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After watching the video, What do you think was an advantage to radio back then?

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The first ever radio was made by Guglielmo Marconi in 1894. The radio was used to save lots of lives and keep in contact with ships at sea. In the beginning of 1901, Guglielmo Marconi was the first person to sent a message across the Atlantic Ocean. Instead of his radio sending speech or music, there were buzzing sounds that were spotted as Morse Code. The radio now was able to sent messages across Oceans.

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by Mike Adams | Learn more about Mike's research and publication | Back by Popular Demand: The Emmy-Nominated 1985 PBS Series, " Radio Collector " |

RADIO BROADCASTING HISTORY BY DECADES: The Technology, The Programming, The Business
1900-1910 - BIRTH
1. THE INVENTION OF THE WIRELESS TELEGRAPH: Guglielmo (Bill) Marconi has ideas for an invention that will (a) replace the wired telegraph and transatlantic cable, (b) help ensure the safety of ships at sea. Marconi sends, in 1901, his famous S (dit dit dit) in Morse code from England to Canada.

2. FROM WIRELESS TELEGRAPH TO WIRELESS TELEPHONE: Inventors like Lee de Forest and Reginald Fessenden want to find a wireless substitute for the wired telephone. The human voice could add a nuance to communication not possible with the telegraph, but people like Marconi decry it, saying it will not be private and others will be able to hear it.

3. THE FIRST BROADCAST: In 1906 at Brant Rock MA, Fessenden plays his violin, sings a song, reads a bible verse or two into a wireless telephone of his own invention. This is the first broadcast and it happens Christmas Eve, 1906. It is a broadcast because it is designed for more than one listener (not 2-way) it is pre-announced. His goal is to find financial backers.

4. LEE DE FOREST: Probably the most important person in the development of radio, de Forest does two important demonstrations of wireless telephone; (1) in 1907 he equips the Navy fleet with his wireless telephone, an arc transmitter, and plays phonograph records to shore stations as the fleet comes into ports like San Francisco, and (2) in NYC he broadcasts on several occasions well-known opera singers to an audience of reporters. He wants to bring culture into homes.

5. CHARLES HERROLD: In San Jose, Herrold in April 1910 is quoted in a notarized affidavit published in a national magazine, "we have given wireless phonograph concerts to amateur men in Santa Clara Valley," one of the very first published references to what we now know as the activities of radio broadcasting to an audience of more than one. He operates a wireless training school, The Herrold College of Wireless and Engineering, in a building at the corner of First and San Fernando in San Jose.
1910-1920 - EXPERIMENTATION
1. CHARLES HERROLD: Between 1912 and 1917 Herrold and his students are broadcasting music and talk on a regular schedule to a growing San Jose audience. College radio. He also broadcasts every day to receiving stations at the Pan Pacific International Exhibition in 1915.

2. WORLD WAR ONE: April, 1917. All amateur wireless stations are ordered shut down, silent, so that the Government can use radio for defense purposes. The war is important to radio technically as the vacuum tube, invented earlier by de Forest is improved for war communication, and all other radio patents are pooled for defense reasons.

3. LEE DE FOREST: After the wartime ban on wireless ends in 1918 he sets up a station in High Bridge NY, and broadcasts music, news, election returns, etc to NYC, this time using his vacuum tube as a transmitter. The Federal Radio Inspector shuts him down saying "there is no place on the ether for entertainment." Most still believed that radio should be for two-way communication, and there was general agreement that the Navy would be in charge of all radio. De Forest comes to San Francisco and sets up another station in 1919 and broadcasts daily.

4. FRANK CONRAD: Meanwhile, in Pittsburgh, PA a Westinghouse Corporation engineer named Frank Conrad had been allowed by the government to be on the air during the war to develop the de Forest vacuum tube into a transmitter for the war effort. He uses a phonograph to test the audio; he gets calls from a few experimenters who are, in defiance of government order, illegally listening to his tests. He plays records to this clandestine audience every Saturday Night.
1920-1930 - RADIO ARRIVES
1. LICENSED RADIO BROADCASTING: Conrad's company, Westinghouse, asks him to go on the air on a regular basis to send out music and they'll sell radios to pay for the service. They apply for a commercial radio license and in November, 1920, KDKA goes on the air to broadcast the election returns of the Harding-Cox presidential contest. Westinghouse takes out ads in the newspaper advertising radios for sale to the home consumer. This station receives the first official government license. The dark years of war give way to peace and prosperity.

2. BROADCASTING'S DECADE: Within a few years there are hundreds of stations entertaining thousands of people who buy or build their own receivers, mostly crystal sets with earphones. Under a government-sanctioned agreement, the Radio Corporation, RCA is formed to manage the patents for the technology of the receiver and transmitter. General Electric and Westinghouse are allowed to make receivers, Western Electric is allowed to build transmitters and AT&T is allowed to engage in "toll broadcasting" and "chain broadcasting."

3. TECHNOLOGY: The decade begins with people listening to home made crystal sets with headphones, progresses to large battery-operated sets with dozens of dials and a horn speaker to electric console radios designed as fine furniture, single knob tuning and loudspeakers.

4. ADVERTISING: By 1923, WEAF in New York accepts the first "radio ad." Because this station is owned by AT&T, it is the only station allowed to engage in "toll broadcasting" under the RCA agreements. Other stations are already advertising because no one can stop them. Many stations are owned by businesses and their only reason for broadcasting is to sell something.

5. NETWORKS: Having broken the AT&T monopoly on "chain broadcasting" NBC and CBS are formed as the first radio networks by the late 1920s.

6. REGULATION: The radio dial is filled with hundreds of poorly regulated transmitters, many interfering with each other to the point where no one can get clear reception. The Federal Radio Commission is formed and the Radio Act of 1927 is passed which re-assigns stations to clearer frequencies, and for the first time makes radio stations operate in the public interest, convenience and necessity. The decade ends with radio as a fully formed industry. Amos and Andy is #1. The roaring 20s will give way to the great depression. A major social change is on the way.

7. PRODUCT PLACEMENT: Mike Adams writes a book called the Radio Boys and Girls, all about early wireless & radio. McFarland Publishing, 2015.
1930-1940 - RADIO MATURES
1. RADIO AS A BIG BUSINESS: The depression and people begin to listen to and depend on radio to uplift them during a major economic crisis. President Roosevelt is the first "radio president" and his "fireside chats" help to give confidence to Americans during their darkest hour.

2. BIG SHOWS: Big stars, big salaries, big unions; programming is national over NBC red & blue, CBS, Mutual networks. Programming consists of variety, comedy, soap operas, serious drama, live music, quiz shows

3. THE DECADE OF THE SPONSOR: Advertisers, through their agencies, own and control entire programs, hire and fire talent. Shows are named for the sponsor. Scary.

4. THE FCC IS FORMED: In 1934, it replaces the FRC and regulates radio. Their mandate is very similar to the old FRC. At the start of the decade they try to clean up the content of broadcast ads and claims, even take a few self-described "radio doctors" off the air. By the end of the decade they will complain that radio is not local enough, that the un-licensed national networks control the programming but the stations are licensed to serve local communities.

5. PRESS-RADIO WARS: Newspapers fear that the immediacy of radio news will drive them out of business. They refuse to let radio stations read from their pages until after the papers hit the streets. Eventually AP and UP are formed, and CBS radio forms a news departments.

6. RADIO-MUSICIAN WARS: The musicians union, trying for even more power refuses to let their musicians perform on radio until new agreements are worked out. Some stations play records of foreign artists not covered by the AF of M.

7. EDWIN ARMSTRONG INVENTS FM: Only the engineers care that there is a new delivery service that eliminates the static and noise and the bad audio AM. Station owners are making a fortune and they don't want to make existing receivers obsolete. FM will sleep until the 1970s.

8. WAR IN EUROPE: Walter Cronkite, Edward R. Murrow, and others build their reputations as the first radio journalists. By the end of the decade radio is an important source for news.
1940-1950 - RADIO SERVES
1. WWII: Radio is the voice of the war effort. Entertainers soothe a confused public, news reports inform. Radio unites.

2. TELEVISION STANDARDS: In June 1941 the NTSC determines that television will be 525 lines, 60 fields, interlaced scanning. In December, 1941 Pearl Harbor involves us in the War and industry is converted to war materials.

3. POST-WAR AFFLUENCE: After the war ends in 1945, Johnny comes marching home, gets a good job, gets married, buys a home in the suburbs, buys a car and refrigerator, even a new radio or two. The babies that result will become a major population by the mid-50s.

4. TELEVISION ARRIVES: By the late 1940s, television catches on. The years 1948 - 1952 are growth years for TV like the early 1920's were for radio. Programming is mostly controlled by the same networks and sponsors as radio. Rural areas will not get TV until the decades end.
1950-1960 - RADIO STRUGGLES
1. RADIO WITH PICTURES: All the big stars and programs and advertisers that made the 1930s and 1940s the "golden age of radio" defect to TV. Radio must localize, play records.

2. MOVIES SUFFER: TV is such a novelty that people actually stay home from the movies. The movies fight back with gimmicks like cinemascope, 3-D, big spectacles. They forget the scripts.

3. ROCK AND ROLL EMERGES: By the mid-50s, white entertainers who imitated and emulated black R&B singers from the 1940s were starting to be heard in big cities like New York and Cleveland. Elvis Presley and others were getting air play and selling records. Local radio is changed as some disc jockeys begin to sell records and mirror and influence the emerging youth culture, the baby boomers (born beginning in 1946) growing up into consumers.

4. RADIO IS ALMOST SAVED: By the end of the 50s, rock and roll artists are on TV. Imagine radio, being both on and ultimately being revived by the medium that almost killed it earlier.

5. FORMAT RADIO: Todd Storz, sitting in a restaurant in the mid 1950s, noticed how teens-to-be-soon-to-be-known-as-baby-boomers would always play the same songs over and over again on the jukebox. Why not make radio programming like that, short play lists, repeated.

6. RADIO NETWORKS EVOLVE: With all the entertainment programs going to television, and with most radio becoming disc-jockey-based, radio networks are left with only news.

7. SPOT RADIO: By the end of the decade, entire sponsor control of programming gives way to advertisers being able to buy a 30 or 60 second spot within a program. Now an advertiser could "participate" in the sponsorship of a program instead of owning it outright. Partly this change was hastened by the "blacklisting" of writers, announcers and musicians by advertisers who believed that some radio people had communist ties, wanted to overthrow the government.
1960-1970 - RADIO REINVENTS
1. TOP 40 AM DOMINATES: Probably based on the early work of programmers like MacClendon and Bill Drake, hundreds of AM stations embrace a "top-40 time and temperature" format. The saying, "be bright, be brief" was, it seemed, posted in every control room. Stations played three minute songs. The music was still controlled by cynical old white men. There were lots of jingles and promotions. Programming, music and contests are now targeted to a specific age group (12-35) based on demographic research showing this group has money to spend on good and services. The newly affluent middle class.

2.

MIKE ADAMS: In 1963 Mike, now the CHRS Webmaster, makes his debut on WCOL-AM, a "top-40" AM station in Columbus, Ohio. Why is this significant? It's not really, but Mike is the writer of this Web history and can do whatever he wants. Mike wrote about his experiences as a Columbus radio DJ

3. BEATLES: In 1963, just as the AM top 40 stations seemed to be sounding tired, a group of British acts arrived to influence the world music scene. Led by the Beatles and Stones, AM top-40 would rebound because of the new music.

