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Source Analysis (Tobias Gonzalez Recalde)

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Source Analysis (Tobias Gonzalez Recalde)

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Source D: A cartoon from a British newspaper, May 1919.
It shows a dentist room where are Bulgaria, Turkey and Austria-Hungary waiting for the dentist that id the big four, and Germany leaving the dentist with a tooth broken.
This cartoon was published after the World War, because it was published in 1919 and it finished at mesa id 1918.
I think that that the cartoon was published by a Germany to represent how mistreated was Germany in the Treaty of Versailles, becasuse they made Germany accept that they caused the war and all the losses (for Germany this was a humiliation), they had to pay the damages caused by the war, etc.

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Hydroelectric plant
(Facundo Burgos)

So just how do we get electricity from water? Actually, hydroelectric and coal-fired power plants produce electricity in a similar way. In both cases a power source is used to turn a propellor-like piece called a turbine, which then turns a metal shaft in an electric generator, which is the motor that produces electricity. A coal-fired power plant uses steam to turn the turbine blades; whereas a hydroelectric plant uses falling water to turn the turbine. The results are the same.

Take a look at this diagram (courtesy of the Tennessee Valley Authority) of a hydroelectric power plant to see the details:

The theory is to build a dam on a large river that has a large drop in elevation (there are not many hydroelectric plants in Kansas or Florida). The dam stores lots of water behind it in the reservoir. Near the bottom of the dam wall there is the water intake. Gravity causes it to fall through the penstock inside the dam. At the end of the penstock there is a turbine propellor, which is turned by the moving water. The shaft from the turbine goes up into the generator, which produces the power. Power lines are connected to the generator that carry electricity to your home and mine. The water continues past the propellor through the tailrace into the river past the dam. By the way, it is not a good idea to be playing in the water right below a dam when water is released!
As to how this generator works, the Corps of Engineers explains it this way:
"A hydraulic turbine converts the energy of flowing water into mechanical energy. A hydroelectric generator converts this mechanical energy into electricity. The operation of a generator is based on the principles discovered by Faraday. He found that when a magnet is moved past a conductor, it causes electricity to flow. In a large generator, electromagnets are made by circulating direct current through loops of wire wound around stacks of magnetic steel laminations. These are called field poles, and are mounted on the perimeter of the rotor. The rotor is attached to the turbine shaft, and rotates at a fixed speed. When the rotor turns, it causes the field poles (the electromagnets) to move past the conductors mounted in the stator.

Pumped storage: Reusing water for peak electricity demand

Demand for electricity is not "flat" and constant. Demand goes up and down during the day, and overnight there is less need for electricity in homes, businesses, and other facilities. For example, here in Atlanta, Georgia at 5:00 PM on a hot August weekend day, you can bet there is a huge demand for electricity to run millions of air conditioners! But, 12 hours later at 5:00 AM .... not so much. Hydroelectric plants are more efficient at providing for peak power demands during short periods than are fossil-fuel and nuclear power plants, and one way of doing that is by using "pumped storage", which reuses the same water more than once.

Pumped storage is a method of keeping water in reserve for peak period power demands by pumping water that has already flowed through the turbines back up a storage pool above the power plant at a time when customer demand for energy is low, such as during the middle of the night. The water is then allowed to flow back through the turbine-generators at times when demand is high and a heavy load is placed on the system.
The reservoir acts much like a battery, storing power in the form of water when demands are low and producing maximum power during daily and seasonal peak periods. An advantage of pumped storage is that hydroelectric generating units are able to start up quickly and make rapid adjustments in output. They operate efficiently when used for one hour or several hours. Because pumped storage reservoirs are relatively small, construction costs are generally low compared with conventional hydropower facilities.

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Hydropoewr Plants
(José Gavilán)

There are three types of hydropower facilities: impoundment, diversion, and pumped storage. Some hydropower plants use dams and some do not. The images below show both types of hydropower plants.

Many dams were built for other purposes and hydropower was added later. In the United States, there are about 80,000 dams of which only 2,400 produce power. The other dams are for recreation, stock/farm ponds, flood control, water supply, and irrigation.

Hydropower plants range in size from small systems for a home or village to large projects producing electricity for utilities. The sizes of hydropower plants are described below.

