about an Indian remedy

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
A controversial herbal concoction has been in the news again in India, with renewed claims that it is effective against coronavirus. The substance, called Coronil, was launched recently at an event attended by some Indian government ministers. But there is no evidence that it works, and misleading claims have been made about approval for its use.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
"Sensationalism always sold well. By the early 19th century, modern newspapers came on the scene, touting scoops and exposés, but also fake stories to increase circulation. The New York Sun's 'Great Moon Hoax' of 1835 claimed that there was an alien civilization on the moon, and established the Sun as a leading, profitable newspaper." [1]

The Great Moon Hoax by the tabloid The Sun from 1835. Depiction of moon surface. Source: Wikipedia

False and distorted news material isn't exactly a new thing. It's been a part of media history long before social media, since the invention of the printing press. It's what sells tabloids. On the internet, headline forms called clickbait entice people to click to read more, by trying to shock and amaze us. What's more outrageous to read about than fake things that didn't actually happen?

History

There's lots of examples of false news throughout history. It played a role in catalyzing the Enlightenment, when the Catholic Church's false explanation of the 1755 Lisbon Earthquake prompted Voltaire to speak out against religious dominance. The very first American colonial newspaper ran a fake story about France's Louis XIV [2]. In the 1800s in the US, racist sentiment led to the publication of false stories about African Americans' supposed deficiencies and crimes. It was used by Nazi propaganda machines to build anti-Semitic fervor.

In the 1890s, rival American newspaper publishers Joseph Pulitzer and William Hearst competed over the audience through sensationalism and reporting rumors as though they were facts, a practice that became known at the time as "yellow journalism." Their incredulous news played a role in leading the US into the Spanish-American War of 1898. Eventually there was a backlash against the lack of journalistic integrity: The public demanded more objective and reliable news sources, which created a niche that the The New York Times was established to fill at the turn of the 20 th century. Yellow journalism became less common. That is, until the rise of web-based news brought it all back in full force.

One of the motivations for 1890s newspapers engaging in yellow journalism is the same as for fake news creators today: Exaggerated news with shocking headlines gets attention and sells papers (or prompts mouse-clicks), promoting the sale of advertising. In the form of traditional news media, most people have learned better than to take outrageous news articles as seriously as they did at the height of the yellow journalism era. More recently, tabloids like The National Enquirer and The New York Sun, and fad magazines like The Freak and The Wet Dog are generally known as false news sources. Similarly, people recognize that the parody news productions on the web and TV feature satire and ironic, but unreal, accounts of current events.

Source: Google Image Search

But that clarity simply isn't available when news stories appear out-of-context via social media.

Of course, fake news is also used as a term to discredit news stories that individuals (particularly former president Donald Trump) don't like, in order to suggest that they were made up or that they blow out of proportion something that should be trivial (even if other sources can verify their accuracy). In a conversation with Fox Business in October, 2017, Donald Trump claimed that he had "really started this whole 'fake news' thing." (Ironically, Hillary Clinton used the term in a speech two days before Trump's first use of the phrase [3].)

Although Donald Trump may have appropriated the term in a whole new way, the term itself has been in use for many years. The first documented uses of the term occurred in the 1890s, according to Merriam Webster [4].

How Contemporary Fake News Is Different

No matter who started the "fake news thing," fake news in its modern form is different from the historical forms of journalistic nonsense in traditional media outlets. The speed at which it is spread and the magnitude of its influence places it in a different category from its historical cousins. There are three unique parts to modern fake news that make it different from older varieties of intentionally exaggerated or false reporting: the who, the what, and the how.

Who

Fake news is created and spread by either those with ideological interests, such as Russian agents, or computer-savvy individuals looking to make some money, like Macedonian teenagers and certain suburban Americans. It's not the newspaper publishers this time.

What

Source and video: BBC News

It often involves knowing distortion and deception of the news source, not just the content. In one tragic example, a video that was originally part of a public service announcement to help people be vigilant against child abduction in Pakistan, "was edited to look like a real kidnapping... (and) went viral," leading to deadly attacks on innocent people suspected of kidnapping [5].

Here's another example of a fake news website:

Source: Washington State University Libraries

This site attempts to imitate a mainstream news source by replicating the design of the BBC's logo and by using a similar domain name (starting with bbc.com) to fool readers into thinking that this source is the British Broadcasting Service, or BBC. A quick glance at the URL would trick viewers as it begins with bbc.com, but notice that the full URL is bbc.com-latest-news.xyz. If this appeared on your news feed, it might be difficult to notice that this is a fake news site.

How

Three characteristics of social media's presentation of news make people more likely to fall for fake news.

First, social media act as news aggregators that are "source-agnostic." That is, they collect and present news stories from a wide variety of outlets, regardless of the quality, reliability, or political leanings of the original source. Without a sense of the reputation of the original publisher being clear, it's easy for fly-by-night provocateurs and manipulators to get their fake stories to approach the prominence of the traditional media outlets. If readers can't readily identify who wrote or provided information for a story, it's hard to judge its honesty without elaborate fact-checking, which most people don't do.

Second, many news stories get conveyed to people on social media via their friends or people they follow, along with their implicit or explicit endorsement of the story such as a share, like, or retweet. These tacit recommendations make people more accepting of the messages they get. On social media apps, "Many messages are shared in groups, and when they are forwarded, there is no indication of their origin. (False stories) have often appeared to come from family and friends."

Third, relatedly, social media platforms automatically tag articles with indications of their popularity (the number of views or likes they've gotten, which is further complicated by online robots that can systematically inflate popularity indicators), which also makes people more likely to tune in to a story when those counts are high.

All three of these characteristics work together to increase the chances that social media users share fake news. As news articles are shared within our online networks, they are stripped of critical context such as its original author or source, intention, or goal. Once an article reaches your news feed, it may have little resemblance to its original form. When this important context is lost, fake news articles are more likely to be shared amongst social networks [6].

So, while history offers some important lessons, this isn't your grandparents' fake news any more.
References
[1] J. Soll, "The Long and Brutal History of Fake News," POLITICO Magazine, Dec. 18, 2016. http://politi.co/2FaV5W9 (accessed Aug. 02, 2018).

[2] Yeoman, "'That's Fake News!,'" The Saturday Evening Post, Jul. 06, 2022. https://www.saturdayeveningpost.com/2022/07/thats-fake-news/ (accessed Jul. 06, 2022).

[3] M. Wendling, "The (Almost) Complete History of 'Fake News,'" BBC News, Jan. 22, 2018. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/blogs-trending-42724320 (accessed Aug. 02, 2018).

[4] Merriam-Webster, "The Real Story of 'Fake News,'" Mar. 23, 2017. https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/the-real-story-of-fake-news (accessed Aug. 02, 2018).

[5] V. Goel, S. Raj, and P. Ravichandran, "How WhatsApp Leads Mobs to Murder in India," The New York Times, Jul. 18, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/07/18/technology/whatsapp-india-killings.html (accessed Aug. 06, 2018).

