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There is no direct relationship between cyber security companies and environmental impacts due to the fact this field is largely online and wont have significant impacts. But problems can still arise due to lack of protection.

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How has the ever growing economy affected the Cyber security field

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How has the ever growing economy affected the Cyber security field

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Due to the significant rise of the use of technology this past year due to covid-19, cyber security companies have been able to take advantage of this upturn. Most people nowadays who work in all types of different fields such as teaching, engineering, marketing, banking, economics have all relied on the use of the technology to do their work. The increase is due to the work from home policy so more people are engaging online through Microsoft teams, Zoom, Google hangouts and other companies.

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How Cyber security has grown using Covid-19

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How Cyber security has grown using Covid-19

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Because of the increase in the use of technology Cyber security companies had to upgrade their marketing and advertising strategies if they want to take advantage of this crisis. This is due to the fact that there are more people than ever using online services. Due to this more people would want to feel safe and would buy products of cyber security companies.

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Making use of all the available resources

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Making use of all the available resources

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Cyber security is one of the most important aspects of the online world as it keeps people safe from all the harms an online world has. Cyber security companies have to somehow communicate their image to the public. One example is through motorsports. For example in F1 most teams on the grid are either working together with a cyber security company or being sponsored by one. This way they can get the recognition from the exposure of the sport.

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Darktrace partnership with Mclaren F1 Team

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Darktrace partnership with Mclaren F1 Team

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McLaren operate at the pinnacle of the most technologically advanced racing series in the world, with connected technologies powering the team. Any disruption caused by cyber-attackers - whether that be access to world-leading IP, racing strategy, or data from connected sensors on race cars - could be the difference between winning and losing.

Behind the scenes, Darktrace's AI autonomously defends McLaren's lifeblood - their data and their digital systems - with unparalleled agility to allow McLaren to focus on what they do best: racing.

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McLaren operate at the pinnacle of the most technologically advanced racing series in the world, with connected technologies powering the team. Any disruption caused by cyber-attackers - whether that be access to world-leading IP, racing strategy, or data from connected sensors on race cars - could be the difference between winning and losing.

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Crowdstrike partnership with Mercedes F1 Team and F1

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Crowdstrike partnership with Mercedes F1 Team and F1

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With CrowdStrike

INCIDENT RESPONSE

CrowdStrike sets a new benchmark for responding to cyber incidents. After an attack, no one can get your organization back on track faster.

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Cybersecurity & Formula One Racing: Every Second Counts

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With CrowdStrike CrowdStrike sets a new benchmark for responding to cyber incidents. After an attack, no one can get your organization back on track faster. Learn More Watch our video testimonial or download our case study to discover how the Mercedes-AMG Petronas Formula One Team protect themselves with CrowdStrike.

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Acronis partnership with Williams F1 Team

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Acronis partnership with Williams F1 Team

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Acronis is a global leader in hybrid cloud data protection and storage. Founded in Singapore in 2003 and celebrating its 15th anniversary, Acronis now operates in more than 18 different countries, including the International Headquarters in Singapore and Corporate Headquarters in Switzerland.

Acronis provides the world's most complete and innovative data protection technology to motorsport teams, including backup, storage, disaster recovery, blockchain certification, AI-based active ransomware protection, and secure file sync and share solutions.

Powered by the Acronis Any- Data Engine and set apart by its image technology, Acronis delivers easy, fast, complete and affordable data protection of all files, applications and operating systems across any environment- virtual, physical, cloud, mobile and applications.

The company's range of data protection solutions is extensive: Acronis Backup provides the world's fastest backup and near instant data recovery; Acronis Storage offers scalable and secure universal software- defined storage; Acronis Access Advanced brings ultimate security and flexibility to file sync and share tasks. Acronis also offers blockchain- based Acronis Notary to ensure data authenticity and AI-based Acronis Active Protection for protection against ransomware.

Acronis products are used by more than 5 million consumers and 500,000 businesses in over 150 countries and 20 languages. With more than 100 patents, Acronis continues to drive innovation, receiving numerous awards for innovative features that make complex data protections tasks easy for everyone.

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Acronis is a global leader in hybrid cloud data protection and storage. Founded in Singapore in 2003 and celebrating its 15th anniversary, Acronis now operates in more than 18 different countries, including the International Headquarters in Singapore and Corporate Headquarters in Switzerland.

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Nominet Cyber partnership with HAAS F1 Team

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Nominet Cyber partnership with HAAS F1 Team

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Nominet has partnered with Rich Energy Haas F1 Team to provide their services as the American-owned organisation competes globally in the FIA Formula One World Championship. The team will utilize Nominet's NTX cyber security solution to keep its data networks secure, benefitting from its ability to analyse DNS (Domain Name System) traffic to predict, detect and block threats from the network before they cause harm.

Starting with the Azerbaijan Grand Prix, April 26-28, Rich Energy Haas F1 Team will deploy NTXsecure, which enables proactive cyber security with both DNS analytics and a fully managed DNS resolver. It is capable of automatically categorising and applying policy to potentially billions of queries to eliminate malware, phishing and data theft from the network.

"Data security is imperative for us with offices in the United States, United Kingdom and Italy," said Guenther Steiner, Team Principal of Rich Energy Haas F1 Team. "I'm pleased we're now able to utilize the expertise of Nominet as we compete globally, and in a fast-moving business that depends heavily on protecting items such as intellectual property (IP) and performance data. We welcome Nominet to our partner portfolio and I look forward to working with them in our areas of mutual interest."

Commenting on the benefits of the partnership Rich Energy Haas F1 Team Chief Information Officer Gary Foote said; "Cybercrime and data security are amongst the biggest threats facing both industry and sport right now. It represents a huge challenge to technology professionals tasked with securing their businesses data and IP - both of which are critical assets. Given I'm responsible for ensuring adequate protection for our brand, and on a global scale, I must deploy all necessary systems and tools required to ensure we are continuously at the cutting edge of security technology. Deploying NTXsecure from Nominet is the next phase of our strategy. I've been hugely impressed by the embedded deep packet inspection and machine learning technology that's been developed - which now underpins our proactive approach to data security. This ensures threats are continuously stopped at the boundaries of our network, even as new threats emerge."

Chief Executive Officer at Nominet, Russell Haworth remarked; "Our partnership with Rich Energy Haas F1 Team has natural synergies. Both organizations are highly innovative in their approach and we are delighted to be chosen to drive their cyber security strategy by utilising DNS to remove network threats and protect their intellectual property. With NTXsecure, the team now has an innovative security solution at the DNS level, and it gives us the opportunity, at a global level, to help spread the word about how important this element of cyber security is. The back door to data for cyber criminals is via the DNS, so it needs to be protected - Nominet NTX can do this."

"Our fully managed DNS resolver solution, NTXsecure, will enable us to detect and quickly respond to threats in real time to continuously improve Rich Energy Haas F1 Team's resilience to the ever-changing threat landscape faced today," said Simon Whitburn, Managing Director of Cyber Solutions at Nominet. Designed to be flexible to suit the demands of all modern enterprise today, Nominet NTX removes the known bad by using threat intelligence, and, crucially by applying our unique algorithms, eliminates the unknown bad. This is of critical importance in the CISO's battle to remove cyber threats and our approach significantly reduces the window of compromise through proactive cyber security at the DNS level."