IMPOUNDMENT

The most common type of hydroelectric power plant is an impoundment facility. An impoundment facility, typically a large hydropower system, uses a dam to store river water in a reservoir. Water released from the reservoir flows through a turbine, spinning it, which in turn activates a generator to produce electricity. The water may be released either to meet changing electricity needs or to maintain a constant reservoir level.

DIVERSION

A diversion, sometimes called run-of-river, facility channels a portion of a river through a canal or penstock. It may not require the use of a dam.

PUMPED STORAGE

Another type of hydropower called pumped storage works like a battery, storing the electricity generated by other power sources like solar, wind, and nuclear for later use. It stores energy by pumping water uphill to a reservoir at higher elevation from a second reservoir at a lower elevation. When the demand for electricity is low, a pumped storage facility stores energy by pumping water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir. During periods of high electrical demand, the water is released back to the lower reservoir and turns a turbine, generating electricity.

SIZES OF HYDROELECTRIC POWER PLANTS

Facilities range in size from large power plants that supply many consumers with electricity to small and micro plants that individuals operate for their own energy needs or to sell power to utilities.

Large Hydropower

Although definitions vary, DOE defines large hydropower as facilities that have a capacity of more than 30 megawatts (MW).

Small Hydropower

Although definitions vary, DOE defines small hydropower as projects that generate 10 MW or less of power.

Micro Hydropower

A micro hydropower plant has a capacity of up to 100 kilowatts. A small or micro-hydroelectric power system can produce enough electricity for a home, farm, ranch, or village.

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Energetic Waters (Maite Rivas, Agustina Passano, Ramon Avio and Magali Adema)

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Energetic Waters (Maite Rivas, Agustina Passano, Ramon Avio and Magali Adema)

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In this article we are going to talk about the hydroelectric plants, its different parts, some examples, and their impact to the environment.

A Hydro-electricity power (HEP) plant is the place where the hydro electricity is produced and storaged. There are three types of it:
- impourdment: is the most common type and it uses a dam to store river water in a reservoir.
- diversion: is called run-of-river. It facilities channels a portion of a river through a canal or penstock. It isn't necessary a dam.
- pumped storage: combines a small storage reservoir with a system for cycling water back into the reservoir after it has been released through the turbine, reusing the same water to generate electricity.

Here is an example from an Argentinean HEP and an international one:

※ In Argentina there are many hidroelectric dams and we investigated about one of the big ones called "Piedra del Águila " located between Rio Negro and Neuquen, at the Northwest of Comahue. It's 590 meters above sea level and it measures 172 meters high and 800 meters long. The water comes from the Limay and Collón Curá River. The dam is used for hidroelectricity generation and the regulation of river's flow. It provides energy to Argentina, who can sell it to the border countries. Also, a lot of people have to be relocated because of the dam's construction and it alterates aquatic fauna and water temperature.

※ The Guri power project, also known as the Simón Bolívar hydroelectric power station, ranks as the world’s third biggest one, with a capacity of 10,200MW. The Venezuelan power facility is located on the Caroni River in the Bolívar State of southeastern Venezuela.

The construction of the power project started in 1963. It was built in two phases, with the first phase completed in 1978 and the second phase in 1986. The power plant consists of 20 generating units of different capacities ranging between 130MW and 770MW.

Was awarded two contracts in 2007 and 2009 to refurbish four 400MW units and five 630MW respectively. The Guri power station supplies around 12,900GW/h of energy for Venezuela.

Finally here is a video explaining how a HEP plant works:

https://youtu.be/OC8Lbyeyh-E

Piedra del Águila Dam: https://images.app.goo.gl/XqcQUrTa5XDP9K4j8
Guri Dam:
https://images.app.goo.gl/NUbc9vQtHnneyZ4h8

The HEPs plants are formed by:

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Uma, Martina, Tomas Camogli, José Gavilán, Facundo Burgos, Juan 

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Uma, Martina, Tomas Camogli, José Gavilán, Facundo Burgos, Juan 

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The hydroelectric energy is produced from generators driven by turbines that convert the potential energy of falling or fast-flowing water into mechanical energy.
First the water is collected or stored at a higher elevation and led downward through large pipes to a lower elevation, this is know as the head. Te falling water causes turbines to rotate. The turbines in turn drive generator, which convert the turbines the energy into electricity.
Hydroelectric power plants are usually located in dams that ipound rivers,thereby  raising the level of the water behind the dam and creating as high a head as is feasible.