[6] A. J. Flanagin, "Online Social Influence and the Convergence of Mass and Interpersonal Communication," Human Communication Research, vol. 43, no. 4, pp. 450-463, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12116.

"Sensationalism always sold well. By the early 19th century, modern newspapers came on the scene, touting scoops and exposés, but also fake stories to increase circulation. The New York Sun's 'Great Moon Hoax' of 1835 claimed that there was an alien civilization on the moon, and established the Sun as a leading, profitable newspaper." [1]

The Great Moon Hoax by the tabloid The Sun from 1835. Depiction of moon surface. Source: Wikipedia

Source: Google Image Search

Source and video: BBC News

Source: Washington State University Libraries

References

# data[].attributes.body
Renzo Soci

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
(Bangkok) - Malaysian authorities should revoke a new "fake news" ordinance that poses a serious threat to freedom of expression and privacy and the right to a fair trial, Human Rights Watch said today. The Emergency (Essential Powers) (No. 2) Ordinance 2021 was issued on March 11, 2021 under the January 12 Proclamation of Emergency, and came into effect on March 12 without any public consultation.

The new ordinance makes it a criminal offense to create, publish, or disseminate "fake news" relating to Covid-19 or the proclamation of emergency in the country, or to fail to take down such material upon the government's request. It also requires individuals, corporations, and social media platforms to give the police access to traffic data and "computerized data" upon request, permits corporate directors and other executives to be held criminally liable for company actions, and overrides rules of evidence intended to ensure a fair trial. The ordinance purports to apply to anyone violating its terms anywhere in the world.

"It's mystifying why the Malaysian authorities, roundly criticized around the world for a now repealed 'fake news' law, would resurrect this discredited idea," said Linda Lakhdhir, Asia legal advisor at Human Rights Watch. "The new ordinance contains much that was wrong with the old law and will stifle much-needed discussion of the pandemic and how it has been handled by the Malaysian government."

The ordinance imposes sentences of up to three years in prison for the creation, publication, distribution, or dissemination of "fake news" that is "likely to cause fear or alarm to the public." "Fake news" is defined as "news, information, data and reports which is or are wholly or partly false relating to Covid-19 or the proclamation of emergency."

The ordinance fails to establish standards for determining what is false, raising the risk that it could be used to silence criticism or other speech the government does not like. It also allows criminal punishment without requiring that the person or company disseminating the "false" information knew that it is false, thus putting at risk those who share information believing it is true, or those who make critical comments based on a misunderstanding or misinformation.

Under the ordinance, individuals, corporations, and internet platforms must remove content within 24 hours after a police officer or other authorized official tells them to do so. The ordinance does not specify that a court order is necessary. Failure to remove the content can be penalized by a fine of up to 100,000 Malaysian ringgit (US$24,000) and, in the case of a continuing offense, up to 300,000 ringgit ($72,000) for every day during which the material remains available.

Anyone who claims to have been affected by "fake news" can apply to a court, with no notice to those who wrote or posted the material, for an order to remove the content. Notice of the order can be served electronically, including by sending it to a person's social media account. Failure to remove the material within the time specified in the order can result in a criminal fine of 100,000 ringgit ($24,000). While those affected can appeal the order after complying with it, no appeal is permitted when the order was obtained by the Malaysian government and related to "fake news that is prejudicial or likely to be prejudicial to public order or national security."

Under international human rights law, governments have an obligation to protect the right to freedom of expression, including the right to seek, receive, and impart information of all kinds. Governments may only impose restrictions on freedom of speech if those restrictions are provided by law and are strictly necessary and proportionate to achieve a legitimate aim, including the protection of national security, public order, public health or morals, or the rights of others. Any such restrictions must also be written sufficiently clearly that those subject to the law can understand what is prohibited.

The new ordinance falls far short of these standards, Human Rights Watch said. Not only does it fail to require that the "fake news" be material and cause real harm to a legitimate interest, it also does not clearly define the prohibited content. The resulting lack of clarity will chill discussion of the proclamation of emergency, the Covid-19 pandemic, and the government's handling of that pandemic, out of fear of prosecution.

In trials under the ordinance, some of the usual restrictions imposed on the admissibility of documents and statements by the accused in Malaysia's Evidence Act do not apply, raising concerns about due process and the right to a fair trial. For example, the ordinance permits the admission of any document obtained by a police officer, "howsoever obtained," permits the prosecutor to submit a list of documents rather than produce the documents in court, and permits the admission of any statements made by the accused to any person, regardless of the circumstances. It would thus allow as evidence the use of documents seized without a warrant in circumstances when a warrant would normally be required, and statements made under compulsion or other form of threat, creating perverse incentives for Malaysian law enforcement.

The ordinance requires individuals, corporations, and social media companies to give police conducting a search access to "computerized data" stored in a computer or otherwise. While "computerized data" is not defined, the ordinance specifies that access includes "being provided with the necessary password, encryption code, decryption code, software or hardware and any other means required to enable comprehension of computerized data," making it clear that the requirement applies to content. Failure to comply can be punished by up to one year in prison and a fine of up to 100,000 ringgit ($24,000).

The United Nations special rapporteur on freedom of opinion and expression has stated that court-ordered decryption is only permissible when it results from transparent and publicly accessible laws applied solely on a targeted, case-by-case basis to individuals and subject to judicial warrant and the protection of due process rights of individuals. Those whose communications are decrypted must be notified at the earliest moment that protection of public safety or national security allows, which is critical for access to redress and remedy where rights have been violated. The emergency ordinance does not make clear whether a court-authorized warrant is required for such disclosure, nor does it require notifying the person whose communications have been decrypted.

Under the ordinance, a police officer may require internet service providers to preserve and disclose traffic data, defined to include the communication's "origin, destination, route, time, date, size, duration or type of underlying service," by providing written notice. Failure to comply is punishable by up to one year in jail. Access to such data, which may give an insight into an individual's behavior, social relationships, private preferences, and identity, raises serious privacy concerns, and should only be permitted when provided by law, proportionate, and necessary for the protection of a legitimate state interest. The new ordinance, which places no meaningful limitations on the purposes for which authorities may request such data or how long the authorities may require it to be stored, does not meet this standard and could lead to indiscriminate surveillance, Human Rights Watch said.

"Given the serious penalties involved, Malaysia's new ordinance will make ordinary people fearful of discussing Covid-19 and the emergency proclamation," Lakhdhir said. "With its ill-defined terms, the ordinance is ripe for abuse. The government should revoke this ill-considered ordinance and counter misinformation about Covid-19 with accurate information, not criminal prosecutions."

Your tax deductible gift can help stop human rights violations and save lives around the world.

(Bangkok) - Malaysian authorities should revoke a new "fake news" ordinance that poses a serious threat to freedom of expression and privacy and the right to a fair trial, Human Rights Watch said today. The Emergency (Essential Powers) (No. 2) Ordinance 2021 was issued on March 11, 2021 under the January 12 Proclamation of Emergency, and came into effect on March 12 without any public consultation.