Here is more information about NTXsecure.

Nominet, with offices in London and Oxford, has recently launched into the North American market, opening an office in Washington D.C.

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Haas F1 Team chooses Nominet to drive cyber security - Nominet

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Nominet has partnered with Rich Energy Haas F1 Team to provide their services as the American-owned organisation competes globally in the FIA Formula One World Championship. The team will utilize Nominet's NTX cyber security solution to keep its data networks secure, benefitting from its ability to analyse DNS (Domain Name System) traffic to predict, detect...

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Kaspersky partnership with Scuderia Ferrari

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Kaspersky partnership with Scuderia Ferrari

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Kaspersky's deep threat intelligence and security expertise is constantly transforming into innovative security solutions and services to protect businesses, critical infrastructure, governments and consumers around the globe. The company's comprehensive security portfolio includes leading endpoint protection and a number of specialized security solutions and services to fight sophisticated and evolving digital threats. Over 400 million users are protected by Kaspersky technologies and we help 270,000 corporate clients protect what matters most to them.

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Kaspersky's deep threat intelligence and security expertise is constantly transforming into innovative security solutions and services to protect businesses, critical infrastructure, governments and consumers around the globe. The company's comprehensive security portfolio includes leading endpoint protection and a number of specialized security solutions and services to fight sophisticated and evolving digital threats.

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As seen from this article cyber security is a rapidly growing field and is on course to be one of the largest fields in the computing industry

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Cybersecurity now dominates the priorities of every organization as each adapts to a post-COVID 19 world. Remote workers identities' and devices are the new security perimeter. This is what Zero Trust Security was designed for, and the post-pandemic world is its acid test and crucible. To learn more about how zero trust works, be sure to watch Forrester Principal Analyst Dr. Chase Cunningham's video, Zero Trust, in Practice here. Dr. Cunningham's latest book Cyber Warfare - Truth, Tactics, And Strategies, is a good read. Cyber attackers are quick to attack new unprotected threat surfaces created when tens of millions of employees started working from home. In a post-COVID-19 world, cybersecurity is as critical as Internet access itself.

Key insights from the series of cybersecurity market forecasts and market estimates include the following:

Over 42% of endpoints experience encryption failures, leaving entire networks at risk from a breach and 100% of all devices experiencing encryption failures within one year. They're most commonly disabled by users, malfunction, or have error conditions or have never been installed correctly in the first place. Absolute Software's 2019 Endpoint Security Trends Report found that endpoints often failed due to the fragile nature of their encryption agents' configurations. 2% of encryption agents fail every week, and over half of all encryption failures occurred within two weeks, fueling a constant 8% rate of decay every 30 days. Multiple endpoint security solutions conflict with each other and create more opportunities for breaches than avert them. The study is based on data gathered from over 1B change events on over 6M devices is the basis of the multi-phased methodology. The devices represent data from 12,000 anonymized organizations across North America and Europe. Each device had Absolute's endpoint visibility and control platform activated. Source: Absolute Software 2019 Endpoint Security Trends Report.

71% of UK-based business decision makers believe the shift to 100% remote working during the COVID-19 crisis has increased the likelihood of a cyber-breach. 53% believe that privileged IT admin remote access is at risk of security breach and 46% have already noted an increase in phishing attacks since implementing a policy of widespread remote working. 79% of business decision makers have increased their cyber security procedures to manage high volumes of remote access over the next three months. 73% of businesses have given staff extra training on how to remain cyber-safe when working remotely, with specific training around verifying passwords and log-in credentials. "Cyber criminals will no doubt attempt to seize the opportunity presented by the all-out expansion of remote workers, many of whom have not been proficiently trained in even the most basic of cyber security measures. Therefore, it is essential that businesses and employees remain vigilant during these challenging times," said Andy Heather, VP at Centrify. These and many other insights are from data obtained via a poll of 200 senior business decision-makers in large- and medium-sized UK companies conducted by independent polling company Censuswide on behalf of Centrify. Source: Remote Working Has Increased Risk of Cyber-Breach, Say Three Quarters of UK Businesses
Sources:
Accenture, Innovate for Cyber Resilience, Lessons from Leaders to Master Cybersecurity Execution (48 pp., PDF, no opt-in).

Australian Cyber Security Growth Network, SCP - Chapter 1 - The global outlook for cybersecurity, 2020.

Booz Allen Hamilton, 2020 Cybersecurity Threat Trends Outlook (42 pp., PDF, no opt-in)

Capgemini, Boosting cybersecurity immunity: Confronting cybersecurity risks in today's work-from-home world, March 2020

Capgemini, Reinventing Cybersecurity with Artificial Intelligence, A new frontier in digital security (28 pp., PDF, no opt-in)

Forbes, Why A.I. Is The Future Of Cybersecurity, July 14, 2019

Forbes, Israeli Startups Shine In The $92 Billion Cybersecurity Market, February 26, 2019

Forbes, Three Reasons Why Killing Passwords Improves Your Cloud Security, September 17, 2019

Forbes, Top 10 Cybersecurity Companies To Watch In 2020, January 26, 2020

Forbes, 10 Predictions How AI Will Improve Cybersecurity In 2020, November 24, 2019

Forbes, Why A.I. Is The Future Of Cybersecurity, July 14, 2019

Gartner, Forecast: Information Security and Risk Management, Worldwide, 2017-2023, 4Q19 Update (client access reqd).

IBM, 2019 Cost of Data Breach Report (76 pp., PDF, no opt-in)

IDC, According to IDC, IT Roles in Cybersecurity and Data Management and Analytics Will Record the Highest Demand in Europe Through 2023, March 4, 2020

Ipsos MORI Social Research Institute, U.K. Cyber Security Sectoral Analysis 20 20 (80 pp., PDF, no opt-in)

Microsoft, 2019 Global Cyber Risk Perception Survey, September 2019 (36 pp., PDF, no opt-in)

McKinsey & Company, Cybersecurity tactics for the coronavirus pandemic, March 2020

Stupp, Catherine. "Fraudsters Used A.I. to Mimic CEO's Voice in Unusual Cybercrime Case." The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company, August 30,2019.

The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies, The Future of Cybersecurity (43 pp., PDF, no opt-in)

PwC, Unlocking the cybersecurity growth potential; Singapore's cybersecurity industry outlook (18 pp. PDF, no opt-in)

PwC, 23rd Annual Global CEO Survey: Navigating the rising tide of uncertainty (49 pp. PDF, no opt-in)

PwC, Fighting fraud: A never-ending battle PwC's Global Economic Crime and Fraud Survey (14 pp., PDF, no opt-in)

Verizon Mobile Security Index (MSI) 2020 Report, January, 2020 (70 pp., PDF, no opt-in)

Verizon 2019 Data Breach Investigations Report, April 2019 (78 pp., PDF, no opt-in)

... Read More

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2020 Roundup Of Cybersecurity Forecasts And Market Estimates

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Cybersecurity now dominates the priorities of every organization as each adapts to a post-COVID 19 world. Remote workers identities' and devices are the new security perimeter. This is what Zero Trust Security was designed for, and the post-pandemic world is its acid test and crucible.