4. UNDERGROUND AND PROTEST: The stage is about to be set for big changes. The audience would provide the catalyst for change. Suddenly there is much more music, much of it bold, most of it not controlled by traditional companies, much of it coming out of San Francisco and LA, much influenced by the 1968 Monterey Pop Festival. Campus war protests as the baby boomers hit college and fear the draft. Drugs and sexual experimentation. KSAN-FM.

5. FM MAKES A COMEBACK: For a system that was invented nearly 40 years earlier, it took a long time for FM to overtake AM. Pop music was better and it demanded a delivery service that sounded as good as a home audio system. AM stations still refused to play the new music from albums and were suddenly facing new competition from FM stations that would play the music.
1970-1980 - RADIO BORES
1. RADIO IS PREDICTABLE: AM Top 40 begins the decade with lock on the ratings. Even though it's sound was stale, in some markets more than 50% of the people using radio are still tuned by habit to that "one big legendary AM station." By the middle of the decade most of these major stations were struggling. AM stations even tried to meet the challenge by going "stereo" but no one cared. The big FM's would rule by the decades end.

2. RADIO MAKES LOTS OF MONEY: The big music stations, once AM and now FM were making lots of money. There are plenty of listeners and times are good as far as jobs and money. Advertisers want to buy radio. There is even Disco on FM!

3. FORMATS FRAGMENT: There are no longer just two formats, top-40 on AM and progressive rock" on FM; now there are soft hits, old rock, new rock, classic rock, disco, young soul, old soul, Latino, etc. Each station has only a small segment of the audience.

4. RADIO NETWORKS RETURN: With inexpensive satellite technology available to every station, hundreds of new radio networks emerge and die, mostly offering music formats delivered by big city DJ's. Smaller stations automate with them but it makes the station less local-sounding, less-appealing to listeners and sponsors.
1980-1990 - RADIO STRUGGLES
1. DE-REGULATION: The Reagan administration de-regulates the industry. Stations now have to satisfy the demands of the marketplace instead of the demands of Federal regulation. Freely Translated: if it doesn't make immediate money for your station, don't do it. News and public affairs suffered. If you were a news writer, reporter and reader as every station had to employ in the 1970's, now your station was no longer required to have news.

2. BUY-SELL BUY-SELL: Like the house you bought for a high price in the late 1980's, the radio station you also bought is worth less than you paid. This means cutbacks, more automation, less news and public affairs types. In the 1980s almost half of the radio stations changed hands.

3. NEW OWNERS, NEW CHALLENGES: For young people seeking a career in radio the good news was if you are good at sales, promotion or production of promotions, you'll work.

4. A SMALLER PIE: The number of stations swelled to 12,000 and in major and large markets, there were perhaps 100 to 200 stations vying for listeners. The era of Niche Programming and formats begins and now there is a format for every narrow interest. Again, less people have to do more. To succeed you have to be above average, tenacious, persistent.

5. AM TRIES A COMEBACK: Helped with new technical regulations, promises of fewer stations and an expanded AM band, the FCC and station owners try to save AM one more time.
1990-2000 - RADIO COMPETES
1. AUTOMATION SAVES THE DAY: Less people do more work. New radio station owners want to cut costs, use automation to run three stations at once. One office, engineering, announcing staff, three stations at once. No union problems because the unions in radio are practically irrelevant.

2. NEW GROUP OWNERS & DUOPOLIES: One company can now own 25-25-25 plus and in San Jose and San Francisco some companies own many stations. In this market most of each day is automated.

3. DIGITAL TAKES OVER RADIO TECHNOLOGY: Now an entire day can be stored, edited and broadcast using the hard drive of a computer. Production that used to involve splicing tape is now done with the click of a mouse. Analog devices like cart machines will disappear by 2004, to be replaced with computer memory.

4. NEW DELIVERY SERVICES: Digital stuff, Internet, etc; all future non-FM delivery services. Still, AM is around after almost 100 years. And just like the transition to television, current owners want to be first in line when licenses are issued for these new services.

5. TALK RADIO'S DECADE: Rush, Conservative politics, and suddenly many struggling AMs are revived and saved again by talk radio.
2000-2010 - OUR DECADE IN BERKELEY
1. CHRS saves the building of local AM classic KRE: In the 1973 film, American Graffiti, legendary DJ Wolfman Jack is seen on the air in a radio studio, also seen answering the door of an art deco-looking building. That is KRE in Berkeley, once covered with modern-day graffiti. Our Society has restored this historical piece of California radio history. It will be our headquarters until it is sold and we are shown the door.
2015 - THE PATH FORWARD
After having lost our lease at KRE due to bankruptcy and sale, we purchased for our museum a building on Alameda Island in the Bay Area close to Oakland and San Francisco. See the details

1. Stay tuned to radio on your iPad, iPhone, maybe you even have a real radio! See us if you want one.

2. So where is radio in your foreseeable future? Probably still in your hand, your phone.

3. Wanna Know More: The author of this history welcomes your emails

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100 Years Of Radio - California Historical Radio Society

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by Mike Adams | Learn more about Mike's research and publication | Back by Popular Demand: The Emmy-Nominated 1985 PBS Series, " Radio Collector " | RADIO BROADCASTING HISTORY BY DECADES: The Technology, The Programming, The Business 1900-1910 - BIRTH 1.

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Will Radio exist in the future?

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UPDATED: A new study published today by the head of New York University's Steinhart Music Business Program casts a sobering outlook on the future of terrestrial radio. (Not surprisingly, the National Association of Broadcasters and Nielsen responded to the report; see their responses here.)

In the 30-page report, Larry Miller argues that traditional radio has failed to engage with Generation Z - people born after 1995 - and that its influence and relevance will continue to be subsumed by digital services unless it upgrades. Key points made in the study include:

*Generation Z, which is projected to account for 40% of all consumers in the U.S. by 2020, shows little interest in traditional media, including radio, having grown up in an on-demand digital environment;

*AM/FM radio is in the midst of a massive drop-off as a music-discovery tool by younger generations, with self-reported listening to AM/FM radio among teens aged 13 and up declining by almost 50 percentage points between 2005 and 2016. Music discovery as a whole is moving away from AM/FM radio and toward YouTube, Spotify and Pandora, especially among younger listeners, with 19% of a 2017 study of surveyed listeners citing it as a source for keeping up-to-date with music - down from 28% the previous year. Among 12-24 year olds who find music discovery important, AM/FM radio (50%) becomes even less influential, trailing YouTube (80%), Spotify (59%), and Pandora (53%).

*By 2020, 75% of new cars are expected to be "connected" to digital services, breaking radio's monopoly on the car dashboard and relegating AM/FM to just one of a series of audio options behind the wheel. According to the U.S. Department of Transportation, the typical car in the U.S. was 11.6 years old in 2016, which explains why radio has not yet faced its disruption event. However, drivers are buying new cars at a faster rate than ever, and new vehicles come with more installed options for digital music services.

*The onset of "smart speakers" such as Amazon Echo, which do not have an AM/FM antenna, are rapidly shaping home entertainment without broadcast radio that does not have a digital option.

*Broadcast stations pay no royalties to record labels for the use of master recordings - the U.S. is the only country with developed intellectual-property laws where this is the case. Digital services do, which makes them more valuable to labels.

*The addition of streaming data to the Billboard Hot 100 chart, still the primary chart in the U.S., means that streaming is now playing an important part in determining which songs are played on radio rather than the other way around, reducing its status as a taste-making tool. In fact, streaming now accounts for 20-30% of the data that comprises the Hot 100, with sales at 35-45% and airplay at 30-40%.

The report makes a global-warming-level case for the terrestrial radio industry to upgrade or face obsolescence.

"AM/FM radio had been able to wait out the digital disruption that has already affected every other form of media. Now radio is the latest industry facing massive disruption from the digital age. To survive, radio must innovate, learn from other media and take control of its path to maintain its unique position with advertisers, audiences and other stakeholders into the third decade of this century and beyond.

"Unless the industry is set to make peace with a long and inevitable decline, radio needs to invest in strong and compelling digital services," the report concludes. "If it does, radio can look forward to a robust future built on the strong foundation it already has in the marketplace leveraging the medium's great reach, habitual listenership, local presence and brands. If it doesn't, radio risks becoming a thing of the past, like the wax cylinder or 78 RPM record - fondly remembered but no longer relevant to an audience that has moved on."

Read the full report here.

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Traditional Radio Faces a Grim Future, New Study Says

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UPDATED: A new study published today by the head of New York University's Steinhart Music Business Program casts a sobering outlook on the future of terrestrial radio. (Not surprisingly, the National Association of Broadcasters and Nielsen responded to the report; see their responses here.)

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getty

Decades ago, families would gather around the TV at the same time every week to watch a show together. Now, TV is available on the go-streaming on smartphones and tablets so that viewers can watch their favorite shows anytime, anywhere.

The evolution of TV will intensify in coming years. With new technology and a push towards new forms of entertainment, TV will continue to transform into a personalized experience unlike anything we've ever seen.
Rise Of Streaming And On-Demand
What sets the scene for every other change to the future of TV is the growth of streaming and on-demand services. Customers will no longer wait around for their show to air at a certain time, but instead will be able to watch what they want, when they want.

The rise in streaming services, including specialized services that only stream one network's content, such as NBC Peacock or Disney Plus, forces services to compete on experience and catalog. Today, there are nearly 300 streaming services available in the United States, focusing on everything from telenovelas (Pongalo) to horror movies (Shudder) and even content targeted at equestrians (Horse Lifestyle).

The switch to streaming is the catalyst for many changes. To start, streaming removes the middlemen of movie theaters or cable system operators and connects customers directly with entertainment companies. Streaming and on-demand allow customers to watch whatever they want, whenever they want. The flexibility of schedule and device opens doors to consumers and gives them power over their TV viewing. Streaming services also tend to be less expensive than traditional cable subscriptions, which is a huge draw for consumers.

However, the rise of streaming is overwhelming to many consumers, with nearly 50% of consumers saying they are frustrated by the growing number of subscription services required to watch the content they want. As more streaming services enter the market and the libraries become diluted, consumers will have to subscribe to multiple services, which can lead to higher spending and hurt the overall experience.

On average, Americans subscribe to three paid streaming services, spending an average of $37 per month. That's a huge jump from just three years ago, when the majority of Americans only paid for one streaming service, which was almost always Netflix. In the future, expect both the number of services and the total cost per customer to increase. But as streaming services grow in popularity, they are also playing with fire, as consumers could get burnt out on new services-just ask Quibi, which shut down after only six months. One thing for sure is that the growth of streaming services is the downfall of traditional cable. The annual pace of subscriber decline recently hit an astonishingly low 5.4%. If cable hopes to survive, it has to revamp its offerings to stay competitive.
Interactive Content
Future TV will be an immersive experience for viewers. Instead of simply watching something happen on their screens, viewers will participate in the show and have a chance to interact and potentially impact the outcome of the show.

Virtual reality will allow viewers to step into a show and watch as if they are there themselves. Facebook, Google and Microsoft, among other companies, have developed VR technology that will become mainstream in coming years. With VR glasses, viewers could virtually transport themselves into any show, which opens up a new world of possibilities for marketers and entertainment companies.

