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Use your syllabus for definitions and content

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Use your syllabus for definitions and content

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Basically, this is what you need to know:

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Acids and bases are two types of corrosive substances.

Properties:
Acids:

taste sour

are corrosive to metals

change litmus (a dye extracted from lichens) red

become less acidic when mixed with bases

Examples of strong acids - HI, HClO ₄, HCl, HBr, H ₂ SO 4, HNO ₃ ("Imagine a Perfectly Clear Breezy Summer Night")

Examples of weak acids - HF – hydrofluoric acid, H ₃ PO ₄ – phosphoric acid, H ₂ SO ₃ – sulfurous acid, (COOH)₂ – oxalic acid, CH ₃ COOH – ethanoic acid, carbonic acid (H ₂ CO ₃)

Bases:

feel slippery (soapy)

are corrosive

change litmus blue

become less basic when mixed with acids.

Examples of strong bases - NaOH, KOH, LiOH (only the Group 1 metal hydroxides are strong bases).

Examples of weak bases - NH ₃, NH ₄ OH, Al(OH)₃, Ca(OH)₂, Mg(OH)₂

The base NaOH reacts with fats (or oils) to form soap, through a process called saponification.

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SAPONIFICATION - THE PROCESS OF SOAP MAKING 

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SAPONIFICATION - THE PROCESS OF SOAP MAKING 

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Definitions:
Acid = A proton donor
Base = A proton acceptor

In acid-base reaction the proton is transferred from acid to base.

HCl + H₂O —>   H₃O+      +       Cl⁻

HCl donates H+ and acts as the acid

H₂O accepts H⁺ and acts as base

Watch this short video:

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Learn about Arrhenius and Broasted-Lowry acid-base theory, the amphoteric nature of water and some properties of acids and bases in this video! transcript _______________________________________ every day you encounter acids and bases. you probably ate food with acids in it and then washed the dishes with a base.

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Identify conjugate acid-base pairs for given compounds or reactions

A strong acid has a very weak conjugate base.

A strong base has a very weak conjugate acid.

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Amphoteric (or amphiprotic) substance = A substance that can act as either an acid or a base.

Identify a substance as amphoteric (or amphiprotic), e.g. H₂O, HCO₃⁻, HSO₄⁻

Write equations to show how an amphoteric (or amphiprotic) substance can act as an acid or a base

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Example 2

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Strong acids ionize completely in aqueous solution.

Weak acids ionize only partially in aqueous solution.

pHstrong acid < pHweak acid (@ equal concentrations)

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State what is meant by a concentrated acid and a concentrated base.

State what is meant by a dilute acid and a dilute base.

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A polyprotic acid is an acid which is capable of donating more than one proton (H⁺).
Common polyprotic acids are:

Phosphoric acid - H₃PO₄

Sulphuric acid - H₂SO₄

Oxalic acid - H₂C₂O₄

Carbonic acid - H₂CO₃

In all polyprotic acids, the loss of each successive proton becomes more difficult.
Sulphuric acid is able to donate two protons (diprotic acid) as shown in the following two equations:

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Learn about Arrhenius and Broasted-Lowry acid-base theory, the amphoteric nature of water and some properties of acids and bases in this video! transcript _______________________________________ every day you encounter acids and bases. you probably ate food with acids in it and then washed the dishes with a base.

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The pH scale is a measure of the hydronium ion (H₃O⁺) concentration in water, at 25 °C

Explain qualitatively the pH range of 0 to 14

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pH = - log [H⁺]

The term "pH" was first described by Danish biochemist Søren Sørensen in 1909.

pH is an abbreviation for "potency of hydrogen"

"p" is short for the German word for potency or potential, potenz

H is the element symbol for hydrogen

pH = -log₁₀[H⁺]

[H⁺] = 10-pH

The higher the concentration of hydronium ions in solution, the lower the pH-value.

Example 1:
Calculate the pH for a specific [H⁺]. Calculate pH given [H⁺]=1.4 x 10⁻⁵ M
pH = -log 10 [H⁺]
pH = -log 10 (1.4 x 10⁻⁵)
pH = 4.85

Example 2:
Calculate [H⁺] from a known pH. Find [H⁺] if pH = 8.5

[H⁺] = 10-pH
[H⁺] = 10-8.5
[H⁺] = 3.2 x 10⁻⁹ M

pH strong acid  < pH weak acid(at equal concentrations)

Because the strong acid donates more H⁺ ions to the solution.

Comment on the validity of this statement:

"Strong acids have lower pH than weak acids."  ???
A. Always True
B. Always False
C. Sometimes True

ANSWER: C
REASON:

If the concentration of a weak acid is very high, it produces more H⁺ ions than the strong acid (even though it dissociates partially)

This leads to a lower pH for weak acid.

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pH of 10 Common Household Liquids | Chemistry | acid or base | pH scale

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Formation of carbonic acid

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Optimal functioning of myosin at pH 6

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An alternative test for acid strength is CONDUCTIVITY 

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An alternative test for acid strength is CONDUCTIVITY 

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Factors affecting electrical conductivity of a acid or alkali

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Factors affecting electrical conductivity of a acid or alkali

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How well a substance forms ions in solution, determines its conductivity.

Strong acids and alkalis ionize (almost) completely, therefore they have a large concentration of free ions in solution which makes them highly conductive.

Weak acids and alkalis ionize only partially, therefore have a low concentration of free ions in solution which gives them poor conductivity.