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The disadvantages of the rise in technology

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The disadvantages of the rise in technology

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Due exponential advancement of technology some variables can creep up that can make it hard for cyber security companies to keep up.

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The unexpected environmental impact cyber security can have

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The unexpected environmental impact cyber security can have

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Governments that don't have proper protection against attacks can be seriously in danger especially in the environmental sector e.g. hackers can access nuclear reactor systems if not protected properly and can cause a nuclear meltdown.

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Everyday something new in the technological world is introduced, whether it is a new software, new robots, new systems that can work faster and efficiently, new forms of cryptocurrency; there is just too much to list. Cyber security companies always have to keep up with the demand and its definitely not easy. There are so many variables that need to be kept in mind e.g. how can this new technology be compromised, if compromised what harm can it do, how will this affect other sectors, how can we prevent such disasters from happening, so many things that cyber security companies have to do in order to dominate the market.

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In the future there will be a point where cyber security companies wont be able to keep up with the advances. This is a scary possible outcome that can happen in the near future where there would be such great steps made in advancement cyber companies wont be able to keep up.

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Someone somewhere will have made more progress than cyber security companies and can take advantage of this. Hackers are just waiting for their next opportunity to grab hold of something that hasn't been reviewed by cyber companies yet. This can lead to a hacking of large companies, new technology and use it against the public.

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The list of new technologies grows every day. Robots, Augmented Reality, algorithms, and machine-to-machine communications help people with a range of different tasks.(1) These technologies are broad-based in their scope and significant in their ability to transform existing businesses and personal lives. They have the potential to ease people's lives and improve their personal and business dealings.(2) Technology is becoming much more sophisticated and this is having a substantial impact on the workforce.(3)

In this paper, I explore the impact of robots, artificial intelligence, and machine learning on the workforce and public policy. If society needs fewer workers due to automation and robotics, and many social benefits are delivered through jobs, how are people outside the workforce for a lengthy period of time going to get health care and pensions? These are profound questions for public policy and we need to figure out how to deliver social benefits in the new digital economy.

Emerging Technologies

Robots

Industrial robots are expanding in magnitude around the developed world. In 2013, for example, there were an estimated 1.2 million robots in use. This total rose to around 1.5 million in 2014 and is projected to increase to about 1.9 million in 2017.(4) Japan has the largest number with 306,700, followed by North America (237,400), China (182,300), South Korea (175,600), and Germany (175,200). Overall, robotics is expected to rise from a $15-billion sector now to $67 billion by 2025.(5)

According to an RBC Global Asset Management study, the costs of robots and automation have fallen substantially. It used to be that the "high costs of industrial robots restricted their use to few high-wage industries like the auto industry. However, in recent years, the average costs of robots have fallen, and in a number of key industries in Asia, the cost of robots and the unit costs of low-wage labor are converging... Robots now represent a viable alternative to labor."(6)

In the contemporary world, there are many robots that perform complex functions. According to a presentation on robots:

The early 21st century saw the first wave of companionable social robots. They were small cute pets like AIBO, Pleo, and Paro. As robotics become more sophisticated, thanks largely to the smart phone, a new wave of social robots has started, with humanoids Pepper and Jimmy and the mirror-like Jibo, as well as Geppetto Avatars' software robot, Sophie. A key factor in a robot's ability to be social is their ability to correctly understand and respond to people's speech and the underlying context or emotion.(7)

These machines are capable of creative actions. Anthropologist Eitan Wilf of Hebrew University of Jerusalem says that sociable robots represent "a cultural resource for negotiating problems of intentionality."(8) He describes a "jazz-improvising humanoid robot marimba player" that can interpret music context and respond creatively to improvisations on the part of other performers. Designers can put it with a jazz band, and the robot will ad lib seamlessly with the rest of the group. If someone were listening to the music, that person could not discern the human from the robot performer.

Amazon has organized a "picking challenge" designed to see if robots can "autonomously grab items from a shelf and place them in a tub." The firm has around 50,000 people working in its warehouses and it wants to see if robots can perform the tasks of selecting items and moving them around the warehouse. During the competition, a Berlin robot successfully completed ten of the twelve tasks. To move goods around the facility, the company already uses 15,000 robots and it expects to purchase additional ones in the future.(9)

In the restaurant industry, firms are using technology to remove humans from parts of food delivery. Some places, for example, are using tablets that allow customers to order directly from the kitchen with no requirement of talking to a waiter or waitress. Others enable people to pay directly, obviating the need for cashiers. Still others tell chefs how much of an ingredient to add to a dish, which cuts down on food expenses.(10) Other experimentalists are using a robot known as Nao to help people deal with stress. In a pilot project called "Stress Game," Thi-Hai-Ha Dang and Adriana Tapus subject people to a board game where they have to collect as many hand objects as they can. During the test, stress is altered through game difficulty and noises when errors are made. The individuals are wired to a heart monitor so that Nao can help people deal with stress. When the robot feels human stress levels increasing, it provides coaching designed to decrease the tension. Depending on the situation, it can respond in empathetic, encouraging, or challenging ways. In this way, the "robot with personality" is able to provide dynamic feedback to the experimental subjects and help them deal with tense activities.(11)

Computerized Algorithms

There are computerized algorithms that have taken the place of human transactions. We see this in the stock exchanges, where high-frequency trading by machines has replaced human decision making. People submit buy and sell orders, and computers match them in the blink of an eye without human intervention. Machines can spot trading inefficiencies or market differentials at a very small scale and execute trades that make money for people.(12)

Some individuals specialize in arbitrage trading, whereby the algorithms see the same stocks having different market values. Humans are not very efficient at spotting price differentials but computers can use complex mathematical formulas to determine where there are trading opportunities. Fortunes have been made by mathematicians who excel in this type of analysis.(13)

Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence refers to "machines that respond to stimulation consistent with traditional responses from humans, given the human capacity for contemplation, judgment and intention."(14) It incorporates critical reasoning and judgment into response decisions. Long considered a visionary advance, AI is now here and being incorporated in a variety of different areas. It is being used in finance, transportation, aviation, and telecommunications. Expert systems "make decisions which normally require a human level of expertise."(15) These systems help humans anticipate problems or deal with difficulties as they come up.

There is growing applicability of artificial intelligence in many industries.(16) It is being used to take the place of humans in a variety of areas. For example, it is being used in space exploration, advanced manufacturing, transportation, energy development, and health care. By tapping into the extraordinary processing power of computers, humans can supplement their own skills and improve productivity through artificial intelligence.