Netflix has already experimented with interactive content, including an episode of Black Mirror where users' choices affected the dialogue and plot. Similarly, the Netflix show You Vs. Wild acts as a choose your own adventure-type show where viewers are given options to shape their journey and affect potential endings. Love, Death & Robots experiments by playing episodes in a different order for different users.

The future of TV will also be shoppable, as demonstrated by Amazon Prime's Making The Cut. Each week, designs from the fashion competition were immediately available for purchase, and viewers could buy the looks instantly while watching the show. Similar concepts will expand to other shows and make it possible for viewers to interact with and shop from shows right in the moment.
Personalized Instead Of Packages
Customers used to have to purchase entire packages of channels to get the exact content they needed. To be able to watch programming on ESPN or HBO, for example, the customer would have to buy the package that contains numerous other channels, many of which they likely weren't interested in.

The growth of streaming has forced TV to become more personalized, meaning that consumers can get exactly what they want without anything extra. In the future, customers will be able to create their own packages instead of only having a few, pre-selected options. It's just one way for broadcast TV to compete with streaming services. Netflix and Hulu use strong algorithms and collect huge amounts of data to provide accurate recommendations to customers, meaning that viewers are becoming used to having their exact viewing preferences catered to instead of paying for superfluous content that doesn't apply to them.

TV will become extremely personalized based on data that is collected about nearly every aspect of a consumer's viewing tendencies. Each person's Hulu home screen looks different depending on their watch history, demographics and preferences. Hulu uses data to choose not only what is highlighted, but also the order in which certain collections are displayed. A user that watches predominately true crime documentaries will likely have those types of shows featured first, followed by related dramas, with animated comedies far down the list. But the order will be drastically different for someone with different viewing preferences.

Data will help create smart content, which is affected by who is seeing or watching it. Smart content changes based on who you are and your user preferences. Algorithms that factor in a huge amount of data points will determine who sees what and who is recommended certain content, creating a unique experience for each individual.
Original Content With Limited Restrictions
The streaming wars are heating up and creating a bidding battle to get popular content, including Seinfeld and The Office. To avoid battles over the rights to popular shows, many streaming services are now creating their own content. In 2019, Netflix spent an estimated $15 billion, or 85% of its total spending, on original content. Apple TV+ committed $6 billion to original content before it launched its streaming service, and Disney Plus spent $1 billion on original content in 2020.

Original content gives streaming services more control over what is in their library, allowing them to create niche content and increase representation of minorities. Most original content isn't subject to the same regulations as broadcast TV, which means streaming service original content isn't limited by language or content guidelines.

But a lack of streaming standards and practices can put companies in compromising positions, such as when a program insults other cultures or is called into question for its content and decency, such as when Netflix removed a scene from its original drama 13 Reasons Why depicting teen suicide after teen suicides spiked following the show's premiere. In the future, streaming services may have to align with common standards to protect themselves and create a more consistent experience for customers. However, streaming standards will likely never be as strict as what is required for broadcast TV.

We're well on our way to the future of TV. With changes in viewer preferences and new technology, especially driven by the growth of streaming services, TV will soon be nearly unrecognizable from what it was just a few decades ago.
Blake Morgan is a customer experience futurist, keynote speaker and the author of the bestselling book The Customer Of The Future. Sign up for her weekly newsletter here
... Read More

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Decades ago, families would gather around the TV at the same time every week to watch a show together. Now, TV is available on the go-streaming on smartphones and tablets so that viewers can watch their favorite shows anytime, anywhere. The evolution of TV will intensify in coming years.

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Watch the 4 different scenarios of what could happen to TV and broadcasting.

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The TV and video market is highly dynamic and is characterized by a great number of drivers: digitalization, new market offers, and disruption by digital players ensure rapid change. Moreover, consumer expectations and usage habits are changing rapidly in the age of video-on-demand and mobile media consumption. This Deloitte Germany study on future scenarios for the TV and video industry by 2030 demonstrates what market players need to be ready for.

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Future scenarios for the TV and video industry by 2030

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The TV and video market is highly dynamic and is characterized by a great number of drivers: digitalization, new market offers, and disruption by digital players ensure rapid change. Moreover, consumer expectations and usage habits are changing rapidly in the age of video-on-demand and mobile media consumption.

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In the 1860s, decades before the creation of television, the pantelegraph became the first machine to transmit images electronically.

Invented by Italian physics professor Giovanni Caselli, the pantelegraph could transport drawings and notes across distances. Through the power of electrochemistry, images were reproduced from one area to another.

Scottish engineer John Logie Baird invented the first working TV in 1924, using any material he could find, such as cardboard, a bicycle lamp, and wax.

Baird's first invention could transmit the outline of an image a few feet away.

In 1925, he demonstrated his invention to the public by successfully transmitting an image of a ventriloquist's dummy. After the experiment, he said, "The image of the dummy's head formed itself on the screen with what appeared to me an almost unbelievable clarity. I had got it! I could scarcely believe my eyes and felt myself shaking with excitement."

Baird showcased his invention in department stores.

In the 1930s, the Marconi 702 was a luxury item only the rich could afford.

The TV set sold for £100 ($130), which was half of an average annual salary in the 1930s.

A still-functioning Marconi 702 went up for auction in 2011 for thousands. In a twist of fate, the original owner was only able to watch it a few hours before a nearby transmitter in London burned down. Picture wasn't restore until a decade later in 1946, according to Time.

TV affordability remains an issue even today, although the model has changed. Spigel said the invention of services like cable and Netflix have altered the way people pay for their media consumption.

"There is also a class dimension to all this since broadband is expensive, as are subscription and cable services," Spigel said. "One big difference really is that TV used to be 'free' as long as you did the work of watching commercials."

The popularity of televisions like this Motorola Golden View boomed in the 1940s.

Due to price drops, Americans were buying 100,000 TVs a week in 1949. The mania swept from the cities into rural areas where farmers got their first glimpse.

"We take it for granted today," one of the farmers, Harry Hankel, told Living History Farm. "Then, why, we didn't because it was something that never had happened before. We grow up with it here now. There we didn't. It come in you know and - it was just a different way of life, really."

With more shows and technological improvements, TVs - like this Raytheon M 1601 - were more popular than ever in the 1950s.

"I Love Lucy" was broadcast in almost every living room in America, reaching 67.3 million viewers. The first color television system began broadcast in 1953.

Companies continued to invent new technology such as the electronic remote control switch for the RCA Victor TV in 1960.

The first TV remote was introduced to consumers in 1950.

One invention that failed to catch consumers' attention though, Spigel said, is the TV stove in the 1950s. The hybrid invention allowed housewives to watch television in the TV "window" and watch her chicken roast in the other oven window.

"This was marketed in 1953, at a time when networks and advertisers still thought women might not be able to juggle housework with TV watching," Spigel said.

Daytime television was introduced on receivers like the Philco Tandem Predicta in the 1950s and '60s.

Catering to housewives, Spigel said the networks decided to conform to their routine and planned their broadcasting as a result.

"Segmented shows like 'The Today Show,' or segmented soaps let women dip in and out of watching TV while still doing housework," she said.

The 1960s brought creative and bizarre TV designs, including the home entertainment center.

Made in West Germany, the Kuba Komet (seen above) was meant to fulfill all a consumer's entertainment needs. Reminscent of a sailboat in design, the Kuba Komet included both a phonograph and television tuner.

Though color television proved popular, price drops on black-and-white TVs like the Marconiphone monochrome receiver meant households could afford more than one set in the 1970s.

The 1970s was also a revolutionary time for the power of television in the public's consciousness.

From the coverage of the Vietnam War to the Watergate scandal, TV held a magnifying glass up to what was happening in the world. Cable networks became popular in the mid-'70s as the number of channels at a person's disposal expanded from a few to many.

This expansion seen in the '70s and even today creates new opportunities, Spigel said. "The good part of it is that there's so much more room for diversity and different forms of expression now."

Created by Arthur Bracegirdle, the Keracolor Sphere embodies the spirit of the '60s and '70s.

The Keracolor was a TV meant for the future. Its spherical Space Age design calls to mind films like Stanley Kubrick's "2001: A Space Odyssey."

Though the company closed in 1977, there were plans to release an updated model back in 2007.

The Sinclair Microvision was released in 1976, offering portable television for the first time.

Spigel said, "For older generations, TV meant a box in the living room and a broadcast schedule with shows on at predictable times. Today TV is much less defined as a material thing and a schedule."

If Clive Sinclair had his way, this would have came a couple decades sooner. The Sinclair Microvision offered television on the go.

Similar in spirit to Sinclair's pocket television, the Seiko TV Watch claimed to be the smallest TV in the world.

The Seiko Watch holds the 1983 Guinness Book of World Records title. It even took the spy world by storm, featuring in the 1985 James Bond film, "Octopussy."

The first flat-screen TVs were an expense most people couldn't afford, but during the 2000s, they quickly began to replace the box television sets of old.

High definition replaced standard definition. Smart TVs offered a combination of both traditional television and the plethora of growing streaming services.

Companies like Sony tested a new dimension in the living room with the creation of its 3D TVs in the 2010s.

Another rising technology, Spigel said, streaming services and mobile platforms in the 2010s have changed the way people interact with screens. A person no longer needs a TV now to watch "television."

"TV is now often consumed outside the home, on small mobile screens, on jumbotrons at sports areas or other public spaces," Spigel said.

It has also led to increased interaction between the consumer and the media they consume.

"The ability to talk back to TV through apps and devices is also making interactivity more possibility-but also, interactive apps and devices don't necessarily create this-they tap into pre-exiting fan cultures around TV, and the participatory nature of communications more broadly," she said.

A few short years later, 4K flat screens are obsolete with the introduction of 8K resolution.

Many people believe traditional television is on its death bed, but Spigel doesn't think so. She believes broadcast and cable television will survive by evolving with the medium.

"Since the broadcast networks have all gone streaming," she said, "they will likely survive in the changed 'media eco-system.'"

More: Features Television History Vintage Photos

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How TVs have changed through the decades

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In the 1860s, decades before the creation of television, the pantelegraph became the first machine to transmit images electronically. Invented by Italian physics professor Giovanni Caselli, the pantelegraph could transport drawings and notes across distances. Through the power of electrochemistry, images were reproduced from one area to another.

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To print the story please do so via the link in the story toolbar.

The first television sets in 1927 were huge, with tiny screens and had scrolls on the sides of them. They were big and box-like, and the size of an refrigerator. The picture was not color, but black and white. The first mechanical television scanned images using a rotating disk with holes in a spiral pattern.

1965,

In 1965 television sets had color but had horrible picture quality, and you could hardly see what details that the television had on the screen. The television was still very thick due to the advanced technology that they did not have that we have today.

1990

Nothing had drastically changed in 1990, other than small improvements like different designs, different shapes of TVs and other small, unimportant things. The television made no special improvements, and the television had stayed the same throughout these years. Nothing that impacted the society had been released.

1998

It was soon the 2000s and TVs where being improved almost every year. The televisions had gotten much thinner, and where continuing to get more thin.

2015

In 2015 many people spent most of their days watching TV, due to the new technology that had made the new televisions interesting and seemingly real life. As the televisions had got more advanced and over time removed more buttons, cords and knobs.