The new ordinance makes it a criminal offense to create, publish, or disseminate "fake news" relating to Covid-19 or the proclamation of emergency in the country, or to fail to take down such material upon the government's request. It also requires individuals, corporations, and social media platforms to give the police access to traffic data and "computerized data" upon request, permits corporate directors and other executives to be held criminally liable for company actions, and overrides rules of evidence intended to ensure a fair trial. The ordinance purports to apply to anyone violating its terms anywhere in the world.

"It's mystifying why the Malaysian authorities, roundly criticized around the world for a now repealed 'fake news' law, would resurrect this discredited idea," said Linda Lakhdhir, Asia legal advisor at Human Rights Watch. "The new ordinance contains much that was wrong with the old law and will stifle much-needed discussion of the pandemic and how it has been handled by the Malaysian government."

The ordinance imposes sentences of up to three years in prison for the creation, publication, distribution, or dissemination of "fake news" that is "likely to cause fear or alarm to the public." "Fake news" is defined as "news, information, data and reports which is or are wholly or partly false relating to Covid-19 or the proclamation of emergency."

The ordinance fails to establish standards for determining what is false, raising the risk that it could be used to silence criticism or other speech the government does not like. It also allows criminal punishment without requiring that the person or company disseminating the "false" information knew that it is false, thus putting at risk those who share information believing it is true, or those who make critical comments based on a misunderstanding or misinformation.

Under the ordinance, individuals, corporations, and internet platforms must remove content within 24 hours after a police officer or other authorized official tells them to do so. The ordinance does not specify that a court order is necessary. Failure to remove the content can be penalized by a fine of up to 100,000 Malaysian ringgit (US$24,000) and, in the case of a continuing offense, up to 300,000 ringgit ($72,000) for every day during which the material remains available.

Anyone who claims to have been affected by "fake news" can apply to a court, with no notice to those who wrote or posted the material, for an order to remove the content. Notice of the order can be served electronically, including by sending it to a person's social media account. Failure to remove the material within the time specified in the order can result in a criminal fine of 100,000 ringgit ($24,000). While those affected can appeal the order after complying with it, no appeal is permitted when the order was obtained by the Malaysian government and related to "fake news that is prejudicial or likely to be prejudicial to public order or national security."

Under international human rights law, governments have an obligation to protect the right to freedom of expression, including the right to seek, receive, and impart information of all kinds. Governments may only impose restrictions on freedom of speech if those restrictions are provided by law and are strictly necessary and proportionate to achieve a legitimate aim, including the protection of national security, public order, public health or morals, or the rights of others. Any such restrictions must also be written sufficiently clearly that those subject to the law can understand what is prohibited.

The new ordinance falls far short of these standards, Human Rights Watch said. Not only does it fail to require that the "fake news" be material and cause real harm to a legitimate interest, it also does not clearly define the prohibited content. The resulting lack of clarity will chill discussion of the proclamation of emergency, the Covid-19 pandemic, and the government's handling of that pandemic, out of fear of prosecution.

In trials under the ordinance, some of the usual restrictions imposed on the admissibility of documents and statements by the accused in Malaysia's Evidence Act do not apply, raising concerns about due process and the right to a fair trial. For example, the ordinance permits the admission of any document obtained by a police officer, "howsoever obtained," permits the prosecutor to submit a list of documents rather than produce the documents in court, and permits the admission of any statements made by the accused to any person, regardless of the circumstances. It would thus allow as evidence the use of documents seized without a warrant in circumstances when a warrant would normally be required, and statements made under compulsion or other form of threat, creating perverse incentives for Malaysian law enforcement.

The ordinance requires individuals, corporations, and social media companies to give police conducting a search access to "computerized data" stored in a computer or otherwise. While "computerized data" is not defined, the ordinance specifies that access includes "being provided with the necessary password, encryption code, decryption code, software or hardware and any other means required to enable comprehension of computerized data," making it clear that the requirement applies to content. Failure to comply can be punished by up to one year in prison and a fine of up to 100,000 ringgit ($24,000).

The United Nations special rapporteur on freedom of opinion and expression has stated that court-ordered decryption is only permissible when it results from transparent and publicly accessible laws applied solely on a targeted, case-by-case basis to individuals and subject to judicial warrant and the protection of due process rights of individuals. Those whose communications are decrypted must be notified at the earliest moment that protection of public safety or national security allows, which is critical for access to redress and remedy where rights have been violated. The emergency ordinance does not make clear whether a court-authorized warrant is required for such disclosure, nor does it require notifying the person whose communications have been decrypted.

Under the ordinance, a police officer may require internet service providers to preserve and disclose traffic data, defined to include the communication's "origin, destination, route, time, date, size, duration or type of underlying service," by providing written notice. Failure to comply is punishable by up to one year in jail. Access to such data, which may give an insight into an individual's behavior, social relationships, private preferences, and identity, raises serious privacy concerns, and should only be permitted when provided by law, proportionate, and necessary for the protection of a legitimate state interest. The new ordinance, which places no meaningful limitations on the purposes for which authorities may request such data or how long the authorities may require it to be stored, does not meet this standard and could lead to indiscriminate surveillance, Human Rights Watch said.

"Given the serious penalties involved, Malaysia's new ordinance will make ordinary people fearful of discussing Covid-19 and the emergency proclamation," Lakhdhir said. "With its ill-defined terms, the ordinance is ripe for abuse. The government should revoke this ill-considered ordinance and counter misinformation about Covid-19 with accurate information, not criminal prosecutions."

Your tax deductible gift can help stop human rights violations and save lives around the world.

Criminalization of Peaceful Expression in Thailand

The Criminalization of Peaceful Expression in Myanmar

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
(Bangkok) - Malaysian authorities should revoke a new "fake news" ordinance that poses a serious threat to freedom of expression and privacy and the right to a fair trial, Human Rights Watch said today. The Emergency (Essential Powers) (No.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
More people are flocking to one source for updates on COVID-19.

Readership of articles in medical journals soared 557% between March to July 2019 and March to July 2020, even though the total number of articles published per month remained constant, according to research published in JAMA Network Open, a monthly open-access medical journal published by the American Medical Association.

Amid allegations of social-media bias and political bias among mainstream publications, the researchers examined full and PDF views of articles published by three widely read, English-language, general medical journals - JAMA, The New England Journal of Medicine, and BMJ (British Medical Journal).

"The COVID-19 pandemic has increased overall article views for major medical journals in 2020, with unprecedented views per article for COVID-19-related publications," the researchers concluded. In fact, they said their analysis suggested that individual non-COVID-19 original research articles are receiving similar attention as before the pandemic.

It suggests that people are more keen to seek medical information from scientists. "This work begins to address the question of how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected attention to other diseases in the medical literature. These findings may be limited by different approaches to page view reporting and variable numbers of articles published between the studied journals."

And yet most Americans believe that the COVID-19 situation in America is improving, despite evidence of rising cases, with their level of concern about the coronavirus hitting a low not seen since April 2020 during the first wave of the pandemic. U.S. President Joe Biden told reporters in a recent speech: "This is not the time to lessen our efforts."