Impact on the Workforce

The rapid increase in emerging technologies suggests that they are having a substantial impact on the workforce. Many of the large tech firms have achieved broad economic scale without a large number of employees. For example, Derek Thompson writes: "Google is worth $370 billion but has only about 55,000 employees-less than a tenth the size of AT&T's workforce in its heyday [in the 1960s]."(17) According to economist Andrew McAfee: "We are facing a time when machines will replace people for most of the jobs in the current economy, and I believe it will come not in the crazy distant future."(18)

In a number of fields, technology is substituting for labor, and this has dramatic consequences for middle-class jobs and incomes. Cornell University engineer Hod Lipson argues that "for a long time the common understanding was that technology was destroying jobs but also creating new and better ones. Now the evidence is that technology is destroying jobs and indeed creating new and better ones but also fewer ones."(19)

Martin Ford issues an equally strong warning. In his book, The Lights in the Tunnel, he argues that "as technology accelerates, machine automation may ultimately penetrate the economy to the extent that wages no longer provide the bulk of consumers with adequate discretionary income and confidence in the future. If this issue is not addressed, the result will be a downward economic spiral."(20) Continuing, he warns that "at some point in the future-it might be many years or decades from now-machines will be able to do the jobs of a large percentage of the 'average' people in our population, and these people will not be able to find new jobs."

Firms have discovered that robotics, machine learning, and artificial intelligence can replace humans and improve accuracy, productivity, and efficiency of operations. During the Great Recession of 2008-09, many businesses were forced to downsize their workforce for budgetary reasons. They had to find ways to maintain operations through leaner workforces. One business leader I know had five hundred workers for his $100 million business and now has the same size workforce even though the company has grown to $250 million in revenues. He did this by automating certain functions and using robots and advanced manufacturing techniques to operate the firm.

The US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) compiles future employment projections. In its most recent analysis, the agency predicts that 15.6 million new positions will be created between 2012 and 2022. This amounts to growth of about 0.5 percent per year in the labor force.

The health-care and social assistance sector is expected to grow the most with an annual rate of 2.6 percent. This will add around five million new jobs over that decade. That is about one-third of all the new jobs expected to be created.(21) Other areas that are likely to experience growth include professional services (3.5 million), construction (1.6 million), leisure and hospitality (1.3 million), state and local government (929,000), finance (751,000), and education (675,000).

Interestingly, in light of technology advances, the information sector is one of the areas expected to shrink in jobs. BLS projections anticipate that about 65,000 jobs will be lost there over the coming decade. Even though technology is revolutionizing many businesses, it is doing this by transforming operations, not increasing the number of jobs. Technology can boost productivity and improve efficiency, but does so by reducing the number of employees needed to generate the same or even higher levels of production.

Manufacturing is another area thought to lose jobs. The BLS expects the United States to lose 550,000 jobs, while the federal government will shed 407,000 positions, and agriculture, forestry, fishing, and hunting will drop 223,000 jobs.(22) These sectors are the ones thought to be least likely to generate new positions in the coming decade.

Since BLS projections make few assumptions about emerging technologies, it is likely that their numbers underestimate the disruptive impact of these developments. It is hard to quantify the way that robots, artificial intelligence, and sensors will affect the workforce because we are in the early stages of the technology revolution. It is hard to be definitive about emerging trends because it is not clear how new technologies will affect various jobs.

But there are estimates of the likely impact of computerization on many occupations. Oxford University researchers Carl Frey and Michael Osborn claim that technology will transform many sectors of life. They studied 702 occupational groupings and found that "forty-seven percent of US workers have a high probability of seeing their jobs automated over the next twenty years."(23) According to their analysis, telemarketers, title examiners, hand sewers, mathematical technicians, insurance underwriters, watch repairers, cargo agents, tax preparers, photographic process workers, new accounts clerks, library technicians, and data entry keyers have a ninety-nine percent of having their jobs computerized. At the other end of the spectrum, recreational therapists, mechanic supervisors, emergency management directors, mental health social workers, audiologists, occupational therapists, health-care social workers, oral surgeons, supervisors of fire fighters, and dieticians have less than a one percent chance of having their tasks computerized. They base their analysis of improving levels of computerization, wage levels, and education required in different fields.(24) In addition, we know that fields such as health care and education have been slow to embrace the technology revolution, but are starting to embrace new models. Innovations in personalized learning and mobile health mean that many schools and hospitals are shifting from traditional to computerized service delivery. Educators are using massive, open, online courses (MOOCs) and tablet-based instruction, while health-care providers are relying on medical sensors, electronic medical records, and machine learning to diagnose and evaluate health treatments.

Hospitals used to be staffed with people who personally delivered the bulk of medical treatment. But health providers now are storing information in electronic medical records and data-sharing networks are connecting lab tests, clinical data, and administration information in order to promote greater efficiency. Patients surf the web for medical information and supplement professional advice with online resources. Both education and health-care sectors are seeing the disruption that previously has transformed other fields.

Given the uncertainties surrounding job projections, it is not surprising that experts disagree over the impact of emerging technologies. For example, in their highly acclaimed book, The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies , economists Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee argue that technology is producing major changes in the workforce. According to them:

Technological progress is going to leave behind some people, perhaps even a lot of people, as it races ahead. As we will demonstrate, there has never been a better time to be a worker with special skills or the right education because these people can use technology to create and capture value. However, there has never been a worse time to be a worker with only "ordinary" skills and abilities to offer, because computers, robots, and other digital technologies are acquiring these skills and abilities at an extraordinary rate.(25)

Former US Treasury Secretary Lawrence Summers is equally pessimistic about the employment impact. He argues that "if current trends continue, it could well be that a generation from now a quarter of middle-aged men will be out of work at any given moment." From his standpoint, "providing enough work" will be the major economic challenge facing the world. (26)

However, some economists dispute these claims. They recognize that many jobs will be lost through technology improvements, but say that new ones will be created. There may be fewer people sorting items in a warehouse because machines can do that better than humans. But jobs analyzing big data, mining information, and managing data-sharing networks will be created. According to those individuals, the job gains and losses will even out over the long run. In future decades, work will be transformed but humans will still be needed to manage the digital world.

For example, MIT economist David Autor has analyzed data on jobs and technology but "doubts that technology could account for such an abrupt change in total employment [...] The sudden slowdown in job creation is a big puzzle, but there is not a lot of evidence it is linked to computers."(27) In the same vein, Harvard economist Richard Freeman is "skeptical that technology would change a wide range of business sectors fast enough to explain recent job numbers."(28)

Northwestern economist Robert Gordon takes an even stronger stance. He argues that:

Recent progress in computing and automation is less transformative than electrification, cars, and wireless communication, and perhaps even indoor plumbing. Previous advances that enabled people to communicate and travel rapidly over long distances may end up being more significant to society's advancement than anything to come in the twenty-first century.(29)

Based on this reasoning, he does not anticipate dramatic workforce effects from emerging technologies, even though many other experts already see the substitution of technology for labor.