Works Cited

First Color Television Sets Were Sold 50 Years Ago, old.post-gazette.com/tv/20031231colortv1231p3.asp.

History of Television - Mitchell Stephens, www.nyu.edu/classes/stephens/History of Television page.htm.

Layton, Julia. "How Remote Controls Work." HowStuffWorks, HowStuffWorks, 10 Nov. 2005, electronics.howstuffworks.com/remote-control2.htm.

Monaghan, Erin. "Television Through the Decades and the Ways It Changed Our World." TopTenReviews, www.toptenreviews.com/electronics/articles/television-through-the-decades-and-the-ways-it-changed-our-world/.

"Sign In." MackinVIA, www.mackinvia.com/titles?page=1&limit=30&sort=0&groupId=58764&groupName=6th ILA Objects that change over time.

"Who Invented the Television?" History, 25 May 2017, www.historyonthenet.com/who-invented-the-television/.

The first television sets in 1927 were huge, with tiny screens and had scrolls on the sides of them. They were big and box-like, and the size of an refrigerator. The picture was not color, but black and white. The first mechanical television scanned images using a rotating disk with holes in a spiral pattern.

1965,

In 1965 television sets had color but had horrible picture quality, and you could hardly see what details that the television had on the screen. The television was still very thick due to the advanced technology that they did not have that we have today.

1990

Nothing had drastically changed in 1990, other than small improvements like different designs, different shapes of TVs and other small, unimportant things. The television made no special improvements, and the television had stayed the same throughout these years. Nothing that impacted the society had been released.

1998

It was soon the 2000s and TVs where being improved almost every year. The televisions had gotten much thinner, and where continuing to get more thin.

2015

In 2015 many people spent most of their days watching TV, due to the new technology that had made the new televisions interesting and seemingly real life. As the televisions had got more advanced and over time removed more buttons, cords and knobs.

Works Cited

First Color Television Sets Were Sold 50 Years Ago, old.post-gazette.com/tv/20031231colortv1231p3.asp.

History of Television - Mitchell Stephens, www.nyu.edu/classes/stephens/History of Television page.htm.

Layton, Julia. "How Remote Controls Work." HowStuffWorks, HowStuffWorks, 10 Nov. 2005, electronics.howstuffworks.com/remote-control2.htm.

Monaghan, Erin. "Television Through the Decades and the Ways It Changed Our World." TopTenReviews, www.toptenreviews.com/electronics/articles/television-through-the-decades-and-the-ways-it-changed-our-world/.

"Sign In." MackinVIA, www.mackinvia.com/titles?page=1&limit=30&sort=0&groupId=58764&groupName=6th ILA Objects that change over time.

"Who Invented the Television?" History, 25 May 2017, www.historyonthenet.com/who-invented-the-television/.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
All Google images are labeled for reuse. Works Cited First Color Television Sets Were Sold 50 Years Ago, old.post-gazette.com/tv/20031231colortv1231p3.asp. History of Television - Mitchell Stephens, www.nyu.edu/classes/stephens/History of Television page.htm. Layton, Julia. "How Remote Controls Work." HowStuffWorks, HowStuffWorks, 10 Nov. 2005, electronics.howstuffworks.com/remote-control2.htm. Monaghan, Erin. "Television Through the Decades and the Ways It Changed Our World."

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How has the Internet changed everyday life?

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How has the Internet changed everyday life?

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What Happened?

The Internet has turned our existence upside down. It has revolutionized communications, to the extent that it is now our preferred medium of everyday communication. In almost everything we do, we use the Internet. Ordering a pizza, buying a television, sharing a moment with a friend, sending a picture over instant messaging. Before the Internet, if you wanted to keep up with the news, you had to walk down to the newsstand when it opened in the morning and buy a local edition reporting what had happened the previous day. But today a click or two is enough to read your local paper and any news source from anywhere in the world, updated up to the minute.

The Internet itself has been transformed. In its early days-which from a historical perspective are still relatively recent-it was a static network designed to shuttle a small freight of bytes or a short message between two terminals; it was a repository of information where content was published and maintained only by expert coders. Today, however, immense quantities of information are uploaded and downloaded over this electronic leviathan, and the content is very much our own, for now we are all commentators, publishers, and creators.

In the 1980s and 1990s, the Internet widened in scope to encompass the IT capabilities of universities and research centers, and, later on, public entities, institutions, and private enterprises from around the world. The Internet underwent immense growth; it was no longer a state-controlled project, but the largest computer network in the world, comprising over 50,000 sub-networks, 4 million systems, and 70 million users.

The emergence of web 2.0 in the first decade of the twenty-first century was itself a revolution in the short history of the Internet, fostering the rise of social media and other interactive, crowd-based communication tools.

The Internet was no longer concerned with information exchange alone: it was a sophisticated multidisciplinary tool enabling individuals to create content, communicate with one another, and even escape reality. Today, we can send data from one end of the world to the other in a matter of seconds, make online presentations, live in parallel "game worlds," and use pictures, video, sound, and text to share our real lives, our genuine identity. Personal stories go public; local issues become global.

The rise of the Internet has sparked a debate about how online communication affects social relationships. The Internet frees us from geographic fetters and brings us together in topic-based communities that are not tied down to any specific place. Ours is a networked, globalized society connected by new technologies. The Internet is the tool we use to interact with one another, and accordingly poses new challenges to privacy and security.

Information technologies have wrought fundamental change throughout society, driving it forward from the industrial age to the networked era. In our world, global information networks are vital infrastructure-but in what ways has this changed human relations? The Internet has changed business, education, government, healthcare, and even the ways in which we interact with our loved ones-it has become one of the key drivers of social evolution.

The changes in social communication are of particular significance. Although analogue tools still have their place in some sectors, new technologies are continuing to gain ground every day, transforming our communication practices and possibilities-particularly among younger people. The Internet has removed all communication barriers. Online, the conventional constraints of space and time disappear and there is a dizzyingly wide range of communicative possibilities. The impact of social media applications has triggered discussion of the "new communication democracy."

The development of the Internet today is being shaped predominantly by instant, mobile communications. The mobile Internet is a fresh revolution. Comprehensive Internet connectivity via smartphones and tablets is leading to an increasingly mobile reality: we are not tied to any single specific device, and everything is in the cloud.

People no longer spend hours gazing at a computer screen after work or class; instead, they use their mobile devices to stay online everywhere, all the time.

Anyone failing to keep abreast of this radical change is losing out on an opportunity.

Communication Opportunities Created by the Internet

The Internet has become embedded in every aspect of our day-to-day lives, changing the way we interact with others. This insight struck me when I started out in the world of social media. I created my first social network in 2005, when I was finishing college in the United States-it had a political theme. I could already see that social media were on the verge of changing our way of communicating, helping us to share information by opening up a new channel that cuts across conventional ones.

That first attempt did not work out, but I learned from the experience.I get the feeling that in many countries failure is punished too harshly-but the fact is, the only surefire way of avoiding failure is to do nothing at all. I firmly believe that mistakes help you improve; getting it wrong teaches you how to get it right. Creativity, hard work, and a positive attitude will let you achieve any goal.

In 2006, after I moved to Spain, I created Tuenti. Tuenti (which, contrary to widespread belief, has nothing to do with the number 20; it is short for "tu entidad," the Spanish for "your entity") is a social communication platform for genuine friends. From the outset, the idea was to keep it simple, relevant, and private. That's the key to its success.

I think the real value of social media is that you can stay in touch from moment to moment with the people who really matter to you. Social media let you share experiences and information; they get people and ideas in touch instantly, without frontiers. Camaraderie, friendship, and solidarity-social phenomena that have been around for as long as humanity itself-have been freed from the conventional restrictions of space and time and can now thrive in a rich variety of ways.

Out of all the plethora of communication opportunities that the Internet has opened up, I would highlight the emergence of social media and the way they have intricately melded into our daily lives. Social media have changed our personal space, altering the way we interact with our loved ones, our friends, and our sexual partners; they have forced us to rethink even basic daily processes like studying and shopping; they have affected the economy by nurturing the business startup culture and electronic commerce; they have even given us new ways to form broad-based political movements.

The Internet and Education

The Internet has clearly impacted all levels of education by providing unbounded possibilities for learning. I believe the future of education is a networked future. People can use the Internet to create and share knowledge and develop new ways of teaching and learning that captivate and stimulate students' imagination at any time, anywhere, using any device. By connecting and empowering students and educators, we can speed up economic growth and enhance the well-being of society throughout the world. We should work together, over a network, to build the global learning society.

The network of networks is an inexhaustible source of information. What's more, the Internet has enabled users to move away from their former passive role as mere recipients of messages conveyed by conventional media to an active role, choosing what information to receive, how, and when. The information recipient even decides whether or not they want to stay informed.

We have moved on from scattergun mass communication to a pattern where the user proactively selects the information they need.

Students can work interactively with one another, unrestricted by physical or time constraints. Today, you can use the Internet to access libraries, encyclopedias, art galleries, news archives, and other information sources from anywhere in the world: I believe this is a key advantage in the education field. The web is a formidable resource for enhancing the process of building knowledge.

I also believe the Internet is a wonderful tool for learning and practicing other languages-this continues to be a critical issue in many countries, including Spain, and, in a globalized world, calls for special efforts to improve.

The Internet, in addition to its communicative purposes, has become a vital tool for exchanging knowledge and education; it is not just an information source, or a locus where results can be published, it is also a channel for cooperating with other people and groups who are working on related research topics.

The Internet and Privacy and Security

Another key issue surrounding Internet use is privacy. Internet users are becoming more sensitive to the insight that privacy is a must-have in our lives.

Privacy has risen near the top of the agenda in step with an increasing awareness of the implications of using social media. Much of the time, people started to use social media with no real idea of the dangers, and have wised up only through trial and error-sheer accident, snafus, and mistakes. Lately, inappropriate use of social media seems to hit the headlines every day. Celebrities posting inappropriate comments to their profiles, private pictures and tapes leaked to the Internet at large, companies displaying arrogance toward users, and even criminal activities involving private-data trafficking or social media exploitation.

All this shows that-contrary to what many people seem to have assumed-online security and privacy are critical, and, I believe, will become even more important going forward. And, although every user needs privacy, the issue is particularly sensitive for minors-despite attempts to raise their awareness, children still behave recklessly online.

I have always been highly concerned about privacy. On Tuenti, the default privacy setting on every user account is the highest available level of data protection. Only people the user has accepted as a "friend" can access their personal details, see their telephone number, or download their pictures. This means that, by default, user information is not accessible to third parties. In addition, users are supported by procedures for reporting abuse. Any user can report a profile or photograph that is abusive, inappropriate, or violates the terms of use: action is taken immediately. Security and privacy queries are resolved within 24 hours.

We need to be aware that different Internet platforms provide widely different privacy experiences. Some of them are entirely open and public; no steps whatsoever are taken to protect personal information, and all profiles are indexable by Internet search engines.

On the other hand, I think the debate about whether social media use should be subject to an age requirement is somewhat pointless, given that most globally active platforms operate without age restrictions. The European regulatory framework is quite different from the United States and Asian codes. Companies based in Europe are bound by rigorous policies on privacy and underage use of social media. This can become a competitive drawback when the ground rules do not apply equally to all players-our American and Japanese competitors, for instance, are not required to place any kind of age constraint on access.