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At the same concentrations, the stronger acid (HCl) will ionize more readily than the weaker acid (ethanoic acid).

A strong acid ionizes completely which produces a larger number of free ions in solution.

Consequently, the [H₃O⁺] is high which results in lower pH compared to weak acids, by the formula
pH= - log[H₃O⁺]

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Ionisation = The reaction of a molecular substance with water to produce ions.

Acids ionize

Weak bases ionize

Because they form completely NEW IONS.

Write reaction equations for the ionisation of any known or given acids dissolving in water, using single arrows for strong acids and double arrows for weak acids, for example:

HCl(aq)+H₂O(l) -> H₃O⁺(aq)+ Cl⁻(aq)

H₂SO₄(aq) + 2H₂O(l) -> 2H₃O⁺(aq) + SO₄ 2- (aq)

CH₃COOH(aq) + H₂O(l) ⇌ H₃O⁺(aq) + CH₃COO⁻(aq)

H₃PO₄(aq) + 3H₂O(l) ⇌ 3H₃O⁺(aq) + PO₄ ³⁻(aq)

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Strong bases dissociate, while weak bases ionize.

Dissociation = The splitting of an ionic compound into its ions.

A strong base = A base that dissociates completely in an aqueous solution, e.g. NaOH.

A weak base = A base that ionizes only partially, e.g. NH3.

Write the reaction equations (using single arrows) for the dissociation of any known or given metal hydroxides dissolving in water.

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LINK BETWEEN pH, pOH, concentration hydronium and concentration hydroxide ions

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LINK BETWEEN pH, pOH, concentration hydronium and concentration hydroxide ions

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They change colour to indicate whether a substance is acidic or basic.

Indicators are weak acids.
HIn               <—>     H+    +   In-
Color1                                   Color2

1) When an acid is added to an indicator, the equilibrium system experiences a stress in the form of an increase in [H⁺].

The system will respond to decrease the added H⁺, by consuming it.

The equilibrium point changes to favor the reverse reaction (equilibrium shifts to the left).

Conc of the product decrease and conc. of reactant increases.

Colour changes from color2 to color1.

2) When a base is added to the indicator, the base reacts with and removes H⁺.

The system responds to replace the removed H+  ions, hence the equilibrium position changes to favor the forward reaction which produces H⁺ ions.

The equilibrium shifts to the left and product increase and reactant conc decreases.

Indicator changes color from color1 to color2.

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Neutralization = The reaction of an acid with a base to produce a salt and water.

Acids release H+  into solution.

Bases release OH- into solution.

If we were to mix an acid and base together, the H⁺ ion would combine with the OH⁻ ion to produce the molecule H₂O.

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Learn this off by heart ❤️

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Acid-base titration = A volumetric method of adding a base to an acid in a very controlled way to neutralize it by forming a salt and water.

A salt = A substance in which the hydrogen of an acid has been replaced by a cation, e.g. NaCl

Use stoichiometry to determine the concentration of an unknown acid or base solution

CV acid = CV base (depending on the acid-to-base mole ratio)

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Standard solution = A solution of known concentration

Analyte (titrand) = the substance of unknown identity or concentration in the Erlen Meyer flask below the burette.

Titrant = the substance of known concentration that is added from the burette.

Equivalence point = The point where an acid and base have reacted so neither is in excess.

End point = The point where the indicator changes colour.

Indicator = A weak acid that changes colour to indicate the acidity or basicity of a compound.

For accurate titration, the end point needs to coincide with the equivalence point.

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HOW TO DO A TITRATION IN THE LAB:

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DEF:
Salt hydrolysis is a reaction of a salt with water, where water itself is decomposed.
Either an acidic or basic solution forms.

The reaction between an acid and base is called a NEUTRALIZATION reaction, even though the salt that forms is not necessarily neutral.

The produced salt can be ACIDIC, NEUTRAL or BASIC, which we have to determine.

The pH of the produced salt depends on the EXTENT TO WHICH THE SALT REACTS WITH WATER to produce H₃O⁺ and OH⁻ ions.

EXAMPLE:
1)
Na ₂ CO ₃, dissolved in water, is BASIC.
EXPLANATION:

The salt dissociates in water by the reaction:

Na₂CO3 ->  2Na+ (aq)   +   CO3 2- (aq)

Then the ion of the weak acid or base reacts with water.

Hence, CO₃ 2- + H₂O <-> HCO₃- + OH⁻

OH- ions are in excess in solution.

[OH⁻] > [H ₃ O⁺]

Therefore Na₂CO3 is a BASIC salt.

2)
NH ₄ Cl is an acidic salt when dissolved in water.
THE EXPLANATION:

NH₄Cl dissociates in water as follows:

NH₄Cl -> NH₄+ (aq) + Cl⁻ (aq)

The ion from the weak parent base is hydrolysed as follows:

NH₄+ + H₂O  <->  NH3 + H₃O⁺

H₃O+ ions are in excess in solution.

[H ₃ O⁺] > [OH⁻]

Therefore NH₄Cl is an ACIDIC salt.

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You should be able to do the following:

Determine which cation or anion from a given salt will undergo hydrolysis.

Write an equation for the hydrolysis reaction.

Predict the approximate pH range of the salt solution.

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Indicators are WEAK ACIDS which indicate the acidity/alkalinity of a substance by changing colour.

Examples:

Litmus

Universal indicator

Phenolphthalein

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Exercise 6

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— Vince Langman (@LangmanVince) September 11, 2025

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