A Pew Research Center study asked 1,896 experts about the impact of emerging technologies. Its researchers found that:

Half of these experts (48%) envision a future in which robots and digital agents have displaced significant numbers of both blue- and white-collar workers-with many expressing concern that this will lead to vast increases in income inequality, masses of people who are effectively unemployable, and breakdowns in the social order.(30)

Implications for Public Policy

In the classic Edward Bellamy book, Looking Backwards, protagonist Julian West wakes up from a 113-year slumber and finds that the United States in 2000 is completely different from 1887. People stop working at age forty-five and devote their lives to mentoring other people and contributing to the overall sense of community.(31) There are shorter work weeks for ordinary people and everyone receives full benefits, food, and housing.

Similar to our time period, new technologies at that time enabled people to be very productive in a short period of time. Society did not need a large number of workers so people could devote much of their lives to education, volunteerism, and community development. In conjunction with these employment trends, public policy shifted to encourage new lifestyles and ways of living.

In flash-forwarding to the current era, we may be on the verge of a similar technology transition. Robotics and machine learning have improved productivity and enhanced the overall economy of developed nations. Countries that have invested in innovation have seen tremendous growth in overall economic performance. In the future, it may be possible that society will not need as many workers as seen today.

Yet unlike Bellamy's utopia, there has been little public discussion regarding the economic or policy impact of emerging technologies. Observers worry that knowledge societies are destroying industrial and manufacturing jobs, and exacerbating social and economic divisions. In its most pointed form, skeptics fear that technology will eliminate jobs, reduce incomes, and create a permanent underclass of unemployable people. As argued by Nicolas Colin and Bruno Palier: "Employment is becoming less routine, less steady, and generally less well remunerated. Social policy will therefore have to cover the needs of not just outside the labor market but even many inside it."(32)

If technology innovation allows businesses to provide goods and services with far fewer employees, what will that mean for workers? A significant increase in the number of people without full-time jobs would exacerbate divisions within society and complicate the distribution of benefits such as pensions, health care, and insurance. Most benefits are tied to employment so if the economy requires fewer workers due to technological advancement, we need to consider how this will affect social benefit delivery.

In this section, I review short- and long-term steps we should consider to deal with emerging technologies. This includes thinking about how to deliver benefits outside of jobs, considering a basic income guarantee, revamping the earned income tax credit, providing activity accounts for lifetime learning and job retraining, encouraging corporate profit-sharing, providing benefit credits for volunteerism, making curricular reforms to assure that students have the skills they need for a twenty-first-century economy, encouraging adult education and continuing learning, expanding arts and culture for leisure time, and avoiding a permanent underclass suffering the ill effects of income inequality.

Benefits Outside of Jobs

If we end up in a situation with many people unemployed or underemployed for significant periods of time, we need a way to provide health care, disability, and pension benefits outside of employment. Called "flexicurity" or flexible security, this idea "separate(s) the provision of benefits from jobs."(33) It offers health care, education, and housing assistance on a universal basis.

Currently, people must work sixty percent of the time (around twenty-four hours a week) in order to qualify for full-time benefits. When they are fully employed, they are eligible for company-sponsored health-care plans and pensions. During the period since World War II, jobs have been a primary distribution system for social benefits. Except for the poor and elderly, this keeps benefits outside of the public sector and places the onus on private companies.

That approach worked well in an era when most of the people who wanted jobs were able to get them. People with limited skills were able to get well-paying jobs with benefits in factories, warehouses, and production facilities. They could educate their children, achieve a reasonable standard of living, and guard against disabling illnesses.

The complication came when the economy shifted, wages stagnated, and technology made it possible for companies to get by with fewer workers. The advent of robotics, machine learning, artificial intelligence, and machine-to-machine communications eliminated a number of jobs and put a number of people outside the typical workforce.

For health care, people need access to quality care through plans outside of employment. It is possible through commercial insurers to purchase catastrophic insurance for extraordinary health claims. Or if people are poor or elderly, there are government programs that guarantee access to medical care. The recent expansion of health insurance through the Affordable Care Act has extended insurance to millions of people who previously lacked coverage.

In regard to retirement planning, many employers have moved to 401-style pension plans. Employees contribute to their own funds and sometimes get a match from the employer. But this does not help those outside the workforce who need retirement assistance. Even Social Security is tied to employment. People who have not worked are not eligible for retirement benefits so we need to figure out ways to take care of those people in the newly emerging economy.

Provide Activity Accounts for Lifetime Learning and Job Retraining

We should consider the establishment of activity accounts for lifetime learning and job retraining. In an era of fast technology innovation and job displacement, there needs to be a means for people to gain new skills throughout their adulthood. When people are employed, their companies could contribute a set amount to an individual's fund. This account could be augmented by contributions from the person him or herself as well as the government. Similar to a retirement account, money in the fund could be invested tax-free in investment options including cash reserves, stocks, and bonds. The owner of the account could draw on it to finance lifetime learning and job retraining expenses. It would be portable, meaning that if the person moved or switched jobs, the account would migrate with that individual.

The goal of this account is to provide incentives for continuing education. Under virtually any scenario, people are going to have to continue their education beyond the first twenty years of their lives. Emerging jobs are going to require different skills than what people gain in school. There will be new jobs created that may not exist today. As pointed out by Brookings Institution scholar Kemal Dervis, it will be crucial as technology innovation continues in the future to provide people with a means to upgrade their skills and knowledge levels.(34) He notes that France has established "individual activity accounts" that provide social benefits.

With the expected increase in leisure time, adults need time and financial support for continued learning. We should not envision education merely as a time for young people to learn new skills or pursue areas of interest. Instead, we need to think about education as a continuing activity that broadens people's horizons over the course of their entire lives. Education is an enrichment activity and we need to view it as a general benefit for the individual as well as the society as a whole.

Incentives for Volunteerism

The trends cited in this analysis suggest that we need to consider income supplements or benefit eligibility through vehicles other than full-time jobs. The workforce ramifications of emerging technologies mean that many people in the future may not be able to provide for their families through regular employment.

One possibility comes through volunteer activities. Even if people have limited employment options, many participate in a wide range of public-minded organizations. They help other people, train the next generation, or provide assistance for the less fortunate in society.

A variety of survey evidence demonstrates that young people are particularly interested in volunteerism. In general, they have different attitudes toward work and leisure time, and many say they want time to pursue outside activities. For example, a survey of American students found that they want "a job that focuses on helping others and improving society." In addition, they value quality of life considerations, not just financial well-being.(35)

A number of them value volunteer activities outside of their work experience. They have varied interests and want extra-curricular activities that fulfill them. This may involve tutoring in after-school programs, helping English as a Second Language pupils, stopping domestic violence, protecting the environment, or encouraging entrepreneurship. According to a Deloitte study, "63 percent of Millennials donate to charities and 43 percent actively volunteer or are a member of a community organization."(36)

In a digital world where there may be less work and more leisure time, it makes sense to think about incentives and work credits for volunteerism. This could include credits toward social benefits or public rewards that acknowledge community contributions. In the United Kingdom, for example, volunteers get reimbursed for expenses or earn credits for job training programs through participation in worthy causes. In addition, volunteering counts as "looking for work" so people can use those activities to qualify for national insurance credits.(37)

Going forward, the United States should consider those types of incentives. In the future, people are likely to have more time outside of employment so it makes sense to encourage them toward community engagement and give them incentives to volunteer for nonprofit organizations or charitable causes. This will benefit the overall community and give people purposeful activities in which to engage.