Outside the scope of what the industry or regulators can do, it is vital that users themselves look after the privacy of their data. I believe the information is the user's property, so the user is the only party entitled to control the collection, use, and disclosure of any information about him or herself. Some social networks seem to have forgotten this fact-they sell data, make it impossible to delete an account, or make it complex and difficult to manage one's privacy settings. Everything should be a lot simpler and more transparent.

Social networks should continue to devote intense efforts to developing self-regulation mechanisms and guidelines for this new environment of online coexistence to ensure that user information is safe: the Internet should be a space for freedom, but also for trust. The main way of ensuring that social media are used appropriately is awareness. But awareness and user education will be of little use unless it becomes an absolute requirement that the privacy of the individual is treated as a universal value.

The Internet and Culture

As in the sphere of education, the development of information and communication technologies and the wide-ranging effects of globalization are changing what we are, and the meaning of cultural identity. Ours is a complex world in which cultural flows across borders are always on the rise. The concepts of space, time, and distance are losing their conventional meanings. Cultural globalization is here, and a global movement of cultural processes and initiatives is underway.

Again, in the cultural arena, vast fields of opportunity open up thanks to online tools. The possibilities are multiplied for disseminating a proposal, an item of knowledge, or a work of art. Against those doomsayers who warn that the Internet is harming culture, I am radically optimistic. The Internet is bringing culture closer to more people, making it more easily and quickly accessible; it is also nurturing the rise of new forms of expression for art and the spread of knowledge. Some would say, in fact, that the Internet is not just a technology, but a cultural artifact in its own right.

In addition to its impact on culture itself, the Internet is enormously beneficial for innovation, which brings progress in all fields of endeavor-the creation of new goods, services, and ideas, the advance of knowledge and society, and increasing well-being.

The Internet and Personal Relationships

The Internet has also changed the way we interact with our family, friends, and life partners. Now everyone is connected to everyone else in a simpler, more accessible, and more immediate way; we can conduct part of our personal relationships using our laptops, smart phones, and tablets.

The benefits of always-online immediate availability are highly significant. I would find a long-distance relationship with my life partner or my family unthinkable without the communication tools that the network of networks provides me with. I'm living in Madrid, but I can stay close to my brother in California. For me, that is the key plus of the Internet: keeping in touch with the people who really matter to me.

As we have seen, the Internet revolution is not just technological; it also operates at a personal level, and throughout the structure of society. The Internet makes it possible for an unlimited number of people to communicate with one another freely and easily, in an unrestricted way.

Just a century ago, this was unimaginable. An increasing number of couples come together, stay together, or break up with the aid-or even as a consequence-of social communication tools. There are even apps and social networks out there that are purposely designed to help people get together for sex.

Of course, when compared to face-to-face communication, online communication is severely limited in the sense impressions it can convey (an estimated 60 to 70 percent of human communication takes place nonverbally), which can lead to misunderstandings and embarrassing situations-no doubt quite a few relationships have floundered as a result. I think the key is to be genuine, honest, and real at all times, using all the social media tools and their many advantages. Let's just remember that a liar and a cheat online is a liar and a cheat offline too.

The Internet and Social and Political Activism

Even before the emergence of social media, pioneering experiments took place in the political sphere-like Essembly, a project I was involved in. We started to create a politically themed platform to encourage debate and provide a home for social and political causes; but the social networks that have later nurtured activism in a new way were not as yet in existence.

Research has shown that young people who voice their political opinions on the Internet are more inclined to take part in public affairs. The better informed a citizen is, the more likely they will step into the polling booth, and the better they will express their political liberties. The Internet has proved to be a decisive communication tool in the latest election campaigns. It is thanks to the Internet that causes in the social, welfare, ideological, and political arenas have been spoken up for and have won the support of other citizens sharing those values-in many cases, with a real impact on government decision making.

The Internet and Consumer Trends

New technologies increase the speed of information transfer, and this opens up the possibility of "bespoke" shopping. The Internet offers an immense wealth of possibilities for buying content, news, and leisure products, and all sorts of advantages arise from e-commerce, which has become a major distribution channel for goods and services. You can book airline tickets, get a T-shirt from Australia, or buy food at an online grocery store. New applications support secure business transactions and create new commercial opportunities.

In this setting, it is the consumer who gains the upper hand, and the conventional rules and methods of distribution and marketing break down. Consumers' access to information multiplies, and their reviews of their experience with various products and services take center stage. Access to product comparisons and rankings, user reviews and comments, and recommendations from bloggers with large followings have shaped a new scenario for consumer behavior, retail trade, and the economy in general.

The Internet and the Economy

The Internet is one of the key factors driving today's economy. No one can afford to be left behind. Even in a tough macroeconomic framework, the Internet can foster growth, coupled with enhanced productivity and competitiveness.

The Internet provides opportunities for strengthening the economy: How should we tackle them? While Europe-and Spain specifically-are making efforts to make the best possible use of the Internet, there are areas in which their approach needs to improve. Europe faces a major challenge, and risks serious failure if it lets the United States run ahead on its own. The European Commission, in its "Startup Manifesto," suggests that the Old World be more entrepreneur-friendly-the proposal is backed by companies like Spotify and Tuenti. Europe lacks some of the necessary know-how. We need to improve in financial services and in data privacy, moving past the obsolete regulatory framework we now have and making a bid to achieve a well-connected continent with a single market for 4G mobile connections. We need to make it easier to hire talent outside each given country.

The use of e-commerce should be encouraged among small and medium-sized enterprises so that growth opportunities can be exploited more intensely. Following the global trend of the Internet, companies should internalize their online business. And much more emphasis should be placed on new technologies training in the academic and business spheres.

Modern life is global, and Spain is competing against every other country in the world. I do not believe in defeatism or victim culture. Optimism should not translate into callousness, but I sincerely believe that if you think creatively, if you find a different angle, if you innovate with a positive attitude and without fear of failure, then you can change things for the better. Spain needs to seize the moment to reinvent itself, grasping the opportunities offered up by the online world. We need to act, take decisions, avoid "paralysis through analysis." I sometimes feel we are too inclined to navel-gazing: Spain shuts itself off, fascinated with its own contradictions and local issues, and loses its sense of perspective. Spain should open up to the outside, use the crisis as an opportunity to do things differently, in a new way-creating value, underlining its strengths, aspiring to be something more.

In the United States, for instance, diving headfirst into a personal Internet-related startup is regarded as perfectly normal. I'm glad to see that this entrepreneurial spirit is beginning to take hold here as well. I believe in working hard, showing perseverance, keeping your goals in view, surrounding yourself with talent, and taking risks. No risk, no success. We live in an increasingly globalized world: of course you can have a Spain-based Internet startup, there are no frontiers.

We need to take risks and keep one step ahead of the future. It is precisely the most disruptive innovations that require radical changes in approach and product, which might not even find a market yet ready for them-these are the areas providing real opportunities to continue being relevant, to move forward and "earn" the future, creating value and maintaining leadership. It is the disruptive changes that enable a business, product, or service to revolutionize the market-and, particularly in the technology sector, such changes are a necessity.

The Future of Social Communications, Innovation, Mobile Technologies, and Total Connectivity in Our Lives

The future of social communications will be shaped by an always-online culture. Always online is already here and will set the trend going forward. Total connectivity, the Internet you can take with you wherever you go, is growing unstoppably. There is no turning back for global digitalization.

Innovation is the driving force of growth and progress, so we need to shake up entrenched processes, products, services, and industries, so that all of us together-including established businesses, reacting to their emerging competitors-can move forward together.

Innovation is shaping and will continue to shape the future of social communications. It is already a reality that Internet connections are increasingly mobile. A survey we conducted in early 2013 in partnership with Ipsos found that 94 percent of Tuenti users aged 16 to 35 owned cell phones, 84 percent of users connected to the Internet using their phones, and 47 percent had mobile data subscriptions for connecting to the Internet. A total of 74 percent of users reported connecting to the Internet from their phone on a daily basis, while 84 percent did so at least weekly. Only 13 percent did not use their phones to connect to the Internet, and that percentage is decreasing every day.

Mobile Internet use alters the pattern of device usage; the hitherto familiar ways of accessing the Internet are changing too. The smartphone activities taking up the most time (over three hours a day) include instant messaging (38%), social media use (35%), listening to music (24%), and web browsing (20%). The activities taking up the least time (under five minutes a day) are: SMS texting (51%), watching movies (43%), reading and writing e-mail (38%), and talking on the phone (32%). Things are still changing.

Smartphones are gaining ground in everyday life. Many of the purposes formerly served by other items now involve using our smartphones. Some 75 percent of young people reported having replaced their MP3 player with their phone, 74 percent use their phone as an alarm clock, 70 percent use it as their camera, and 67 percent use it as their watch.

We have been observing these shifts for a while, which is why we decided to reinvent ourselves by placing smartphones at the heart of our strategy. I want to use this example as a showcase of what is happening in the world of social communication and the Internet in general: mobile connectivity is bringing about a new revolution. Tuenti is no longer just a social network, and social media as a whole are becoming more than just websites. The new Tuenti provides native mobile apps for Android, iPhone, Blackberry, Windows Phone, as well as the Firefox OS app and the mobile version of the website, m.tuenti.com. Tuenti is now a cross-platform service that lets users connect with their friends and contacts from wherever they may be, using their device of choice. A user with a laptop can IM in real time with a user with a smartphone, and switch from one device to another without losing the thread of the conversation. The conversations are in the cloud, so data and contacts are preserved independently of the devices being used. This means the experience has to be made uniform across platforms, which sometimes involves paring down functionalities, given the processing and screen size limitations of mobile devices. Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, LinkedIn, and so on are all evolving to become increasingly cross-platform experiences. But Tuenti is the first social network that has also developed its own Mobile Virtual Network Operator (MVNO)-the company is an Internet service provider over the mobile network. Tuenti is an MVNO with a social media angle, and this may be the future path of telecommunications.

Social media are evolving to become something more, and innovation must be their hallmark if they are to continue being relevant. Tuenti now embraces both social communications and telecom services provision, offering value added by letting you use the mobile app free of charge and without using up your data traffic allowance, even if you have no credit on your prepaid card-this is wholly revolutionary in the telecom sector. The convergence of social media with more traditional sectors is already bringing about a new context for innovation, a new arena for the development and growth of the Internet.

Just about everything in the world of the Internet still lies ahead of us, and mobile communications as we know them must be reinvented by making them more digital. The future will be shaped by innovation converging with the impact of mobility. This applies not just to social media but to the Internet in general, particularly in the social communications field. I feel that many people do not understand what we are doing and have no idea of the potential development of companies like ours at the global level. Right now, there may be somebody out there, in some corner of the world, developing the tool that will turn the Internet upside down all over again. The tool that will alter our day-to-day life once more. Creating more opportunities, providing new benefits to individuals, bringing more individual and collective well-being. Just ten years ago, social media did not exist; in the next ten years, something else radically new will emerge. There are many areas in which products, processes, and services can be improved or created afresh. The future is brimming with opportunities, and the future of the Internet has only just begun.

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How the Internet Has Changed Everyday Life | OpenMind

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The Internet has turned our existence upside down. It has revolutionized communications, to the extent that it is now our preferred medium of everyday communication. In almost everything we do, we use the Internet. Ordering a pizza, buying a television, sharing a moment with a friend, sending a picture over instant messaging.