Earlier this month, Google said it will contribute €25 million ($29.3 million) to the newly set up European Media and Information Fund to combat fake news. Tech giants face regulatory pressure in Europe over content hosted on their platforms, especially articles related to the coronavirus pandemic and U.S. presidential election last November.

Twitter and Facebook have pledged to take a more aggressive stance on fake news on their sites, and both platforms permanently suspended the accounts of Donald Trump last January after he was accused of inciting the deadly insurrection at the U.S. Capitol. The former president denied he had done so in several Facebook posts before his official ban.

The mainstream media was under fire during the previous administration. Trump frequently labeled as "fake" news outlets that have reported critically on his administration, but he has also described CNN , NBC , ABC , CBS US:CBS and the New York Times as " the enemy of the American people."

Many news outlets now regularly fact check stories, such as those related to the shooting at a massage parlor in Atlanta last month and undocumented migrants crossing into the U.S. along the southern border, even though these stories were widely shared on social media. And CNN also fact checked President Biden's first press conference at the White House.

This 2019 study found that Republican Americans over the age of 65 were more likely to share fake news. The findings suggest the need for "renewed attention" to educate "particular vulnerable individuals" about fake news or misleading information that appears to resemble a fact-checked news article published by a legitimate and fact-based media outlet, the study said.

So why are baby boomers more likely to share fake news on Facebook? One theory: As they didn't grow up with technology, they may be more susceptible to being fooled. Case in point: the variety of scams that have had success with older Americans by preying on their lack of familiarity with how computers and technology work.

Younger Americans who grew up with the internet, regardless of their political leanings, tend to be less overwhelmed by stories that cross their news feeds on Facebook and Twitter and more adept at spotting telltale signs of fake news. But they are also bombarded by news, real and fake, related to the pandemic. Early news reports during the pandemic had to distinguish COVID-19 from the flu.

"Confirmation bias" helps outlandish theories and reports gain traction on social media. And that, psychologists say, is where fake news comes in. With so much noise on social media, how can people distinguish between rumor and reality? Psychologists say people develop defense mechanisms to cope with an uncertain world early in life. Peer-reviewed studies may help.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
In a world of #fakenews, more Americans are getting their COVID-related news from the same place

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
More people are flocking to one source for updates on COVID-19. Readership of articles in medical journals soared 557% between March to July 2019 and March to July 2020, even though the total number of articles published per month remained constant, according to research published in JAMA Network Open, a monthly open-access medical journal published by the American Medical Association.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
All the latest content about Fake News from the BBC.

# data[].attributes.headline
If you do any of these things on your mobile devices, run because someone is going to spy on you.😱😰😨

# data[].attributes.subject
If you do any of these things on your mobile devices, run because someone is going to spy on you.😱😰😨

# data[].attributes.body
Espiye Atatürk Secondary School

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
All the latest content about Fake News from the BBC.

# data[].attributes.headline
Ela37/ ehit Şerife Bacı Secondry School/ TURKEY

# data[].attributes.subject
Ela37/ ehit Şerife Bacı Secondry School/ TURKEY

# data[].attributes.body
VIRUS COMES WITH INTERNET CONNECTION (!)
According to a study carried out in the world-famous Universities of Antarctica, it was found that the virus can be transmitted via the Internet Network (.)
It was understood that viruses, which try to resist and improve themselves with their mutations every day, are trying a different way this time (.)
In the statement made by the Antarctic Professors (😉 They stated that the mutated viruses are stronger and more intelligent with each cycle they pass through, and thus they have the ability to infect devices with internet and radio frequencies, and from there to people. It is thought that the viruses that reach our device using various frequencies can spread to the environment with the sound system; It is thought that this kind of self-development of the virus may be the end of humanity. Because it is said that there are some sources of intelligence stating that the virus in question loves the human body so much that it wants to spread all over the human body (!)
Although everything is just a rumor, it is necessary to know well that the power that can take over the human brain is not only artificial intelligence. Because it is ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE technology that is considered to be more monotonous than the virus.   2021/30/March   Nöbetci Ekip

# data[].attributes.headline
Ela37/ Şehit Şerife Bacı Secondry School/ TURKEY

# data[].attributes.subject
Ela37/ Şehit Şerife Bacı Secondry School/ TURKEY

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Sahte Haberler | Powerpuff Girls Türkçe | çizgi film

# data[].attributes.headline
Berna37/Sehit Serife Baci Secondry School

# data[].attributes.subject
Berna37/Sehit Serife Baci Secondry School

# data[].attributes.body
Maria Mitroi

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The pandemic demonstrated just how fast misleading or false information can spread online. With this toolkit, secondary school teachers can help their students separate what is real from what is fake when they are browsing online. The toolkit is comprised of an editable presentation (which includes real life examples and group exercises) and an instruction booklet for teachers.

The toolkit is currently only available in English, but will soon be available in all EU languages!

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Spot and fight disinformation - Learning Corner European Commission

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The pandemic demonstrated just how fast misleading or false information can spread online. With this toolkit, secondary school teachers can help their students separate what is real from what is fake when they are browsing online. The toolkit is comprised of an editable presentation (which includes real life examples and group exercises) and an instruction booklet for teachers.

# data[].attributes.body
Mihai Eminescu School

# data[].attributes.body
Mihai Eminescu School

# data[].attributes.headline
ZEYNEP/37 ŞEHİT ŞERİFE BACI SECONDRY SCHOOL

# data[].attributes.subject
ZEYNEP/37 ŞEHİT ŞERİFE BACI SECONDRY SCHOOL

# data[].attributes.body
Espiye Atatürk Secondary School

# data[].attributes.headline
Ela37/ Şehit Şerife Bacı Secondary School/ TURKEY

# data[].attributes.subject
Ela37/ Şehit Şerife Bacı Secondary School/ TURKEY

# data[].attributes.body
Irmak 28
Derya Çağlayan / Espiye Atatürk Secondary School / Turkey

# data[].attributes.body
Espiye Atatürk Secondary School

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.provider_name
The battle between Covid-19 conspiracies left only losers, no winners

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
As Covid-19 was silently spreading around the world in the early days of the pandemic, so too did questions about where it came from.

Rife with unfounded speculation, conspiracy theorists shared their views. It was a biological weapon they alleged. It escaped from a top secret military lab, others offered. This continues today, with profound consequences for public health.

But once shared, conspiracy theories quickly took on a life of their own. For their believers, surely the fact that so many believed in their specific theory meant it was the truth?

Superspreader conspiracies fought for the spotlight and a chance to command the narrative. Some governments even utilised them, realising the value they offered in shifting responsibility from themselves to a mysterious, unfounded party shrouded in secrecy and ill intent.

But why did conspiracy theories burn through the population faster than Covid-19 itself? An international poll conducted by YouGov reveals a significant number of people don't believe in the vaccine's effectiveness. In France, 48 percent, and nearly half of US respondents effectively came across as anti-vaxxers.