It is the largest plant built exclusively in Argentina on March 1985, the construction works of the civil works of this complex began, being the largest undertaking initiated by the state company HIDRONOR. The reservoir generates hydroelectricity and regulates the course of river.

The Piedra del Águila Hydroelectric Complex is located on the Limay River.  Although it was originally designed to provide irrigation and generate electricity, it is now almost exclusively used as a hydroelectric generator.
https://www.patagonia.com.ar/Piedra+del+Aguila/893_Hidroeléctrica+Piedra+del+Águila+S.A..html
https://www.britannica.com/science/hydroelectric-power

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Team1: Agustín Batocletti, Agustín Szapowalo, Felipe López Malanca and Tobias Gonzalez Recalde

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Team1: Agustín Batocletti, Agustín Szapowalo, Felipe López Malanca and Tobias Gonzalez Recalde

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Hydroelectric power is the most important renewable energy and consist un a reliable suply of Walter of fast flowing produce energy when pasa into a turbine.

The Yacyretá Dam is a dam and hydroelectric power plant built over the waterfalls of Jasyretâ-Apipé in the Paraná River, between the Argentine Province of Corrientes and the Paraguayan City of Ayolas. The dam is named for Yacyretá Island just upstream, much of which the dam submerged.
Río Las Vacas Hydro-electric HRLV
The Río Las Vacas Hydroelectric Plant (HRLV) is an energy company located near the village of San Antonio Las Flores in the municipality of Chinautla, Guatemala.  It has a gravity dam with a height of 17 m and a length of 136 m, which uses water from the Las Vacas River.This link Is about from the hydro-electric:
https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/hydropower/

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Hydroelectric plants (Gabriel Sarmiento, Martino Boari, Franco Gomez and Manuel Liniers) 

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Hydroelectric plants (Gabriel Sarmiento, Martino Boari, Franco Gomez and Manuel Liniers) 

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A Hydroelectric plant is a facility that uses hydraulic energy to generate electricity by means of turbines located where the water flows. These turbines, constantly turning by generate mechanical energy that is sent to generators where it is converted into electricity to supply diverse needs.
For example in Argentina is the HEP (HydroElectric Plant) "Piedra del Águila". It was built between 1985 and 1993. It is 172 meters tall and its made of concrete. It's the biggest HEP in Argentinian territory. It has got 4 turbines. It's located in the river Limay, between Neuquen and Rio Negro. Also it has a spillway to hold 10 000 cubic meters per second if there is a flood and they need to evacuate.
Photo: https://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.desdeelsurdigital.com.ar%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F08%2Fpiedra-aguila-represa.jpg&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.desdeelsurdigital.com.ar%2F%3Fp%3D5717&tbnid=7efC5h7glhWm9M&vet=1&docid=aC9s2Cn8Sehl4M&w=1160&h=680&hl=es-US&source=sh%2Fx%2Fim
Another example is the Chinese HEP called Dam of the Three gorges. It was built between 1994 and 2011. It has a capacity of 22 500 MW. It's located on the river Yangtze. With 34 turbines it can produce by year 80.8 GWh. Beside the HEP is a flooded area of 1045 km².
Photo: https://www.google.com/search?q=three+gorges+dam&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSkgEJAxDY6c7dX2IahgELEKjU2AQaAAwLELCMpwgaYQpfCAMSJ4cVnBZO5x2dFtYV6R32HYwV0hTuOLk5hD_13IrA58ziDP7oq4yqwKhowD-QyAuFWhJwPBueVjysCW-DES3VD0bBgoXiLvdQXwMvYP4ozsMqLQ-uvXwGAu_10bIAQMCxCOrv4IGgoKCAgBEgTElqTyDA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjc25fy_-vhAhWiD7kGHcz5CSEQ2A4oAXoECAYQBA&biw=412&bih=652#imgrc=Om5FHIdOgB55IMhttps://www.google.com/search?q=three+gorges+dam&tbm=isch&tbs=simg:CAQSkgEJAxDY6c7dX2IahgELEKjU2AQaAAwLELCMpwgaYQpfCAMSJ4cVnBZO5x2dFtYV6R32HYwV0hTuOLk5hD_13IrA58ziDP7oq4yqwKhowD-QyAuFWhJwPBueVjysCW-DES3VD0bBgoXiLvdQXwMvYP4ozsMqLQ-uvXwGAu_10bIAQMCxCOrv4IGgoKCAgBEgTElqTyDA&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjc25fy_-vhAhWiD7kGHcz5CSEQ2A4oAXoECAYQBA&biw=412&bih=652#imgrc=Om5FHIdOgB55IM
Some information to see:
https://www.google.com/amp/s/blogingenieria.com/ingenieria-civil/5-centrales-hidroelectricas-mas-grandes/amp/

