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Role of gods: "Sing in me, Muse, and through me tell the story of that man..." (Homer 951). Homer asks the Muse, one of Zeus' children, to help him tell the story of Odysseus.
Hero's Journey Plot Points: "My home is on the peaked sea-mark of Ithaca." (Homer 953). Odysseus' Ordinary World is his home in Ithaca, where he is the ruler.
Greek Values: "No ship made sail the next day until some shipmate had raised a cry, three times, for each poor ghost..." (Homer 954). The Greeks valued and honored death, and that everyone who has passed deserved respect as they pass into the next world.
Characterization: "My men were mutinous fools..." (Homer 953-954) Odysseus ordered his men to go back to the ship, but they didn't follow his orders, and instead, they become greedy which leads to the Battle of the Cicones, and further upset Zeus.

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Role of the Gods: "...praying the god of earthquake to befriend you, his son I am..." (Homer 966) The Cyclops, Polyphemus, that Odysseus blinded was the son of Poseidon, and Odysseus' actions upset Poseidon past forgiveness.
Hero's Journey Plot Points: "...drawing the sharp sword from my hip I went along his flank to stab him...I touched the spot when sudden fear stayed me; if I killed him, we perished there as well..." (Homer 103). This is one of Odysseus' tests. It is testing his knowledge, as well as putting him and his men into a life or death situation.
Greek Values: "...he clutched at my companions and caught two in his hands like squirming puppies, to beat their brains out..." (Homer 959) Polyphemus went against the value of hospitality. Instead of offering them food or a place to stay, he instead bashed the heads of his guests in and ate them.
Characterization:"A prodigious man...knowing none but savage ways, a brute so huge, he seemed no man at all..." (Homer 99). Odysseus is describing the Cyclopes as huge, savage creatures who know nothing of man's ways, and are unlawful.

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Role of Gods: "...as for Tiresias, I swore to sacrifice a black lamb..." (Homer 971). Tiresias is the whole reason Odysseus is visiting Hades. Tiresias was the blind prophet of Apollo, for which Odysseus went to in order to find out his future.
Hero's Journey Plot Point: "Meanwhile I crouched down with my drawn sword to keep the surging phantoms from the bloody pit till I should know the presence of Tiresias." (Homer 971). This is the point where Odysseus 'Crosses the Threshold'. He travels from the ordinary world into the Land of the Dead to find Tiresias.
Greek Values:"Thus to assuage the nations of the dead..." (Homer 971). Death was a huge value. They believed everyone deserved a proper burial, and that death should be 'celebrated'.
Characterization: "From every side they came and sought the pit with rustling cries..." (Homer 971). The many souls trapped down in Hades were surrounding them, and crying out their sorrow and pain.

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Role of Gods: "...should know those things Circe foresaw for us...Sirens weaving a haunting song over the sea we are to shun..." (Homer 975). Circe helped Odysseus by warning him about the Sirens. This helped him avoid his men literally walking to their death.
Hero's Journey Plot Points: " ...urged that I alone should listen to their song. Therefore you are to tie me up... I carried wax along the line, and laid it thick on their ears." (Homer 977) This is another one of Odysseus' tests. It not only is testing his leadership and intelligence, but also testing his crews' loyalty.
Greek Values:  "...you are to tie me up, tight as a splint, erect along the mast, lashed to the mast, and if I shout and beg to be untied, take more turns of the rope to muffle me." (Homer 975). The Greeks valued courage, and Odysseus is portraying that here. He is putting himself into danger in order to save his men from death.
Characterization: "My faithful company..." (Homer 978). Odysseus is referring to his crew here, saying that they were faithful, and listened to his orders for once.

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Role of the Gods:"Zeus help us pull away before we founder." (Homer 979). Odysseus is asking Zeus to help them make it around Scylla and Charybdis without dying.
Hero's Journey Plot Point:"...so I tied on my curiass and took up two heavy spears..." (Homer 979). This is another one of Odysseus' tests. It is to test his intelligence and ability to lead and problem-solve. He has to try and get around Scylla and Charybdis without dying.
Greek Value:"But as I sent them on toward Scylla, I told them nothing, as they could do nothing."(Homer 979). The Greeks valued courage, and Odysseus shows that trait in this whole chapter by leading his men toward Scylla with courage, so they wouldn't freak out most likely kill them all.
Characterization: "They would have dropped their oars again, in panic, to roll for cover under the decking." (Homer 979). Odysseus' men can be scared easily, and when in danger, they flee to avoid being killed, rather than fighting it.

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Role of the Gods: " Fierce the god is who cherishes these heifers and these sheep: Helios: and no man avoids his eye." (Homer 981). Helios is the god who owns the cattle, and Odysseus told his men not to eat the cattle. If they did, they will regret it.

Hero's Journey Plot Point's:"...a giant wind blew from heaven, and clouds driven by Zeus shrouded land and sea in a night of storm..."  (Homer 981). This is one of Odysseus' tests. Not only is it a test for him, but it's a test for his men to see if they are loyal.
Greek Values:"So one day I withdrew to the interior to pray to the gods in solitude..." (Homer 981). The Greeks valued gods. They believed that gods created and controlled every part of life. They would pray to them to ask them for help, and give them "offerings" to please them or ask for forgiveness.

Characterization: "... in the evil hour. Here they sat, and a great work they contrived." (Homer 982). Odysseus' men are selfish, and don't listen to Odysseus' orders and warning most of the time. Because of this, Odysseus has to suffer the consequences of is men's actions and constantly ask the gods for forgiveness.