Expanding Arts and Culture for Leisure Time

The so-called "end of work" may create a new kind of economy. According to Harvard economist Lawrence Katz: "It is possible that information technology and robots [will] eliminate traditional jobs and make possible a new artisanal economy [...] an economy geared around self-expression, where people would do artistic things with their time."(38) From his standpoint, this transition would move the world from one of consumption to creativity.

People will use their leisure time to pursue interests in arts and culture, or special areas that they follow. This could include reading, poetry, music, or woodworking. Depending on their background, they could have more time for family and friends. A study of family time found that macroeconomic conditions affect how much time people spend together. When employment problems rise, "fathers spend more time engaging in enriching childcare activities" and "mothers are less likely to work standard hours."(39) As long as there are opportunities for people to pursue broader interests, reduction in work does not have to eliminate chances for cultural pursuits.

Conclusion

To summarize, advanced societies are at a major turning point in terms of how we think about work, leisure, and social benefit delivery. If these economies need fewer workers to complete needed tasks and benefits are delivered mainly through full-time jobs, there is a danger that many people will have difficulties getting health care, pensions, and the income maintenance they need to sustain their lives. This is of particular concern at a time of large income inequality and highly skewed economic distributions.(40)

The contrast between the age of scarcity in which we have lived and the upcoming age of abundance through new technologies means that we need to pay attention to the social contract. We need to rewrite it in keeping with the dramatic shifts in employment and leisure time that are taking place. People have to understand we are witnessing a fundamental interruption of the current cycle where people are paid for their work and spend their money on goods and services. When a considerable portion of human labor is no longer necessary to run the economy, we have to rethink income generation, employment, and public policy. Our emerging economic system means we will not need all the workers that we have. New technologies will make these individuals obsolete and unemployable.

In this situation, it is important to address the policy and leisure time issues raised by persistent unemployment or underemployment. There is a danger of disruptions and unrest from large groups of people who are not working. That creates poverty and social dissatisfaction and runs the risk of instability for the society as a whole. Stability cannot be enforced through a police presence or having wealthy individuals live in gated communities.

There needs to be ways for people to live fulfilling lives even if society needs relatively few workers. We need to think about ways to address these issues before we have a permanent underclass of unemployed individuals. This includes a series of next steps for society. There needs to be continuous learning avenues, opportunities for arts and culture, and mechanisms to supplement incomes and benefits other than through full-time jobs. Policies that encourage volunteerism and reward those who contribute to worthy causes make sense from the standpoint of society as a whole. Adoption of these steps will help people adapt to the new economic realities.
Acknowledgments
I wish to thank Hillary Schaub for outstanding research assistance on this project.

1. James Manyika, Michael Chui, Jacques Bughin, Richard Dobbs, Peter Bisson, and Alex Marrs, Disruptive Technologies: Advances That Will Transform Life, Business, and the Global Economy (McKinsey Global Institute, May, 2013).

2. Daniela Rus, "How technological breakthroughs will transform everyday life," Foreign Affairs, July/August, 2015.

3. A more extended discussion of these issues can be found in Darrell M. West, What Happens If Robots Take the Jobs? (Brookings Institution Policy Report, October, 2015).

4. James Hagerty, "Meet the new generation of robots for manufacturing," Wall Street Journal, June 2, 2015.

5. Alison Sander and Meldon Wolfgang, "The rise of robotics," The Boston Consulting Group, August 27, 2014. https://www.bcgperspectives.com/content/articles/business_unit_strategy_innovation_rise_of_robotics.

6. RBC Global Asset Management, Global Megatrends: Automation in Emerging Markets (2014).

7. Cynthia Breazeal, "The personal side of robots," South by Southwest, March 13, 2015.

8. Eitan Wilf. "Sociable robots, jazz music, and divination: contingency as a cultural resource for negotiating problems of intentionality," American Ethnologist: Journal of the American Ethnological Society, November 6, 2013: 605. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/amet.12041/abstract.

9. Mike Murphy, "Amazon tests out robots that might one day replace warehouse workers," Quartz, June 1, 2015.

10. Lydia DePillis, "Minimum-wage offensive could speed arrival of robot-powered restaurants," Washington Post, August 16, 2015.

11. Thi-Hai-Ha Dang and Adriana Tapus, "Stress game: the role of motivational robotic assistance in reducing user's task stress," International Journal of Social Robotics, April, 2015.

12. Michael Lewis, Flash Boys: A Wall Street Revolt (New York: Norton, 2015).

13. Andrei A. Kirilenko and Andrew W. Lo, "Moore's Law versus Murphy's Law: algorithmic trading and its discontents," Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2013. http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/23391690.pdf?acceptTC=true.

14. Shukla Shubhendu and Jaiswal Vijay, "Applicability of artificial intelligence in different fields of life," International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Research, September, 2013.

15. Ibid.

16. Ibid.

17. Derek Thompson, "A world without work," The Atlantic, July/August, 2015.

18. Dawn Nakagawa, "The second machine age is approaching," Huffington Post, February 24, 2015.

19. MIT Technology Review, "Who will own the robots," September, 2015.

20. Martin Ford, The Lights in the Tunnel: Automation, Accelerating Technology, and the Economy of the Future (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2009). Also see his more recent book, Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of a Jobless Future (New York: Basic Books, 2015).

21. US Bureau of Labor Statistics, "Employment projections: 2012-2022 summary," December 19, 2013. http://www.bls.gov/news.release/ecopro.nr0.htm

22. Ibid.

23. Quoted in Harold Meyerson, "Technology and trade policy is pointing America toward a job apocalypse," Washington Post, March 26, 2014. The original paper is by Carl Benedikt Frey and Michael Osborne, "The future of employment: how susceptible are jobs to computerisation," Oxford University Programme on the Impacts of Future Technology, September 17, 2013.

24. Frey and Osborne, "The future of employment," op. cit.: 57-72.

25. Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies (New York: W. W. Norton, 2014), 11.

26. Lawrence Summers, "The economic challenge of the future: jobs," Wall Street Journal, July 7, 2014.

27. Quoted in David Rotman, "How technology is destroying jobs," MIT Technology Review, June 12, 2013. http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/515926/how-technology-is-destroying-jobs/

28. Ibid.

29. Quoted in Melissa Kearney, Brad Hershbein, and David Boddy, "The future of work in the age of the machine," Brookings Institution Hamilton Project, February, 2015.

30. Aaron Smith and Janna Anderson, "AI, robotics, and the future of jobs," Pew Research Center, August 6, 2014.

31. Edward Bellamy, Looking Backward 2000-1887 (Boston: Ticknor & Co., 1888).

32. Nicolas Colin and Bruno Palier, "Social policy for a digital age," Foreign Affairs, July/August, 2015.

33. Ibid.

34. Kemal Dervis, "A new birth for social democracy," Brookings Institution Project Syndicate, June 10, 2015.

35. The Griffith Insurance Education Foundation, "Millennial generation attitudes about work and the insurance industry," February 6, 2012.