For public health officials, that's a catastrophe in the making, ensuring that vaccines can't accomplish the task of creating enough herd immunity to stall the virus. Instead, it promises a longer pandemic, more suffering and death.
Road to hell
What made it all possible? Innocently enough, a natural curiosity about the virus created an environment ripe for the rise of Covid-19 conspiracy theories. Then came the lack of knowledge, and not necessarily due to a failure of authority. Early on into the pandemic, making definitive statements without data and hard results simply wasn't possible.

So conspiracies beat the authorities to the punch lines. In weeks, unknown figures were suddenly touted as 'experts'. Anonymous users on social media claimed high-level security clearances.

Governments didn't sit idly by either, pushing narratives that aligned with their motives.

In a sweeping investigation, the Atlantic Council's Digital Forensic Research Lab carried out a nine-month inquiry to untangle the web of people and institutions behind the most viral conspiracies about Covid-19. All made disastrous claims, with unverifiable facts or no evidence at all. In their own way, they propagated a different kind of pandemic at a time when the world was ill equipped to handle it.
Patient Zero
The coronavirus pandemic quickly exposed old political fault lines. It wasn't long before stories of the virus became weaponised for political ends. China fanned the flames, allegedly without malice, by downplaying the outbreak in Wuhan, China during December 2019.

Once the severity of the epidemic had set in, conspiracies quickly took root that were more hidden. Claims emerged that the virus was actually a bioweapon released on the public, drowning out other rational voices urging immediate action to contain the pending global health crisis.

DFRLab, in cooperation with the Associated Press, studied the information landscape during the first six months of the outbreak, detailing how harmless conspiracy theories would go on to impact geopolitics at the highest levels.

The bioweapon conspiracy was particularly popular in the United States. In a seamless transition, the conspiracy was such a topic of conversation that it entered the mainstream. From anonymous advocates on social media, their ideas quickly became talking points for US President Donald Trump, pundits and celebrities.

While some of it was rooted in a legitimate concern that the virus could have been released by accident from a lab, there is still no evidence found to back that claim.
Profit to be had
China wasn't going to be outdone, pushing its own narrative, blaming the United States military for the outbreak. After all, admitting responsibility to the population would severely erode public trust in government at a time when it would be needed the most.

Russia was close behind, disseminating its own brand of information that aligned with its own motives: the US, long apprehensive of China's rising might, had targeted the world's most populous country with a bioweapon.

Other actors followed in their footsteps. Iran, faced with one of the highest Covid-19 death rates in the world, quickly claimed it was intentionally targeted.
Information chaos
Not all were fooled. On February 2 2020, the World Health Organization warned that too much inaccurate information was drowning out "trustworthy sources".

It was official. The world was in the grip of an "infodemic", as the WHO called it. As the conspiracies spread, so did the mistrust, fear and suspicion.

To manage it, different countries took varying approaches based on their priorities.

China, Russia and Iran cracked down on dissent and enforced public order. The US saw elected leaders try to juggle the needs of the public health crisis with what their voters were convinced was the truth. At times, it wasn't clear which came first.

Then there were consequences.

As the virus leaped from host to host, multiplying steadily around the world, there was little time to act. That time was cut short even more by the rise of provocative, sensationalist conspiracy theories, with real life impact.

Instead of cooperation between nations, and sharing knowledge, details and best-practices; countries played a high-strung blame game, with little facts to go around. In their own sinister way, the competition of theories only made people lose faith in their governments and officials. When health officials called for social distancing and mandatory face masks, many didn't comply.
Move and countermove
For many governments, it was still business as usual. In China, journalists, doctors, and experts were rounded up and imprisoned. Abroad, China worked hard at maintaining that Covid-19 was a US bioweapon.

In the US, this was met by a counter-narrative: former President Donald Trump's claim the virus originated in a Wuhan lab, even suggesting it may have been intentional. For days after, pundits came as close as they could to insinuating that China was responsible without blatantly saying so. Emotions were high, and with it came a wave of xenophobia that spread through social media.

Not long after, memes and social media posts shared pictures of 'Chinese cuisine', disparaging foods involving exotic animals that likely caused the virus. In the unfiltered comments section, keyboard warriors jeered at how 'unhygienic' the Chinese were. They brought it on themselves, others boldly asserted.

Like a genie let loose from the bottle, and no matter the political or geopolitical motives behind them, conspiracy theories have done immense damage in the fight against the virus. In the end, no one's interests have been served.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The battle between Covid-19 conspiracies left only losers, no winners

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
As Covid-19 was silently spreading around the world in the early days of the pandemic, so too did questions about where it came from. Rife with unfounded speculation, conspiracy theorists shared their views. It was a biological weapon they alleged. It escaped from a top secret military lab, others offered.

# data[].attributes.body
Espiye Atatürk Secondary School

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
2013 yılında Twitterda Associated Press isimli bir haber ajansının hesabından Son Dakika: Beyaz Sarayda iki patlama oldu ve Barack Obama yaralandı" diye bir tweet yayımlanıyor ve bu tweet 5 dakikadan kısa bir sürede 4 binden fazla kez paylaşılıyor.

Sonradan bu hesabın ele geçirildiği ve paylaşılan bilginin yanlış olduğu açıklansa da, bir ABD başkanının patlamada ölme ihtimali borsayı çöküşe sokuyor ve bir günde 140 milyar dolara yakın değer kaybediliyor. Yalan haberlerin etkisinin ne denli büyük olabileceğini görüyor musunuz?

Tıpkı "Gerçek, ayakkabılarını giymeden yalan, dünyayı üç kez dolaşır" sözündeki gibi yalan haber doğru bilgiden kat kat daha hızlı yayılıyor. Science dergisinde yayımlanan bir araştırmada 2006 yılından 2017 yılına kadar Twitterda paylaşılan, doğruluğu veya yanlışlığı kanıtlanmış tüm haberlerin yayılışı inceleniyor. Sonuçlar, yanlış bilginin doğru bilgiye göre daha fazla, daha hızlı ve daha geniş kapsamlı olarak yayıldığını gösteriyor. İşin ilginç yanı, yanlış bilginin bu kadar fazla yayılmasının nedeni bot hesaplar değil, gerçek insanlar.

Peki yalan haberlere neden inanıyoruz?

Bunun birden fazla nedeni olabilir. Bunlardan biri, zihinsel kapasitemizi zorlamak istemememiz. Yani bir haberle karşılaştığımızda bunun doğru mu yanlış mı olduğuna kafa yormak istemeyebiliyoruz. "Neden yanlış olsun ki, bir insan neden yanlış bilgi yayar?" düşüncesiyle karşımıza gelen tüm haberleri doğru kabul edebiliyoruz. Oysa sosyal medya hesabı olan herkesin istediği mesajı yayabildiğini düşününce gördüğümüz her bilgiyi doğru kabul etmek çok mantıklı görünmüyor.