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Twenty Years Gone, and I am Back Again...

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Twenty Years Gone, and I am Back Again...

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Role of Gods: "As for my change of skin, that is a charm Athena, Hope of Soldiers,uses as she will..." (Homer 997) Athena helped Odysseus through his whole journey, and is now disguising  him as an old beggar so no one recognizes him.
Hero's Journey Plot Point: "Count up the suitors for me, let me know what men at arms are there, how many men." (Homer 997). This is part Odysseus' Approach. He is planning to walk up to the castle to see the suitors.
Greek Values: "Then, throwing his arms around this marvel of a father Telemachus began to weep." (Homer 997). The Greeks valued the role of fathers, and Odysseus came home, he got to see his son for the first time in 20 years.
Characterization: "Only Telemachus, uncomprehending, wild with incredulity..." (Homer 996) Telemachus refused to believe that the man in front of him was Odysseus, as his mind could not comprehend the fact that Odysseus changed forms right in front of him.

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Role of Gods:"...if he happened to be a god. You know they go in foreign guise, the gods do..." (Homer 1002). This shows that gods regularly show up to check on the mortals to make sure they are upholding Greek values.
Hero's Journey Plot Point:"But here Antinous broke in, shouting: ' God! What evil wind blew in this pest?'" (Homer 1001). This is the other part of Odysseus' Approach, where he actually goes up to his palace disguised as a beggar, to see what horrid things the suitors did to his home, and how they will treat him.
Greek Values:"These men have bread to throw away on you because it's not theirs. Who cares? Who spares another's food, when he has more than plenty?" (Homer 1001). Antinous is breaking the Greek value of hospitality. Greeks believe that you should be hospitable when it comes to guests in your home.
Characterization: "God! What evil wind blew in this pest? Get over, stand in the passage! Nudge my table, will you?" (Homer 1001). Antinous is a heartless man who doesn't care about the Greek values, and does as he pleases.

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Role of Gods: "Friend, let me ask you first of all: who are you, where do you come come from..."  (Homer 1003). Athena's work is still at hand, as Odysseus is still disguised as a beggar, so Penelope has no idea who he is.
Hero's Journey Plot Point: "You see, then, he is live and well, and headed homeward now..." (Homer 1005). This kind of ties back to the ordinary world, as Odysseus is back at home, with his wife and son.
Greek Values:"...first a close-grained web I had the happy thought to set up a weaving on my big loom in hall....It is a shroud I weave for Lord Laertes when cold Death  comes to lay on his bier..." (Homer 1005). A shroud is something that the Greeks used to put by or represent a passed mortal in order to pay their respects. Women mostly wove it for their husbands.
Characterization:"...a fourth year on, as long months waned.... I have no strength left to evade a marriage..." (Homer 1005). Penelope is a strong woman, and is loyal, as she evaded marriage for 4 years. She clearly doesn't like any of the suitors, and is still hoping that Odysseus is still alive.

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Role of Gods:"Then Zeus thundered overhead, one loud crack for a sign." (Homer 1007). Zeus said that he would help Odysseus know when it is the right time to kill the suitors. That crack of thunder was the sign.
Hero's Journey Plot Point:"Now flashed arrow from twanging bow clean as a whistle through every socket ring, and grazed not one, to thud with heavy brazen head beyond." (Homer 1008). This is Odysseus' Ordeal. His biggest life or death situation is the point where he beats all the other suitors in the challenge for Penelope's hand.
Greek Values:"Telemachus, the stranger you welcomed into your hall has not disgraced you." (Homer 1008). The Greeks valued honor, and Odysseus upheld his honor by not disappointing his son when he stood up to the challenge.
Characterization: "...and some jested among themselves:" (Homer 1007). The suitors don't take him seriously, and think that him going up there is a joke, and freely make fun of him without second thought. The suitors are arrogant and disrespectful.

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Role of Gods:"...if i can make this shot. Help me Apollo." (Homer 1009). Apollo is the god of archery. By Odysseus asking for his help, he is making sure he hit's his targets, his first one being Antinous.
Hero's Journey Plot Point:"Fight I say, let's remember the joy of it." (Homer 1012). This is the Supreme Ordeal. Odysseus fight's the suitors, putting him in his biggest life or death situation. He eventually comes out and kills the suitors and hangs the unfaithful maids.
Greek Values:"Fight I say, let's remember the joy of it." (Homer 1012). The suitors are upholding the value of courage. Even though they just watched their best man get killed by one arrow, they do not back down, and fight for their lives.
Characterization: "There will be killing until the score is paid." (Homer 1011). Odysseus has no mercy, and will get his revenge if it's the last thing he does.

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Role of Gods:"Athena lent him beauty, head to foot." (Homer 1015). Athena turned Odysseus back to normal, and also gave him stunning beauty from head to toe.
Hero's Journey Plot Point:"With this she tried him to the breaking point..." (Homer 1015). This is Odysseus' final test, with Penelope testing to see if it's really his husband. This is also Odysseus' reward, as he reunited with Penelope, and is given his kingdom back.
Greek Values:"Make up his bed for him..." (Homer 1015). This is upholding the Greek value of hospitality. She is making him a place to sleep, because she is not sure that it is her husband, she is kind of giving a stranger a place to sleep.
Characterization:"No one ever match your caution!" (Homer 1016) Odysseus is very cautious and protective of what is his. Penelope accepts that, and it is one of the ways she can tell it's him.