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As science and technology have evolved, our lifestyle experienced changes. From the first telephone to the first medical drug, every invention and innovation has significantly affected the lifestyle across the globe. And the same is applicable to the internet as well. Since the first internet connections were laid in the late 1950s, the world has undergone a sea of changes, thanks to the power of the World Wide Web.

From basic needs to the utmost luxuries, almost every facet of our lifestyle is now impacted by the internet. And as we go towards the future, the dependence on the internet and its role in our life are expected to grow more.

The world is now a global city and the internet is in many ways responsible for that. With the power of the web and smartphones, we can now connect with anyone, anytime from anywhere.

Let us take a look at some of the areas of our lifestyle where the internet played a significant role and changed it.

Impact Of Internet On Businesses

No one would have ever imagined that businesses could be performed across the globe through a computer, but the internet has made it possible. With the advent of information technology, more and more people are using it as a great platform to promote their goods and services.

Technology has made the world a small place and you can easily bank on this factor to give a big boost to your business. Starting from small entrepreneurship firms to multi-national companies, almost all types of businesses are giving good stress on the internet. There are various types of internet business options that you can choose from based on your preferences and capital. For different businesses, you have to implement different techniques and strategies. Some of the popular types include:

Affiliate Marketing Business

Google Adwords & Adsense Marketing

Blog & Article Submission Business

Online Auction Selling

Web Marketing

If you get the basics right and conduct your internet business in the right way, you will surely enjoy good profits.

Impact Of Internet On Education

With the advent of the internet today, even education is now possible from the comforts of your home. All over the world, online education has brought a revolution in the field of education and knowledge sharing. If you have an internet connection and a computer, you can easily enroll in an online education program.

In today's world, it is getting extremely difficult to keep pace with time. In this scenario, online courses are of great benefit to students. One does not need to take the pain to go to school, college, or university for study purposes. The study can be done virtually through the internet.

The positive impact of the internet on a student's life is such that they can now go for any educational program (like associate degrees or diplomas, bachelor courses, master courses, or even doctoral or post-doctoral courses) online. Many reputed schools, colleges, and universities across the world now offer a number of online education programs in diverse fields.

Impact Of Internet On Shopping/Buying

The internet has revolutionized the concept of shopping in our lives. Well, there are lots of places and shops where you can go to buy your favorite items. But, is it possible for you to visit all of these places at a single time? No, it is not possible in real life. But, the internet has made it possible where you can choose and buy a product from different sellers at the same time. From the necessities to the luxuries, you get to shop everything online.

Shopping enthusiasts must have already experienced the excitement and joy that online shopping offers. There are numerous sites from where you can get information and buy the latest brands online. You just need to browse the internet and click on the relevant sites to buy. Once you get the site, you will find the online catalog from where you need to choose the models and the brands as per your needs, preferences, and budget requirements. Most of these websites sell products ranging from high-cost value to as cheap as possible.

There are a number of benefits if you buy online. In the first place, you can browse the internet, visit the online stores, and place your order 24×7. This is not possible in the case of shops and markets where there is a stipulated working time. By buying online, you can also save lots of time and yet get the latest brands.

Another great thing about online shopping is that you will enjoy very good bargains. To lure customers, most of the sites offer good discounts and rebates on their models and products.

Impact of the Internet On Our Lifestyle

The internet now acts as a one-stop guide to all the information and queries about beauty, style, fashion, lifestyle, personal grooming and more.
There are lots of websites that provide professional and expert information and tips on various aspects that may be required to glam up one's look and personality. Starting from the basic beauty care tips and cosmetic makeovers to the latest cosmetic surgeries that are available, you can get information about almost everything. They have different sections which are dedicated to various subjects like hair care and style, eye makeup, body care, skin care, beauty products, eye care and lots more.

For those who are looking for information on the latest fashion and style trends, these sites can be the best options as they provide information about the latest trends that are in vogue in the fashion and beauty industry. From making funky tattoos to buying the latest jewelry and fashion accessories, viewers can get the relevant info that they are looking for.

Impact Of Internet On Travel Industry

For wanderlusts, the internet is a friend in need and service. Now, make use of the power of the web to know more about travel destinations and even organize travel plans online. You now can book hotels, tickets, and travel packages online. Just do it from the comforts of your home, sit back, and pack your bags! The internet has now become the one-stop place to know about what it takes to make a great travel trip. One can get to know about various travel packages that are available, the popular destinations, bookings in hotels and resorts, the flight bookings and lots more from the web.

From the lovely beaches to the mighty mountains or the best exotic and heritage locations, you can get all the necessary information. Some of the services that are offered through the web include online flight schedule and booking, online hotel reservations, tour planning and bookings, car rental bookings and so on.

Impact Of Internet On Jobs And Employment

Getting a job now has become easier, thanks to the internet. There are numerous sites that offer you the scope to search for your favorite job. You can get useful information about job opportunities and detailed information about job scenario. The job prospects for the overseas market, the most coveted jobs, career scope, details about this and much more.

The internet provides you with comprehensive and credible information about jobs. The job market today has become diverse and the site strives to provide the best news out of it. Job seekers are given handy information about the changing trends and also about the unconventional job sectors that are coming up. From job openings to handy details on the industry that is right for you, the sites cover almost everything.

The in-depth analysis on the job scenario of other countries is helpful for those vying for overseas jobs. You can easily on go onto the net and get a lot of ideas about the job prospects in other countries.

Do you have a fetish for knowledge and love writing? Well, the internet is a channel that allows you to monetize your writing skills through online publishing as well as helps you to earn some extra bucks. You can make money with your writing and interactive skills using the internet. Whether you are a creative writer, web publisher or a webmaster, plenty of cash can come to your bank account easily through various online channels.

Impact Of Internet On Games

Are you a games freak and have a very good hand and eye coordination. Then why don't you log onto the internet? The web has now become the largest platform for sports on the planet. Choose from a wide range of online games from the internet and have a fantastic experience.

To cater to your needs and preferences, there are plenty of online gaming sites that are available. You can choose from a wide range of games like action or shooter games, puzzle games, tactical games, word games, retro games and so on. If you are a lover of sports, then there are lots of sports and racing games as well that you can play online. Some of the popular gaming sites also have different game categories for girls and boys.

Most of the online games offer a great gaming experience for you. The graphics are wonderful and you can have a real life feeling. There are strategy games where you need to show your mental skills to advance through the levels.

Even you can earn money by playing online games. Are you surprised? Well, there are lots of online casino games where you will not only feel that adrenaline rush but also earn loads of money at the end of the day. If you are good in gambling, these games are perfect for filling your wallet with just a click of a mouse!

Impact Of Internet On The Aged People And Society

Now the aged do not need to always sit in front of the TV or read a book. They can try something exciting like browsing through the internet. If you think that the internet is only meant for the tech savvy or the youngsters, you are mistaken. In fact, internet and seniors make a good pair, and there are sufficient reasons as to why it is so.

With the help of the internet, seniors can get all sorts of information without stepping out of their house. It is like a knowledge bank from where they can get a host of information on different subjects and topics. They can shop, send gifts, make bill payments and do so many other things from the comfort of home through the internet. No more standing in long queues to pay electricity bills or walking that extra mile to get a bottle of juice. All they need to do is to log on to the relevant website and go clicking with the mouse.

They can even socialize and connect to near and dear ones in the community through the internet. The social networking sites are one of the reasons for the growing popularity of the internet among people across the world.

Apart from these, there are lots of myriad sectors where the internet has played wonders. Some of them are healthcare, sports, manufacturing and retail, public administration, banking and lots more. With the advancement in science and technology, more and more sectors are coming under the purview of the internet and the boom is expected to become boomer with the passage of time.

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How Internet Changed Our Lives [Positively] - Shiprocket 360

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As science and technology have evolved, our lifestyle experienced changes. From the first telephone to the first medical drug, every invention and innovation has significantly affected the lifestyle across the globe. And the same is applicable to the internet as well.

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Evolution of the Internet in five phases. The evolution of Internet begins with connecting two computers together and then moved towards creating World Wide Web by connecting large number of computers together. The mobile-Internet emerged by connecting mobile devices to the Internet. Then, peoples’ identities joined the Internet via social networks. Finally, it is moving towards Internet of Things by connecting every day objects to the Internet.

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The world would not be what it has become today without the internet. It touches just about every aspect of how we live, work, socialize, shop, and play. But access to the internet is a recent phenomenon that's reshaped the world in a stunningly short amount of time. In just a few decades, the internet has gone from a novel way for the US military to keep in touch to the always-connected heartbeat of the human race. With each passing year, more and more people have gained access to the internet-here's how they've logged on.

The earliest days

The internet traces its roots to a US defense department project in the 1960s born out of (pdf) the Cold War, and a desire to have armed forces communicate over a connected, distributed network. The military's research arm, the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), began work on a communication project, which led to the creation of ARPANET, one of the earliest iterations of computers talking to each other on a network. ARPANET eventually connected military installations, third-party contractors, and a handful of universities in the US. By the mid-1970s, ARPANET had connected to NORSAR, a US-Norwegian system designed to monitor seismic activity from earthquakes or nuclear blasts, over satellite. The Norwegian system then connected to computers in London, and eventually, other parts of Europe.

The computers used to connect this nascent network together were gargantuan by today's standards. The SDS Sigma 7, which cost $700,000 in the mid-1960s ($4.8 million in today's dollars) was used by the University of California, Los Angeles to send the first message over ARPANET to Stanford University. SDS, or Scientific Data Systems, an early US computer company staffed by Packard Bell alums, built that first computer that connected to the network. The machine, like its offspring that helped the first people land on the Moon, was not like the computer we know today: It took up a large portion of the room it was in and consisted of a series of cabinets with reel-to-reel tapes, flashing buttons, and toggle switches. There would've been a small station with a keyboard and a very basic monitor, but much of the data for the machine would've been stored on punch cards. The first message sent was the word "lo;" the researchers were trying to type the word "login" and the system crashed after two letters. (Remember that next time Facebook goes down for a few minutes.)

Photo by Apic/Getty Images

Map from 1972 showing the communication centers and relays (nodes) of new communication systems ARPANET

In the early days, these systems used Interface Message Processors (IMPs), which were computers designed to organize and receive the data coming in and out of the network. Essentially, they were the earliest versions of the modern router. ARPANET relied on leased telephone lines, much like the commercial internet did in the years that followed. Around the same time, computer scientist Ray Tomlinson, working at the research firm Bolt, Beranek and Newman (now part of Raytheon), created the original version of email; then-Stanford professor and future " father of the internet" Vint Cerf coined the term "internet" to talk about this growing network of interconnected computers.

Over the 1980s, a grant from the US National Science Foundation allowed smaller universities to connect to ARPANET to share information with those who couldn't directly connect to the network. By the late-1980s, schools in around 25 countries had connected to the network-in 1983, the US military was given its own branch of ARPANET, called MILNET, for secure communications, allowing other research and communication to take place on ARPANET.

Dial-up

"The pre-Web Internet was an almost entirely text-based world."

The earliest days of the consumer internet were soundtracked by a cacophony of digital hisses and beeps.