https://tecnotanques.com/que-es-un-planta-hidroelectrica/

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Hydro-electric plants (Felipe Veiga, Manuel Wernicke, Rodrigo Martinez Salum, Facundo Martinez Salum and Manuel Ibarrola)

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Hydro-electric plants (Felipe Veiga, Manuel Wernicke, Rodrigo Martinez Salum, Facundo Martinez Salum and Manuel Ibarrola)

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Hydroelectricity is electricity produced from hydropower. In 2015, hydropower generated 16.6% of the world's total electricity and 70% of all renewable electricity, and was expected to increase about 3.1% each year for the next 25 years.
We'll talk about two important hydroelectric plants form Argentina and Brazil.

Argentina: The Salto Grande Dam is a large hydroelectric dam on the Uruguay River, located between Concordia, Argentina, and Salto, Uruguay; thus is shared between the two countries.
The reservoir has a total area of 783 square kilometres and its maximum dimensions are 140 by 9 kilometres.

Brazil: The Paulo Alfonso Hydroelectric Complex is a system of is a system of three dams and five hydroelectric power plants on the São Francisco River near the city of Paulo Afonso in Bahia, Brazil. The complex exploits an 80-metre natural gap on the river, known as the Paulo Afonso Falls. Constructed in succession between 1948 and 1979.
It was the first large power plant constructed in Brazil and the complex constitutes the densest area of dams in Brazil. The co.mplex provides electricity to areas in northeastern Brazil and is the main tourist attraction in the region.

Sources: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salto_Grande_Dam and https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulo_Afonso_Hydroelectric_Complex
Documentaries: https://youtu.be/0knG2xqgxqk and we couldn't find a documentary about The Paulo Alfonso Dam, but wue foumd a video showing it up: https://youtu.be/KT0OED_6Wbw

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Hydroelectric powerplants, hydropower is generated. Some powerplants are located on rivers, streams, and canals, but for a reliable water supply, dams are needed. Dams store water for later release for such purposes as irrigation, domestic and industrial use, and power generation. The reservoir acts much like a battery, storing water to be released as needed to generate power.  The dam creates a 'head' or height from which water flows. A pipe (penstock) carries the water from the reservoir to the turbine. The fast-moving water pushes the turbine blades, something like a pinwheel in the wind. The waters force on the turbine blades turns the rotor, the moving part of the electric generator. When coils of wire on the rotor sweep past the generator's stationary coil, electricity is produced.

Argentina: The Cerros Colorados Complex is a group of dams and hydroelectricity generation facilities on the lower valley of the Neuquen River, in Neuquen, Argentina.The complex was started in 1969, and the first machine started functioning in 1978. The complex was officially inaugurated on 31 October 1980. In 1993 it was privatized by a concession grant to Hidroeléctrica Cerros Colorados S.A. In 2000, Dueke Energy adquired Cerros Colorados and the Alto Valle thermal power plant.

India: The Tehri Dam is the highest dam in India and one of the highest in the world. It is a multi-purpose rock and earth-fill embankment damon the Bhagirathi River near Tehri in Uttarakhand, India.Its design was completed in 1972 with a 600 MW capacity power plant based on the study. Construction began in 1978 after feasibility studies but was delayed due to financial, environmental and social impacts.

How hydroelctricity works?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ABv631t1OKI