Psikolojide "doğrulama yanlılığı" olarak adlandırılan kavram, kendi düşüncelerimizle ve inançlarımızla benzer olan bilgileri doğru kabul ettiğimizi ifade ediyor. Yani kendi görüşümüzü yanlışlayan bir haber gördüğümüzde haberin doğruluğunu sorgulayabiliyoruz ama görüşlerimizle uyuşan bir haberi çoğunlukla direkt olarak doğru kabul ediyoruz.

Örneğin 27 Ağustos 2020'de atılan bir tweette TRT Haber'in tarihte ağustos ayında kazanılmış zaferleri haberleştirirken 30 Ağustos zaferine yer vermediği, 30 Ağustos Zafer bayramını kutlamayacağı ima ediliyor. Aslında iki sayfa olan görselin (30 Ağustos ikinci sayfadaydı) ilk bölümü herhangi bir araştırma da yapılmadan paylaşılınca, önyargılı bakışla eşleşen bu yanlış bilginin hızla yayıldığını görüyoruz.

Sonraki tweette olayın aslı öğrenilip TRT'nin 30 Ağustos Zafer Bayramı'na özel bir program yayınladığına yer verilmiş olsa da bu paylaşım önceki kadar etkileşim almamış. Çünkü yalan haberler her zaman daha ilgi çekici görünüyor.

Başka bir örnek de Azerbaycan'ın Karabağ Harekâtı döneminde Ermenistan ordu sözcüsü Shushan Stepanyan'ın paylaştığı "Bir Bayraktar daha düşürdük" iddiası. Stepanyan, daha önce düşen TB2 SİHA'nın fotoğraflarını "Karabağ Savunma Ordusu hava savunması bir Bayraktar'ı daha vurdu" ifadesiyle paylaşıyor.

Karabakh Defense Army's air defense shoot down another Bayraktar pic.twitter.com/jkGQxSkT4D
- Shushan Stepanyan (@ShStepanyan) October 22, 2020

Özellikle çatışma gibi kritik anlarda, insanlar olayla ilgili her bilgiyi öğrenmek ve bulundukları tarafın başarılarını hemen beğenmek ve paylaşmak istedikleri için yanlış bilginin yayılımı daha hızlı olabiliyor. Burada da ordu personelinin paylaştığı bilgi doğru kabul edilip oldukça fazla etkileşim almış. Hâlbuki sonra yapılan coğrafi alan analizleri, paylaşılan görüntülerin, düşen ilk SİHA'nın farklı açıdan çekilmiş fotoğrafları olduğunu gösteriyor. Sonrasında olayın aslı sosyal medyada paylaşılsa da Ermeni ordusunun propagandası kadar etkileşim alamıyor.

Yalan ve yanlış haberlerin cazibesi hem insanların kendi görüşlerini doğrulama arzusundan, hem de bu ilginç bilgileri yayan insan olma ayrıcalığını tatmak istemesinden kaynaklanıyor olabilir.

Yanlışlığı kanıtlanan haberlerin bile çoğu zaman paylaşılmaya devam etmesi ise ilgi çekici bir konu. Zihnimiz, daha uzun süredir hatırladığımız bilgileri doğruymuş gibi kabul edebiliyor. Hatalı bilgi, düzeltme mesajından daha önce var olduğu için uzun süredir var olan bilgiyi doğru gibi anımsayabiliyoruz. Bu da düzeltildiğini bilmemize rağmen yanlış bilgiyi daha net hatırlamamıza neden oluyor.

Yalan haberlere kimler inanıyor?

Bu soruyu duyduğunuza aklınıza gelen ilk cevap "diğerleri" olabilir. Ama aslında bu sorunun net bir cevabı yok. A grubuna üye olanlar veya B görüşünü destekleyenler yalan haberlere daha çok kanıyor diyemeyiz. "Diğerleri"nin yalan haberlere daha çok inandığını düşünmemizin de psikolojik bir açıklaması var. İnsanların bazı durumlardan kendilerinin etkilenmediğini düşünüp başkalarının daha çok etkilendiğini düşünmesi "üçüncü şahıs etkisi" olarak adlandırılıyor. Yani "Yalan habere ben inanmam ama diğer insanlar çok inanıyor" şeklinde düşünüyorsanız büyük ihtimalle yanılıyorsunuz. Zira bu düşünce sizi, yalan haberlere karşı daha savunmasız bir hale getiriyor olabilir. Yalan haberlerin size etki etmediğini düşündüğünüzde karşınıza çıkan haberlere daha az şüpheci yaklaşırsınız ve yanlış bilgiye karşı daha savunmasız bir hale gelirsiniz.

Yalan haberlerden nasıl korunuruz?

İlk adım şüpheci olmak. Çok güvendiğiniz bir kaynak bile zaman zaman belki isteyerek belki istemeyerek hatalı bir bilgi paylaşabilir. Dolayısıyla karşımıza çıkan haberlere şüpheci yaklaşıp analitik düşünebilirsek yanlış bilginin yayılmasını önlemeye yardımcı olabiliriz. Bir bilgiyi paylaşmadan önce doğru mu değil mi diye birkaç saniyeliğine düşünmek bile yalan haberlerin yayılım hızını epey azaltabilir.

Kaynak: Science, teyit.org, The Social Psychology of Gullibility: Conspiracy Theories, Fake News and Irrational Beliefs

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Çağımızın çevrimiçi salgını: Yalan haber

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
2013 yılında Twitterda Associated Press isimli bir haber ajansının hesabından Son Dakika: Beyaz Sarayda iki patlama oldu ve Barack Obama yaralandı" diye bir tweet yayımlanıyor ve bu tweet 5 dakikadan kısa bir sürede 4 binden fazla kez paylaşılıyor.

# data[].attributes.body
Espiye Atatürk Secondary School

# data[].attributes.headline
Sandrine GORICHON Antoine vocational school in France 

# data[].attributes.subject
Sandrine GORICHON Antoine vocational school in France 

# data[].attributes.body
Fake Queen Elizabeth II's speech dor Xmas day 2020

# data[].attributes.body
Fake News

# data[].attributes.body
Mircea Sântimbreanu

# data[].attributes.headline
Ayşe Melek Yıldırım, Gazipaşa Ortaokulu.

# data[].attributes.subject
Ayşe Melek Yıldırım, Gazipaşa Ortaokulu.

# data[].attributes.body
Muhammed Eren28

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
If you want big answers, start small. Take, for example, the sprawling sculpted slabs of ancient alabaster known as the Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal. At first glance, the 7th-Century BC gypsum panels, which once adorned the walls of a royal palace in Nineveh, Upper Mesopotamia, are a confusing chaos of arrows splitting muscle. But beyond the surface narrative of majestic might conveyed by the exquisite sculptures, which portray the Assyrian King Ashurbanipal (now on horseback, now in a chariot) proudly slaughtering pride after pride of snarling lions, it might be difficult for any casual observer of the bas reliefs to discern any larger aesthetic or spiritual message from this brutal ballet of poised spears and frozen roars. What's it all about? It's certainly not what it at first purports to be, a celebration of the king's success in defeating an onslaught of lions in the wild. (A pair of panels revealing the carefully choreographed release of the creatures from cages puts paid to that propaganda, hinting that the reliefs are an archaic form of fake news.) Though there is little doubting the ferocious finesse of the forgotten artist responsible for this miracle of chisel and sweat, what our eyes long for is a hook or aperture amid the leonine bloodbath through which to glimpse the work's deeper meanings.