As internet protocols and technologies were standardized, in the late 1980s and early 1990s, universities, businesses, and even regular people started to connect over the internet. But before the invention of the World Wide Web, accomplishing anything was a real chore. Information on the internet was difficult to search for, and almost impossibly dense. "The pre-Web Internet was an almost entirely text-based world," ZDNet editor Steven J. Vaughan-Nichols said on the 20th anniversary of the site in 2011. "If this makes the pre-Web sound like a place that was only welcoming to techies in those days, you're right, it was."

We may not have moved beyond the internet of the early 1990s were it not for Tim Berners-Lee, who was looking for an easier way to find and share research. Berners-Lee, who in 1989 was a researcher working at CERN, the Swiss nuclear research facility, came up with the concept of the World Wide Web, a decentralized repository of information, linked together and shareable with anyone who could connect to it. He built the first webpage in 1993. Seeing the value in what Berners-Lee and his team had created, CERN opened up the software for the web to the public domain, meaning anyone could use it and build upon it.

Berners-Lee also created the first website browser (initially called WorldWideWeb and then renamed Nexus). But it wasn't until a team of former students at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC), led by Marc Andreessen, created the Mosaic web browser in 1993 that the web started to take off. Andreessen and his team left the research facility at UIUC to start Netscape, the company that produced the first web browser many people ever used: Netscape Navigator.

By the mid-1990s, Netscape had about 80% of the browser market in the US and Europe. Its only real competitor was Microsoft's Internet Explorer, which first launched with Windows 95. But Microsoft, a huge company even then, was able to iterate its software faster as the web changed, implementing new technologies like CSS (cascading style sheets-the code that ensures the web is more than just bland pages of text) before Netscape could. (Microsoft's dominance remained pretty much unchallenged until the dawn of the mobile web, but more on that later.)

At the time, internet services, especially in the US, started to become more affordable. Although the first phone modem was invented in 1958 by Bell, which could just send data to other Bell devices, the first modem designed to use with a PC didn't arrive until 1977. But it wasn't until 1996 that we got the 56k modem, which let internet users surf the web at a blistering 56,000 bits per second. (Today we can download a 1 GB file in about 32 seconds, compared with around 3.5 days, which is what it would take on a 56k modem.)

Internet service providers like America Online, Prodigy, Earthlink, and CompuServe, dominated early access in the US. Subscribers would almost always rely on their existing phone line for connection to the internet, meaning that no one could use the phone when someone was on internet. And everyone connecting in the mid-90s through to the mid-2000s likely knew of the horror that was the dial-up modem connection sound.

Broadband

At some point in 2004, for the first time ever, there were more people in the US who had access to broadband internet than dial-up, according to the Pew Research Center. The price of broadband connections had begun to fall as more users signed up. Broadband modems act a little differently than their dial-up predecessors in that they do not need to call out over the phone line to your internet service provider to establish a connection to the internet-they stay connected unless they're turned off. In the US today, most broadband connections come into homes through the same connections used for cable TV, and don't tend to require access to a telephone line to connect.

Coupled with the advent of wifi, broadband has revolutionized the way that people connect to the internet. Before wifi and broadband, accessing the internet was a very static and slow experience, requiring someone to sit in front of a large computer, physically connected to a modem, to access the web. But when wifi started to gain popularity, it made the internet accessible wherever someone had a laptop, tablet, or Palm Pilot and wifi connection. The earliest versions of wifi were implemented in the mid-1990s, but it wasn't until Apple included the technology in the iBook laptop in 1999, as well as other models in the early 2000s, that it really started to kick off.

Broadband speeds are generally faster than dial-up. In the US, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) considers a broadband connection-at least for a fixed line, rather than a cellular connection-one that can achieve speeds of 25 Mbps for downloads and 3 Mbps for uploads. This could certainly change in the future-the definition has changed in the past -but for now, it accurately portrays what most of the country has access to.

Speed helped make the internet what it has become.

These speeds helped make the internet what it has become: in the early web years, loading web pages even with simple graphics could take several minutes. With higher speeds, websites could load faster, and developers could add more content to their sites without fear that it would crash their user's computers. Even streaming videos became possible; YouTube first launched in 2005. Websites evolved from simple destinations to interactive places where people could buy things and communicate with each other in real-time.

That being said, there are still some 19 million people in the US who don't have access to the internet at all, and roughly 43% of the world's population is also without access. But there are many efforts to bring internet access to those where fixed connections are difficult to deploy. Cable companies are using old broadcasting radio frequencies to deliver high-speed internet, and autonomous balloons can beam internet down to even the most remote locations. As access to affordable wireless technology broadens, and our concept of the internet continues to shift, it's likely the number of people not online will drop rapidly over the next decade.

Cellular data

If you thought the advent of broadband and the internet as we know it today came quickly, you're going to be blindsided by what happens in the next few years.

Mobile broadband-connecting to the internet through a cell phone-has exploded in popularity over the last five years. At the end of 2013, there were about 1.9 billion smartphone subscriptions in the world, and by the end of 2018, there were about 5.3 billion-that's a jump of about 180% in five years.

Smartphones are getting cheaper-the global average price for a phone is around $368, but there are dozens of smartphones that will get the job done for less than $50-and access is improving every day.

It's a far cry from the earliest iterations of the mobile internet, like WAP (Wireless Application Protocol). Introduced in 1999 and seen in such phones as the Nokia 7110 (which many incorrectly associate with being featured in the year's smash-hit film The Matrix), WAP was sort of like the early dial-up of mobile internet. You could look at rudimentary pages of the internet, to check things like sports scores or news headlines. But getting too deep into the internet would likely burn through whatever overpriced data plan you had at the time.

The first truly useful mobile data standard was 3G in 2003, when radio technology first allowed for more than calls and texts to be sent over the air. (In the western world in 2019, it's often the connection type your smartphone will fall back to when it can't connect to LTE; in other countries, it's still the standard.)

The mobile web truly took off with the iPhone, however, and all the devices that aimed to copy it. When introducing the iPhone, Apple founder Steve Jobs said it was taking on the role of three devices at once: "It's an iPod, a phone, and an internet communicator."

The iPhone was first launched in 2007 (though a 3G model wasn't introduced until 2008). Over the last decade, Apple has sold more than 1 billion iPhones and spurred on competitors like Google, whose Android operating system is now installed on over 2 billion devices. Suddenly, a device that fit in the palm of your hand could access the web in (more or less) the same way as a laptop. The mobile web has created an entirely new economy- Apple estimates that developers have generated $120 billion in revenue from apps developed for the iPhone and iPad since Apple's App Store was first introduced in 2008. What's more, we now spend an average of fours hours every day on our phones, much of that time going to social media.

It's possible a completely new paradigm will be invented for our super-fast, mobile future.

According to a recent consumer report (pdf) commissioned by networking hardware company Ericsson, the average smartphone owner in the US currently uses around 8GB of data each month. The company expects that number to balloon up to possibly 200GB per month by 2025. Mobile devices will likely not look like they do now: In the same way using a smartphone to access the web in 2019 is nothing like using a laptop to get online in 2003, or a desktop in 1993, it's possible a completely new paradigm will be invented for our super-fast, mobile future. The future of the web will likely be increasingly mobile, but probably won't be dominated by the devices of today.

As 5G wireless networks are deployed around the world today, many with the promise of download speeds over 1 Gigabit per second (compared to LTE, which maxes out at around 25 Mbps in the US), and connections so airtight it'll feel like you're in the same room as someone thousands of miles away. It's easy to see how the internet could progress from its simple roots, but not what form it will take.

It's possible that the next iteration of the internet, powered by 5G, could introduce some fantastical-sounding scenarios: surgeries performed remotely in real time; fleets of autonomous trucks all monitored from afar; augmented reality glasses that overlay holographic information in front of us as we move through the world; computers hosted in the cloud.

But for now, these are still pipe dreams. While the new networking technology is being rolled out, adoption for the expensive networks will likely be slow, and there's no guarantee that real-world infrastructure will ever live up to the promise of what engineers can pull off in a lab. But then, people probably said the same things about those early messages pinging back and forth from UCLA in the early 1970s.

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From dial-up to 5G: a complete guide to logging on to the internet

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The world would not be what it has become today without the internet. It touches just about every aspect of how we live, work, socialize, shop, and play. But access to the internet is a recent phenomenon that's reshaped the world in a stunningly short amount of time.

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The First Ever Public Mobile Phone Call

The first ever public call from a mobile phone was actually made a whole ten years before any mobile phone was commercially available. Martin Cooper, a senior engineer at Motorola, made history when he called a rival telecommunications company and informed them that he was speaking from a mobile phone. The call was actually made with a prototype of their DynaTAC model - the first handheld mobile phone on the market, which was released a whole ten years later.

Technically, there were mobile phones before this; the history of mobile phones actually goes back to 1908 when a patent was issued in Kentucky for a 'wireless telephone'. Saying that, this sort of 'mobile phone' was more like a two-way radio than the phones that we're familiar with today.

Nokia 1011 [1992]

The next ten years were relatively slow in terms of technological advances, with several similar models to the DynaTAC 8000X popping up; most notably Nokia with the release of its Cityman model under the Mobira brand.

This all changed in 1992 when Nokia launched its '1011' model, the first mobile phone that could be used anywhere in the world. This was thanks to its ability to access the Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) Network, often referred to as the second generation (2G) of wireless cellular technology. The handset in question weighed just under 500 grams, featuring a monochrome LCD screen and an extendable antenna.

Nokia 3310 [2000]

Arguably the most iconic Nokia model of all time with over 125 million models sold, the year 2000 marked the release of Nokia's '3310'. It featured screensavers, customisable ringtones and even the option to add a welcome message. It was famous for its long battery life and sturdy design, falling victim to countless durability tests over the years. This was also the phone that popularised the 'Snake II' mobile game, although the game actually first appeared in Nokia's '5110' model back in 1997. The 3310 was so popular that Nokia even released a revamped smartphone version in 2017, following the company's acquisition by Microsoft.

BlackBerry (RIM) 6210 [2003]

The BlackBerry 6210, also known as the 'Quark', was named by TIME Magazine as one of the most influential gadgets of all time. Whilst there were many successful BlackBerry models before this, the 6210 was the first BlackBerry to actually offer integrated phone functionality (i.e. the ability to make phone calls). This really changed the way people saw the phone company, becoming the go-to-choice for most business professionals around the world. This was also the first phone to feature BlackBerry Messenger (BBM) - BlackBerry's widely popular instant messaging service that had well over 150 million users at its peak. The word 'BBM' was even added to the dictionary in 2012.

⚡ The First 4G Contract In The UK

Whilst many media outlets reported EE's 4G network as the first to be available to consumers, launching in 11 cities in October 2012, this wasn't actually the case. Internet Service Provider UK Broadband was actually the first UK company to offer a commercially-available 4G network, which launched in February 2012. However, its network was limited to just Reading, Southwark and Swindon.

⏩ A Look To The Future

We've come a very long way from the days of the Mobira Senator, but what's next for the evolution of smartphones? The days of the smartphone giants dominating the industry seems to have passed, with countless new manufacturers launching products that will really put Apple and Samsung to the test. From Light's nine-camera smartphone to the foldable Royole FlexPai, never-seen-before concepts are popping up every other month. Smartphone innovation seems to be at an all-time high, with everything to play for in this increasingly-competitive industry. You never know, by 2020 we may finally have something that bares resemblance to the transparent LG phone from Iron Man 2.

Did we miss out any phones that should have been on this list? Let us know on Instagram or Twitter!