36. Lindsey Pollack, "Attitudes and attributes of millennials in the workplace," September 12, 2014.

37. Job Centre Plus, "Volunteering while getting benefits," UK Department for Work and Pensions, October, 2010. https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/264508/dwp1023.pdf

38. Quoted in Thompson, "A world without work," op. cit.

39. Melinda Sandler Morill and Sabrina Wulff Pabilonia, "What effects do macroeconomic conditions have on families' time together?" Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10419/58561

40. Darrell M. West, Billionaires: Reflections on the Upper Crust (Washington DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2014).

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Technological Progress and Potential Future Risks | OpenMind

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Darrell M. West contributes to the book "The Next Step: Exponential Life" with the article "Technological Progress and Potential Future Risks"

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Examples of attacks that can have environmental imapact

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Examples of attacks that can have environmental imapact

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Example of attacks that targeted technology 

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Example of attacks that targeted technology 

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Pipelines and oil & gas production

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Vulnerable areas of critical systems pt. 2

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Vulnerable areas of critical systems pt. 2

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Water/waste water and electric utilities

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Vulnerable areas of critical systems pt. 3

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Vulnerable areas of critical systems pt. 3

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Transportation

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Shown below are issues that are prone to happening if proper protection is not placed

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Legal requirements in relation to cyber security in the UK arise primarily from the Data Protection Act 1998, which requires organisations to take “appropriate technical and organisational measures” to protect personal data from unauthorised access, damage, loss or disclosure. Measures must ensure a level of protection that is appropriate, taking into account the harm that may be caused to individuals in the event of a data security breach and the nature of the data.

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1. Don’t think that cyber security is just an IT issue. The whole organisation needs to take responsibility for managing cyber security risks.
2. Don’t consider cyber security management as a one-off exercise. Cyber criminals’ and government-led cyber attacks are constantly evolving; your cyber security programme needs to do likewise.
3. Don’t forget about breach detection measures and breach management procedures. Data security breaches will happen no matter how good your security measures are. Ensuring that you are ready to deal with them swiftly and effectively is a key part of your defence.

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Issues regarding politics in the cyber security world

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Issues regarding politics in the cyber security world

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It is a pain for governments to mitigate issues regarding cyber attacks. What most governments face are attacks motivated by political outcomes. Certain groups will want to influence the government to do something for them, whether its to help them in a way, to achieve political goals or to even influence political members to help them.
As a result, governing bodies are having to create and continually rethink mitigation strategies. In the UK, the government has been working with the National Cyber Security Centre to pen theirs. More than ever, UK ministers recognise the urgent need for improved cyber resilience and have made it their business to stay on top of it. In turn, the UK government considers cyber attacks as a top-tier threat for national security

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Earlier this month, I sat down to interview Dr. Damien Van Puyvelde, a lecturer at the University of Glasgow and co-author of the book Cybersecurity: Politics, Governance and Conflict in Cyberspace. Co-written with Dr. Aaron F Brantly (Virginia Tech, and U.S. Army Cyber Institute), this book examines the history and politics of cybersecurity from the perspective of social sciences. It was released in August 2019.
This interview has been edited and condensed for clarity. Kate McNeil: Thank you so much for taking the time to sit down and chat about your new book. Would you mind getting started by telling our readers a little bit about yourself, and about how this book came about?
Dr. Van Puyvelde: I'm a lecturer in Intelligence and International Security at the University of Glasgow, and have a research interest in the host of security issues confronting contemporary societies. But the origins of this book can be traced back to my time working at the University of Texas - El Paso. My colleagues and I were developing a National Security Studies Institute, and part of that work involved bringing practitioners and researchers together to discuss national security threats within a university setting. In 2015, our annual colloquium focused on cybersecurity challenges across the public-private divide. We focused on the challenges of cross-sector collaboration to tackle pressing cybersecurity issues. A volume on US National Cybersecurity emerged from that colloquium, which I co-edited with Aaron Brantly, who, back then was based at the Army Cyber Institute at West Point (the United States Military Academy). Aaron and I kept our collaboration going, and decided to write this book on cybersecurity, politics, governance, and conflict.
What motivated you to write about those topics specifically? Was it a natural follow-up from your earlier work?
We wrote Cybersecurity for a series of reasons. First, we were both teaching social science courses on cybersecurity, and we were not very happy with the books that were available. We both had a sense that there was a lot of work being done in the social sciences on cybersecurity, but that many students still felt that hard - computer science and math skills - were needed if you wanted to study and understand cybersecurity and become a cybersecurity practitioner.

Clearly, based on the social science literature - which has been growing exponentially in this area for the last decade - there is much more scope for social scientists to be involved important debates surrounding cybersecurity. So, we were motivated by our experiences teaching and researching the politics and organisation of cybersecurity. This motivation was reinforced by our experiences at events with government and scholars. We felt there was a need to take stock of the field, to provide a coherent synthesis of what had been debated in social sciences and humanities on this topic. We also wanted to develop a coherent argument about what's going on in this field, and what social sciences can bring to the study of cybersecurity. So, that's really the genesis of this book.
Why write this book now?
I had a big discussion with a senior commissioning editor at Polity on contemporary security issues, and we agreed there was a gap for a book which made cybersecurity accessible to a non-technically minded audience. Achieving that level of accessibility become one of our goals in terms of writing the book.

Aaron and I felt there was a gap in the market for a book that was neither too sensationalist (in the book we talk about the prophets of cyber war) nor too technical. A lot of the media coverage and a big part of the academic debate at the time was using the language of war. The early debate on cybersecurity focused too much on cyber war, and Tom Rid famously argued that cyberwar will not take place. But some scholars felt the focus on war was taking up too much space in the conversation.

Our book touches upon the cyberwar debate, but we feel that there is so much more to cybersecurity than that. For example, there are ongoing debates about tensions between cybersecurity and civil liberties and about the governance of cyberspace. Those issues are equally, if not more important than "cyber war". There is also a pre-history of cybersecurity linked to the history of computers which is significant, and which we cover in the first chapter of our book. From an intellectual point of view, we felt there was a gap in the literature and a need for these issues to be covered in a more comprehensive manner and in accessible format.
Who is your target audience? Who do you want to read this book?
The book has been written for a broad audience, to make cybersecurity accessible to readers who are not necessarily technically minded.

For us, working at universities, we tend to first think of undergraduate and master's students. However, the great thing about this book is that it takes stock of a lot of different debates happening in academia and beyond. We focus on the social sciences, but we also make occasional references to other fields like medical research, history, and more technical literature on how the Internet works - always in an accessible way. The book can also be a great tool for more advanced scholars who are looking to make sure they have a solid foundational understanding of cybersecurity from different perspectives. Computer scientists who are not specifically used to reading about the politics of cyberspace and cybersecurity, and I would hope they could also benefit from reading our book. For them, this book provides another perspective, a more human and social perspective, on what is happening around computers and cybersecurity.