More like this:
- The detail that unlocks the Mona Lisa
- The fresco with multiple identities
- The secret toilet humour in a Titian painting

And then you see it, dangling conspicuously just below the ear of the king himself in one of the work's most dramatic scenes: a garish trinket as transfixing in its suggestive potential as the overblown gem that hovers beside the porcelain cheek of Johannes Vermeer's Girl with a Pearl Earring - that single decisive detail that unlocks the secret symbolism of this overpowering masterpiece. The ancient artist who designed the lion hunt reliefs has taken great care to articulate the shape and texture of the oversized earring that hangs from Ashurbanipal's left lobe in what historians call The Arrow Scene (one of four principal sculpted episodes that include The Lance Scene, The Dagger Scene and The Preparation Scene). The piece of jewellery is so sharp and palpable in its sculptural description, one senses that the king might well, at any moment, drop his bow altogether, rip the earring loose, and fling it like a makeshift Ninja weapon at his feline foes.

In a scene of fierce and formidable action - of taut reins, raining arrows, and slanting spears - this seemingly innocuous decoration unexpectedly holds its own and manages to command our attention. Far from incidental, the arresting piece of jewellery, which bursts from the borders of itself with piercing radiance like a celestial orb, transforms the static action from a callous chronicle of recurring cruelty, however impeccably wrought, to something more sympathetically mythic: a meditation on the interconnectedness of all things. To understand how that object functions, we must first remind ourselves of the surface contours of the alabaster reliefs and the pioneering achievement of the anonymous craftsman who created them more than two millennia ago.

Were it not for a sustained stretch of soggy weather in Mesopotamia in the middle of the 7th Century BC, these captivating carvings might never have come about. Good for animal and vegetable alike, the irriguous conditions allowed lions to flourish in the lush hills that surround what was the city of Nineveh, the epicentre of Assyrian civilisation and culture. As the lions grew exponentially in number, their fearsome roar became an aspect of daily life. So too did their appetite. Livestock and the farmers who raised it were increasingly the target of the lions' hunger and aggression. "Corpses of men, cattle, and sheep," according to contemporary records, "lie in heaps as if the plague had killed them. Shepherds and herdsmen lament at what the lions had done. The villages are in mourning day and night."

So great was the threat to tranquillity that the lions posed, one of the chief responsibilities of Assyrian kings was to deal with the menace. To judge from the design of the Assyrian royal seal, which depicts the king in hand-to-claw combat with an erect lion, royal authority rose and fell in direct proportion to the king's ability to tackle the problem. Thus began the brutal pomp of the royal lion hunt and the emerging myth of the Assyrian king as vanquisher of the beasts.

When a new residence was built for the latest occupant of the Assyrian throne, King Ashurbanipal, who reigned from 699 to 631BC, an artist was commissioned to decorate the walls of the North Palace with reliefs that not merely chronicle the perennial campaigns to quell the lion scourge, but exalt the struggle. Taking 10 years to complete, the result was a tour de force of aesthetic innovation that would be lost to cultural history almost as quickly as it was finished.

Less than two decades after the work was completed in 635BC, Nineveh was sacked in 612BC by a coalition of former vassals that included Babylonians and Chaldeans, Persians and Scythians, burying the artistic treasure under rubble for 2000 years. Rediscovery of the forgotten reliefs was the remarkable achievement of a 19th-Century Iraqi Assyriologist, Hormuzd Rassam, who, between 1852 and 1854, oversaw their excavation and helped arrange their relocation to the British Museum, where they have been on display ever since. (The recent decision by the University of Aberdeen to return a Benin Bronze to Nigeria has put pressure on other British institutions that house colonially displaced treasures to send these objects back to the regions of their birth.) Occupying a gallery of their own that can be sauntered through on Google Maps at one's own pace (and at any hour), the fragmented panels are impossible to stroll (or scroll) past with indifference.

It's the arrows that strike you first. Now suspended in timeless sculpted air; now piercing the acrobatic eye of its untamed targets; now stony still, feathers to bowstring, pinched between the focused fingers of the king, the arrows propel the frozen action of the visual narrative forward. Like needles stitching together time, the suspended shafts exist simultaneously in the past, the present, and the future. They provide a storytelling logic to the king's continual reappearance in scene after scene.

It was precisely this sense of stop-motion splicing that caught the imagination of the 20th-Century American poet William Carlos Williams when he encountered the reliefs as a young man in the early 1920s. "See! Ashur-ban-i-pal", Williams writes in an early poem, cleverly echoing the flurry of flying and falling arrows that punctuate the reliefs with an excess of hyphens, dashes, and exclamation points, "the archer-king on horse-back": "with drawn bow - facing lions/standing on their hind legs,/fangs bared! his shafts/bristling in their necks!"

Williams captures the fantastical quality of the reliefs, how they portray an eternal instant when an arrow is at once yet-to-be-unleashed ("with drawn bow") while at the same time forever striking its target ("bristling in their necks!"). Here, time collapses. So too, in a sense, does the enmity between the slayer and the slain. It's almost as if the king and the lions he perpetually quells - antagonists who are depicted by the ancient sculptor with at least as much heroism and sympathy as the august protagonist of the hunt - occupy a realm outside of the here-and-now (or there-and-then) and are, in essence, less mortal adversaries than spiritual reflexes of each other, pulsations of the same mythic heart.

This is where the significance of Ashurbanipal's radiant earring reveals itself and becomes a crucial puzzle piece not merely in comprehending the complex relationship between these two complementary forces, the hunter and hunted, but in rescuing Ashurbanipal himself from eternal futility. After all, if the king is truly as mighty as the alabaster reliefs suggest, why do the lions keep coming back, panel after panel, year after year, reign after reign? The sculptor who conceived the aesthetic strategy for the carvings, in other words, faced a monumental conundrum in explaining how it is that an all-powerful ruler is incapable of defeating his foe once and for all - a dilemma that the earring, and it alone in the iconography of the works, helps him overcome.
A symbol of lion and king
At first glance, the piece of jewellery appears to be little more than a deceptively simple solar symbol blossoming with barbed flares, an ornament accenting the king's incontestable brilliance. Look closer, and the beaming petals that shoot pointedly from the earring's centre echoes not just the sharpened arrowheads on which the king's power is conditioned but also the claws and teeth that threaten to overwhelm him. The earring is a kind of compound emblem, one that absorbs into itself the eternity of the refulgent sun, the invincibility of the king, and the formidableness of the forces that he and he alone is powerful enough to keep at bay.