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The Evolution Of Mobile Phones: 1973 To 2019

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Technology has come a long way since the launch of the first 'mobile phone' in 1982, and it's been a thrilling journey! We take a look at some of the best mobile phones through the ages, from the Nokia 1011 to the iPhone XS...

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History Of Cellphones And How Drastically They've Changed

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National Geographic article on how cellphones have chaged our lives (Pros and Cons)

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National Geographic article on how cellphones have chaged our lives (Pros and Cons)

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Not long ago, as happens almost every day, I got a Skype call on my smartphone from my dad, who lives in Kolkata, India. My dad is 79 and doesn't get out very much, having become increasingly housebound. On this day, I was traveling by train from Denmark to Sweden. Speaking to him, I held my phone up against the window, its camera lens facing out. We both took in the view of the Swedish countryside as the train pulled out from Malmo and sped toward Lund. For a brief while, it felt like we were traveling together.

For that moment of connection, and many others like it, my phone deserves my gratitude. But the same device has become a source of relentless distraction in my life, intruding upon my attention with frightening regularity and diminishing my in-person interactions with family and friends. On a visit to Kolkata to see my dad, I found myself reaching for my phone every few minutes in the middle of our conversation to scan my Facebook feed and see if a photo I'd recently posted had garnered any fresh likes. (It had! And comments, too!)

Over the past decade, smartphones have revolutionized our lives in ways that go well beyond how we communicate. Besides calling, texting, and emailing, more than two billion people around the world now use these devices to navigate, to book cab rides, to compare product reviews and prices, to follow the news, to watch movies, to listen to music, to play video games, to memorialize vacations, and, not least of all, to participate in social media.

It's incontrovertible that smartphone technology has yielded many benefits for society, such as allowing millions of people who lack access to banks to conduct financial transactions, for instance, or enabling rescue workers in a disaster zone to pinpoint precisely where their help is needed most urgently. There are apps available for smartphone users to monitor how much they're walking during the day and how well they're sleeping at night. New applications of the technology emerge seemingly daily: Your smartphone can now help you stay on top of your children's dental hygiene by tracking how long they're brushing their teeth with their Bluetooth-enabled toothbrushes. (My wife and I decided that this was a bit much.)

These benefits, however, seem to have come at a high cost to our mental and social lives. The constant connectivity and access to information that smartphones offer have made the devices something of a drug for hundreds of millions of users. Scientists are just beginning to research this phenomenon, but their studies suggest that we are becomingly increasingly distracted, spending less time in the real world and being drawn more deeply into the virtual world.

The power they hold over us is glaringly evident in our everyday habits and behaviors. Remembering directions is a thing of the past-we habitually rely on our phones to get anywhere, even to destinations we've visited numerous times before. The most compulsive users among us keep our phones within clutching distance at all times, reaching for them even when we wake up in the middle of the night. At airports, on college campuses, at the mall, at the stoplight-at almost any public place you can think of-the most common sight of our time is that of people with bowed heads, looking intently at their phones. If you see someone in a café sipping coffee and staring out the window, it's less likely that they're enjoying a quiet moment and more likely that their device has simply run out of charge.

Our use of smartphones has effectively changed the geography of our minds, creating a distractive off-ramp for every thought we might have on our own. "What I've seen in the last six to eight years is a massive paradigm shift-much of the attentional resource that we devoted to our personal ecosystem has been shifted to what's virtual," says Larry Rosen, an emeritus professor of psychology at California State University in Dominguez Hills and co-author of The Distracted Mind: Ancient Brains in a Hi-Tech World. "That means you are not attending to what's in front of you. We see this in parenting-you are not focusing on your kids. You're not even focusing on what you're watching on television because you're second-screening. It's affecting every aspect of our lives, and sadly, I don't think the pendulum has swung as far as it will go."

Researchers have begun documenting the impact of smartphones on our ability to focus. In one study, Adrian Ward, a psychologist at the University of Texas at Austin, and his colleagues gave 800 participants two challenging mental tasks-solving a math problem while memorizing a random sequence of letters and selecting an image out of a few options to complete a visual pattern. Some participants were asked to leave their smartphones in another room while others were allowed to keep their smartphones in their pockets. Still other participants kept their smartphones on a desk in front of them. Although the phones played no role in the tasks, how accessible the phones were had an effect on how well the participants were able to perform them. Those who had left their phones in another room fared the best. Those with the phones placed in front of them did the worst. But even those who had tucked their phones in their pockets were found to have diminished cognitive capacity.

Researchers worry that addiction to smartphones could dull the ability of young users to read and comprehend texts, which in turn could have adverse impacts on their critical thinking. These concerns are based on the results of studies such as one conducted by psychologist Anne Mangen and her colleagues at the University of Stavanger in Norway. They divided 72 students in the 10th grade into two groups, asking one group to read two texts on paper and the other to read the same texts as PDFs on a screen. The print readers did much better on a reading comprehension test than the digital readers.

Another study, conducted at the University of British Columbia, lends support to what many of us have concluded from first-hand experience: Smartphone use can adversely affect social interactions in the real world. The researchers, led by Ryan Dwyer, a doctoral student in psychology, asked more than 300 participants to have a meal at a restaurant with friends or family, instructing some to keep their phones on the table and others to put their phones away. Those who had their phones in front of them reported feeling more distracted during the conversation and enjoyed the meal less than the others.

"When people had access to their phones, they were also more bored, which is not what we were expecting," Dwyer says. Having your phone on the table while dining, he adds, is "probably not going to ruin your meal, but it could chip away at your enjoyment." The toll exacted by this phenomenon on close family relationships is easy to extrapolate.

The reason why it's become so hard for us to set aside our phones, even at mealtimes, isn't hard to understand. "It's well known that if you want to keep a person dialed into something, give them a reward at variable times," explains Ethan Kross, a psychologist at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. "Turns out, that's exactly what email or social media does-you don't know when you'll get another like or receive your next email, and so we keep checking."

Our compulsivity seems to be getting worse, according to a study by Rosen and his colleagues in which they've been keeping track of smartphone use by high school students and young adults. Using apps that count the number of times a phone gets unlocked, the researchers found that participants had gone from unlocking their phones about 56 times a day in 2016 to 73 times a day in 2018. "That's a huge increase," Rosen says.

Some of the blame lies with notifications, which can be turned off. Another factor is "the anxieties that are in your head," Rosen says, and these too can be addressed with efforts like mindfulness and meditation. A third and more insidious factor, according to Rosen, is the way technology companies have "carefully orchestrated their apps and their websites to get your eyeballs there, to keep them there and to keep them coming back."

Responding to these criticisms, phone makers have developed apps to help users monitor their phone screen time. But it's unclear if apps like Apple's Screen Time and Google Android's Digital Well Being will help users curtail the time they spend on their phones. In a study of high school seniors, Rosen and his team found that the study participants did check screen time monitoring apps occasionally and did learn that they'd been spending more time on their phones than they'd thought. But they determined that about half of them made no changes to their behavior. (The researchers are following up to find out what changes the others made.)

Rosen admits to being hooked himself. As a news junkie, he's constantly opening up Apple News on his phone. "Most of the time, there's nothing new, but every once in a while, a new story shows up, giving me a positive reinforcement to do it more often," he says.

Learning to live with the technology without surrendering to it may be one of the biggest challenges we face in the digital era. "We are playing catch-up," says Kross, who describes the experiential universe opened up by smartphones as a new ecosystem that we're still adapting to. "There are helpful or harmful ways of navigating the offline world, and the same is true of the digital world."

Yudhijit Bhattacharjee is a contributing writer for National Geographic.

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Smartphones revolutionize our lives-but at what cost?

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The computer in our hands can do astonishing things, but new studies show just how dramatically they're distracting us.

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Konrad Zuse created what became known as the first programmable computer, the Z1, in 1936 in his parent's living room in Berlin. He assembled metal plates, pins, and old film, creating a machine that could easily add and subtract. Although his early models were destroyed in World War II, Zuse is credited with creating the first digital computer.

John Mauchly created the ENIAC during World War II to help the Army with ballistics analytics. The machine could calculate thousands of problems each second. The large-scale ENIAC weighed 30 tons and needed a 1,500-square-foot room to house the 40 cabinets, 6,000 switches, and 18,000 vacuum tubes that comprise the machine.

Some call this invention the beginning of the computer age.

The JOHNNIAC was completed in 1954 and was used by RAND researchers. The massive machine weighed just over two tons with over 5,000 vacuum tubes. This early computer operated for 13 years or 51,349 hours before being dismantled.

Up until 1965, computers were reserved for mathematicians and engineers in a lab setting. The Programma 101 changed everything, by offering the general public a desktop computer that anyone could use. The 65-pound machine was the size of a typewriter and had 37 keys and a printer built-in.

The Italian invention ushered in the idea of the personal computer that would last to this day.

The Xerox Alto was created in the '70s as a personal computer that could print documents and send emails. What was most notable about the computer was its design, which included a mouse, keyboard, and screen. This state-of-the-art design would later influence Apple designs in the following decade.

The Alto computers were also designed to be kid-friendly so that everyone - no matter the age - could operate a personal computer.

The iMac G3 was launched in 1998 after Steve Jobs' return to Apple in 1997. The computer quickly became known for its Bondi blue, clear casing. The 38-pound iMac included USB ports, a keyboard, and a mouse. It was meant to be portable and customizable.

The company sold 800,000 computers in the first five months, saving Apple from extinction. The iMac is also notable because it was the first time Apple used the "I" to name its products, explaining it stood for "internet," "innovation," and "individuality."

In 2008, Steve Jobs slid the first MacBook Air from a manila envelope and shocked the audience at Apple's Macworld with how thin the laptop was. Measuring only 0.76-inch thick, the expertly designed laptop changed the industry forever. Apple got rid of the CD drive and only included a USB port and a headphone jack. At the time, the minimalistic device cost $1,799.

Today's most innovative computers are tablets, which are simple touchscreens without a keyboard or a mouse. Although tablet sales are on the decline, 33 million tablets were sold in 2018.

The market is also filled with other computer models, including the MacBook Pro, iMac, Dell XPS, and iPhones.

More: Tech computer Apple Vintage

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Computers actually date back to the 1930s. Here's how they've changed.

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Konrad Zuse created what became known as the first programmable computer, the Z1, in 1936 in his parent's living room in Berlin. He assembled metal plates, pins, and old film, creating a machine that could easily add and subtract. Although his early models were destroyed in World War II, Zuse is credited with creating the first digital computer.

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Works Cited

"Computer." Britannica School, Encyclopædia Britannica, 6 Feb. 2018. school.eb.com/levels/middle/article/computer/352990. Accessed 27 Feb. 2018.

Computer Hope. "When Was the First Computer Invented?" Computer Hope, 24 Jan. 2018, www.computerhope.com/issues/ch000984.htm

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William Oughtred invented the slide rule in 1622, a descendant of the computer. The computer's invention was based on the slide rule. It was used for calculating which was the early computer's main purpose. Charles Babbage, an English Inventor, invented the computer in 1833. When the computer was first invented, it was mechanical.

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How did that change life?

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Evolution of Laptops (Portable Computers) 1975 - 2020

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KIDS REACT TO OLD 'CRT' TVs Check out Cholos Try Indian Food: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1YvpGpUyvY0