I also believe this book can add to the understanding of practitioners in the private sector, or indeed in government. There are signs, such the cyber 9/12 competition held by think tanks like the Atlantic Council and companies like BT, that these organizations are very interested in broadening access to cybersecurity. I know from my discussions with practitioners that government and private companies are interested in getting students from a greater variety of backgrounds and disciplines, into the field of cybersecurity. In that sense, the book seeks to open the door for a non-technical audience to enter that field, to give them a starting point from which they can dig further.
If there was one lesson you wanted your readers to take away from reading the book, what would it be?
In one sentence, I would say that the book puts humans at the centre of cybersecurity. The catchphrase here might be that cybersecurity is what we, humans, make of it. There is sometimes a tendency to think of cybersecurity as highly technical field - you need to know coding, it's all about bits and bytes, zeros and ones on so many book covers. It all looks so complex. But really, what cybersecurity boils down to eventually is humans and their own complexity. Humans develop software, humans develop hardware, and humans use computers to interact with each other and the world. So, cybersecurity is inherently human.

When we look at some of the biggest cyber incidents, most of them are related to human error. These human errors have societal impact on people. So again, cybersecurity is a human-centred, social, political phenomenon.
What's one thing you learned while writing the book that surprised you?
My key takeaway was a personal one. My research made me reflect on my personal approach to cybersecurity. It made me more aware of my daily routines, how I'm perceiving cybersecurity and how I'm in some ways practicing it.

There's plenty of cybersecurity advice out there, and were told to protect our data in all sorts of ways. I began thinking more individually about ' what threats am I trying to counter? What do I feel my use of computers is making me vulnerable to? Who am I most concerned about, and what am I most concerned about? Am I concerned that a criminal is trying to get my data? Am I concerned about a government agency trying to read my conversations? Am I concerned about trying to protect the products of my work and my research? Or is it all of the above? ' The point is that each specific threat requires a specific assessment, and specific measures to be taken.

We are bombarded with cybersecurity advice and recommendations. However, what it really boils down to is who we are as individuals and how we use computers in our lives. That is where we should start when we're trying to think about how to be more secure when engaging with cyberspace. We need to start by thinking about how we use cyberspace, and what it is that we want to protect.
Was there anything you wished you could have talked about in this book that isn't in there?
Good question. Our editing process was more about adding things to the book than taking stuff out. Which I hope means our ideas were well formed. However, one thing we might need to expand more upon, and that we did try to do, is to make cybersecurity a bit more global. There has been a tendency for the cybersecurity debates that have captivated scholars in the field of politics and international relations to be focused on big incidents - cases that have hit Western countries, or discussion of cyberwar between China and the US. Meanwhile, we don't really know much about what cybersecurity might mean to somebody living in Senegal, India, or Colombia. There is a tendency to be Western-centric in a lot of the literature on security in the social sciences. Of course, Aaron and I are both "Global North" scholars. But one thing I would like to do in future is to expand and have more case studies that are from the "Global South".
Many of the example case studies in the book are focused in the United States. Are there still lessons within it which would be particularly relevant to those here in the United Kingdom?
We do use a lot of US examples, but many of these problems are global. Many of the challenges are common to most Western countries, including the UK. For example, we have a discussion about the dark net and weapons markets in the section on cybercrime, and we discuss terrorists' use of the Internet and how the Islamic State has been using cyberspace. These are not just problems for the US, they are problems of criminality in cyberspace that concern the UK too.

The same thing goes for information operations, and electoral interferences (the book discusses Russian interferences in the US and French elections). There has been a lot of discussion here in the UK about foreign influence in political campaigns. These are issues that more and more people are concerned with, and that governments are looking into. So, yes, I think a lot of the lessons learned in this book can very well be applied to the UK.
My favourite case study in this book was about a 75-year-old Georgian woman who damaged internet infrastructure while scavenging for copper. It really made me think about cyberspace in terms of physical infrastructure, which wasn't something that I'd thought much about before.
Ah, yes, the Spade Hacker! It's a great story. We tend to think of cyberspace as one layer, and we tend to think of cybersecurity in that logical-network layer (codes and protocols). Meanwhile, a great deal of the discussions, governance issues, and politics of cybersecurity have to do with the physicality of it. The Spade Hacker is a good example of that. That story also highlights the unintentional and unexpected character of some threats to cybersecurity, and their devastating impact. The Spade Hacker is not expecting to take down the Internet capabilities in a region of the world, yet she threatens access to cyberspace.
One of the themes which arises in this book is the space for individual freedom, and the role of government, in cyberspace. Do you see those as established roles, or as something that will continue to evolve?
The way we use the Internet is always evolving. We see that with the evolution of smart cities, the internet of things, and the expansion of cyberspace in our daily lives. As it becomes more prominent in our lives, of course government will look more and more into cyberspace.

I would say though, that government has been there from the start in cyberspace. The book makes that clear - that initial research into cyberspace was funded by governments, and that most, if not all, of the infrastructure of cyberspace is physically located in nation states. While a good chunk of that is privately owned, it is regulated by laws passed and implemented by governments.

I think government has always been there in some ways, and the idea that cyberspace was a space of total freedom was a utopia. It was a nice utopia, a very interesting utopia.... And some small pockets of cyberspace might provide a lot of freedom, which is important. But there has never been a hundred percent freedom in cyberspace, just like there will never be one hundred percent security in cyberspace. I would always see different groups of people interacting in cyberspace, and certainly governments - their sheer size, power, and extraordinary resources - are important actors. That said, they are not the only ones, and we see that big companies are increasingly challenging them in cyberspace - which is another issue that would deserve more attention from social scientists.

***
This article was written as part of the PaCCS in focus cyber series, which is running throughout the month of October in concurrence with European Cyber Security Month. The final post in this series will be released next Tuesday, October 29th. Other posts in this series can be found here.

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Cybersecurity, Politics, Governance and Conflict in Cyberspace - An Interview with Dr. Van Puyvelde | PaCCS

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Earlier this month, I sat down to interview Dr. Damien Van Puyvelde, a lecturer at the University of Glasgow and co-author of the book Cybersecurity: Politics, Governance and Conflict in Cyberspace. Co-written with Dr. Aaron F Brantly (Virginia Tech, and U.S. Army Cyber Institute), this book examines the history and politics of cybersecurity from the perspective of social sciences.

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The online world is probably the only place where the age of users can range from 5-90 year old's. Cyber security companies obviously cannot target all of them but what they do is target the highest demographic. In this day and age that demographic is between 20-34 years old.

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The average age of users who did online shopping betweeen 2010-2020

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The average age of users who did online shopping betweeen 2010-2020

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Important points regarding politics and cyber security

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Important points regarding politics and cyber security

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Creation of new departments to prevent greedy bankers

Government Corruption

state sponsored cyber crime

IP theft

protection of the public

responsibility of government to regulate industries

# data[].attributes.body
Market manipulation

insider trading

damage to the financial/energy sector