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https://sciencing.com/differences-between-polar-nonpolar-8562432.html

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Papiewski, John. "Easy and Fast pH experiments with Litmus." Published March 2, 2019.

https://sciencing.com/easy-fast-ph-experiments-litmus-9291.html

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From this experiment, we wanted you to see the difference between acids and bases. The Litmus paper test can show us whether a substance is an acid or base by changing color. This color change tells you the pH of the substance. The litmus paper turns red if the substance has a pH less than 7, therefore it is an acid. The litmus paper turns blue if the substance's pH is greater than 7, therefore it is a base. pH is determined by the amount of H+ ions and OH- ions in a substance. If a substance has a greater concentration of H+ ions, the substance will be an acid. Bases have a greater concentration of OH- ions. Knowing the difference between acids and bases is important because pH plays a major role in the environment as well as in our bodies. In the medical profession or in environmental sciences understand and testing substance's pHs can be crucial for curing an illness or finding the cause of major changes in an ecosystem.

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What is pH balance?

Your body's pH balance, also referred to as its acid-base balance, is the level of acids and bases in your blood at which your body functions best.

The human body is built to naturally maintain a healthy balance of acidity and alkalinity. The lungs and kidneys play a key role in this process. A normal blood pH level is 7.40 on a scale of 0 to 14, where 0 is the most acidic and 14 is the most basic. This value can vary slightly in either direction.

If the lungs or kidneys are malfunctioning, your blood's pH level can become imbalanced. Disruption in your acid-base balance can lead to medical conditions known as acidosis and alkalosis. Both conditions require treatment from a medical professional, not simply dietary changes.

The lungs control your body's pH balance by releasing carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide is a slightly acidic compound. It's also a waste product produced by cells in the body as they use oxygen. The cells release it into your blood, and it's taken to your lungs.

When you exhale, you're expelling that carbon dioxide, a process that also helps regulate your body's pH balance by reducing acidity.

The amount of carbon dioxide you exhale is a function of how deeply you inhale or exhale. Your brain constantly monitors this in order to maintain the proper pH balance in your body.

The kidneys help the lungs maintain acid-base balance by excreting acids or bases into the blood. The kidneys' effect on acidity works much more slowly than that of the lungs.

A blood pH imbalance can lead to two conditions: acidosis and alkalosis.

Acidosis refers to having blood that's too acidic, or a blood pH of less than 7.35. Alkalosis refers to having blood that's too basic, or a blood pH of higher than 7.45.

There are different types of acidosis and alkalosis based on the underlying cause.

When acidosis or alkalosis is caused by a lung disorder or issue with exhalation, it's referred to as "respiratory." When acidosis or alkalosis is caused by a problem with the functioning of the kidneys, it's referred to as "metabolic."

Respiratory acidosis

Respiratory acidosis is caused by your lungs not being able to remove enough carbon dioxide when you exhale. This can occur when your lungs are affected by a disease or other disorder.

Some conditions that could lead to respiratory acidosis include:

Respiratory acidosis can also be caused by taking narcotics or sleep medications. Brain and nervous system disorders that cause breathing problems may also lead to respiratory acidosis.

The primary symptoms of respiratory acidosis are:

If left untreated, respiratory acidosis can become severe and lead to coma or death.

Metabolic acidosis

Metabolic acidosis is a buildup of acid in the body that originates in the kidneys. It occurs when your body can't get rid of excess acid or loses too much base. Specific causes include:

having too little sodium bicarbonate in your blood, a potential complication of severe vomiting or diarrhea

a buildup of ketones due to a lack of insulin, a condition known as ketoacidosis that people with diabetes face

a buildup of lactic acid, a possible complication of alcohol misuse, cancer, and seizures

failure of the kidneys to release acid into the bloodstream, known as renal tubular acidosis

Metabolic acidosis could also be caused by ingesting certain substances, such as:

Symptoms of metabolic acidosis can include nausea, vomiting, and extreme tiredness.

As with respiratory acidosis, metabolic acidosis can result in coma or death if left untreated.