There is every reason to suspect that contemporary observers of the gypsum reliefs would have recognised immediately the earring's double entendre - its reference both to the weaponry of the hunt and that of its ferocious target. In Mesopotamian mythologies of the era, the sun was synonymous with the archer god Ashur, from whom the king's very name derives. Surviving stone medallions that predate the Lion Hunt panels portray a winged Ashur, bow in hand, encircled by and enthroned in the sun. Blurring into this connection between the sun and the archer and complicating it is an age-old association too between the sun and the lion, a link that dates back to the very inception of astrological signs millennia before Ashurbanipal's reign. "The ancient connection of the sun god with the lion," according to the folklorist Alexander Krappe, who was the first to translate the collected tales of the Brothers Grimm, "is reflected in the lore of the zodiac, unquestionably of Mesopotamian origin". The sun is read in arrows and claws.

Seen through the lens of the multivalent earring, the alabaster Lion Hunt is more than merely a chronicle of a single campaign to cull a persistent pest. It is the stuff of timeless myth, turning a failure to entirely defeat the lions into a glorious victory. Suddenly, easily overlooked flourishes introduced by the ancient sculptor into his masterpiece begin to make sense: the elegant little lion head whittled into the tip of Ashurbanipal's bow; the leonine armlets that clench the muscles of his attendants. The hunter and hunted define each other; they are coeternal cogs in the endless engine of existence. To exalt the king, the lion too must be apotheosised. However brutal the beastly battle between them, life itself relies on the struggle. The reliefs are making it clear that the king and the lion are one.
If you would like to comment on this story or anything else you have seen on BBC Culture, head over to our And if you liked this story, sign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter, called The Essential List. A handpicked selection of stories from BBC Future, Culture, Worklife and Travel, delivered to your inbox every Friday. Facebook page or message us on Twitter.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
The Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal: The 2700-year-old 'fake news'

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
If you want big answers, start small. Take, for example, the sprawling sculpted slabs of ancient alabaster known as the Lion Hunt of Ashurbanipal. At first glance, the 7th-Century BC gypsum panels, which once adorned the walls of a royal palace in Nineveh, Upper Mesopotamia, are a confusing chaos of arrows splitting muscle.

# data[].attributes.headline
İlayda37 - Şehit Şerife Bacı Secondary School

# data[].attributes.subject
İlayda37 - Şehit Şerife Bacı Secondary School

# data[].attributes.body
2013 GENERAL NETWORK NEWS
Fake News İs Multiplying
('Samsung's lie that it paid Apple $ 1 million in debt by 5 cents)
Apple had sued Samsung for imitating the iPhone with its galaxy series. Samsung lost the case and was liable to pay a million dollars. That part of the story is true…

# data[].attributes.body
The allegation that a woman who does not want to talk to anyone has been acting blind for 28 years

6-7 September 2017

# data[].attributes.body
In 2013, a tweet was published on Twitter by the Associated Press, saying "Last Minute: Two explosions occurred in the White House and Barack Obama was injured" and this tweet was shared more than 4,000 times in less than 5 minutes.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Çağımızın çevrimiçi salgını Yalan haber (1)(2)

# data[].attributes.body
2013 GENERAL NETWORK NEWS
Fake news is multiplying.
"THOUSANDS OF POLICE" resigns from their posts: The numbers that came were exaggerated and lies. The real numbers are 3-5 at most.

# data[].attributes.headline
ECRİN37/ŞEHİT ŞERİFE BACI SECONDARY SCHOOL

# data[].attributes.subject
ECRİN37/ŞEHİT ŞERİFE BACI SECONDARY SCHOOL

# data[].attributes.body
2013 GENERAL NETWORK NEWS
The police spraying pepper spray on the dog: This photo was previously shared, and it turned out to be a photomontage.

# data[].attributes.body
Secondary School"Profesor Nicolae Simache"

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
The spread of misinformation - in the form of unsubstantiated rumour and intentionally deceitful propaganda - is nothing new. Even in antiquity, Antony and Cleopatra were were cast as villains through fake news shared by Octavian.

However, the global proliferation of social media, the 24-hour news cycle and consumers' ravenous desire for news - immediately and in bite-size chunks - means that today, misinformation is more abundant and accessible than ever.

Fake news has been particularly associated with high-profile events like the 2016 Brexit referendum, the 2016 US presidential election, and the pandemic. It has shaken trust in institutions, governments and even the COVID vaccine.

But our new study shows fake news doesn't affect everyone equally. People with greater emotional intelligence are better at spotting it.

Unreliable news

What do fake news providers gain from the spread of damaging misinformation? Broadly, they could be trying to legitimise an extreme view, political or otherwise. But at the base level, the answer is often money.

Fake news providers seek to capture a user's attention with wild claims in the hope they'll click on it and go to the source website or share it. The provider can then raise revenue through advertising on their website. The more outlandish the claims, the more likely people are to click or share it. The more site traffic the provider receives, the more advertising revenue they can raise.

Shutterstock/fizkes

Over the past few years, research in psychological science and political science has started to assess who falls for fake news and how we can help people to detect and discard it.

In 2019 Gordon Pennycook, a psychology researcher at the University of Regina in Canada, and his colleagues assessed a variety of factors which may influence which individuals are more or less susceptible to fake news, using participants and news items related to the polarised political climate in the US. They found that being able to think analytically was one of the main drivers in successful fake news detection.

Spotting it

Our new research was a collaboration between us, two experts in government and public policy - Mark Shephard and Narisong Huhe - and Stephanie Preston, the student who led the study. We sought to build upon and complement Pennycook's work, by assessing fake news detection in a sample of UK participants across a range of news topics including health, crime, immigration, education and climate change.

Participants were asked a number of different questions about the veracity of each news item. Their responses generated an overall fake news detection score. While distinguishing the real from fake news content was challenging, on average, participants were more likely to make the correct decision than not.

Read more: Now there's a game you can play to 'vaccinate' yourself against fake news

Looking within the group performance, we wanted to assess whether there was a link between people who had greater levels of emotional intelligence - the awareness of and ability to regulate your emotions and understand the emotions of others - and those who were able to detect fake news.

We wondered whether it might be the case that those with greater levels of emotional intelligence would be better at discarding the often overly emotional and hyperbolic content that is often part of fake news, allowing greater focus on the veracity of the content itself.

We tested the emotional intelligence of participants using a questionnaire. Sure enough, those with greater emotional intelligence were better at detecting the fake news content.

The good news is that existing research has shown that emotional intelligence is something that can be improved in people. We are now working on developing a way to train people in emotional intelligence, as a way to improve their ability to detect fake news.

In doing so, based on our findings, this should help individuals discern with a greater degree of accuracy which news is safe and shareable, and which is misinformed and misleading.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Fake news: people with greater emotional intelligence are better at spotting misinformation

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
The spread of misinformation - in the form of unsubstantiated rumour and intentionally deceitful propaganda - is nothing new. Even in antiquity, Antony and Cleopatra were were cast as villains through fake news shared by Octavian.

# data[].attributes.body
https://www.trendmicro.com/vinfo/pl/security/news/cybercrime-and-digital-threats/fake-news-cyber-propaganda-the-abuse-of-social-media