Respiratory alkalosis

Respiratory alkalosis is when there's too little carbon dioxide in your blood. Causes of respiratory alkalosis include hyperventilation due to anxiety, aspirin overdose, high fever, and possibly even pain.

Symptoms of respiratory alkalosis are muscle cramping and twitching. You may also notice tingling in your fingers, toes, and lips, as well as irritability.

Metabolic alkalosis

Metabolic alkalosis occurs when bicarbonate levels in your blood get too high or your body loses too much acid. It can be brought on by a long period of vomiting, overuse of diuretics, or an overactive adrenal gland.

Other conditions that can lead to metabolic alkalosis are kidney damage caused by a severe loss of fluids or ingestion of a large amount of baking soda.

Symptoms of metabolic alkalosis are the same as those discussed above for respiratory alkalosis.

If you think you have a pH imbalance, it's important to seek medical attention immediately. In addition to taking your medical history, a doctor will use a variety of blood and urine tests to determine the underlying cause of your pH imbalance.

Possible tests include:

However, depending on your symptoms and the other information your doctor collects, additional tests may be performed. If you have diabetes, your glucose and ketone levels may be tested. If you ingested ethylene glycol or methylene, you may undergo an osmolality test.

Treatments for pH imbalances will vary greatly based on whether you're experiencing acidosis or alkalosis, and what the underlying cause is. The ultimate goal is to return your acid-base level to a healthy balance.

Acidosis treatment might include:

Alkalosis treatment might include:

slowed breathing if the underlying cause is hyperventilation

oxygen therapy

medications to restore levels of nutrients, such as chloride or potassium

fluids or electrolyte drinks to restore electrolyte balance

Your pH balance is important for your health, and you can trust that your body is equipped to maintain that balance on its own. However, if your doctor finds your balance to be off through blood and urine testing, they will do additional tests to determine the exact cause.

Once the cause is discovered, you'll be given a treatment plan to correct it and get your body's pH balance back in line.

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pH Imbalance: Acidosis, Alkalosis, Diagnosis, and Treatment

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Your body's pH balance is the level of acidic and basic compounds in your blood at which your body functions best. If your lungs or kidneys are malfunctioning, your blood's pH level can become imbalanced. We'll explain how your body maintains its pH balance, what causes a pH imbalance, and how imbalances are treated.

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Litmus paper represents an inexpensive supply that is used in nearly all chemistry labs; the paper changes color quickly and vividly, indicating the pH of solutions into which it is dipped. It allows quick tests of acidity and alkalinity for laboratory chemicals as well as foods and household products. Although electronic pH meters deliver more precise results, litmus paper is convenient, practical and well-suited for grade-school experiments as well as university and commercial labs.

Testing Acids

Into clean cups, pour about 10 to 20 mL of lime juice, lemon juice and vinegar, one liquid to each cup. These liquids are all mild acids. Tear off a few pieces of alkacid litmus paper about an inch in length and dip the end of one piece into each substance so that you test each cup with its own strip. The acetic acid in vinegar has a pH of approximately 3 and turns the paper orange-red. The citric acid in lemon and lime juices has a pH of about 2; at the point of contact, the paper turns a deeper shade of red. The lower the pH, the more red the color becomes.

Testing Bases

Fill two clean cups halfway with distilled water and mix in a gram or two of sodium bicarbonate in one and a similar amount of borax soap in the other until the powders dissolve. Into a third clean cup, pour 10 to 20 mL of household ammonia. Tear off three pieces of alkacid litmus paper about an inch long and dip them in the liquids, one piece to each cup. The solutions are bases, the strongest of which is the ammonia with a pH of 11; it turns the litmus paper dark blue. The borax is weaker, having a pH of about 9; it turns the paper dark green. The sodium bicarbonate solution's pH is about 8 and it turns the paper green or yellow-green.

Testing Neutral Substances

Fill two clean cups halfway with distilled water; mix a gram or two of table salt into one. Tear two inch-long strips of alkacid litmus paper and dip them into the cups, using one strip per cup. Distilled water and saltwater are both neutral, each having a pH of 7. The color of the paper should be yellow.

Monitor Neutralizing Reactions

Prepare two solutions in two clean cups; fill one halfway with lemon juice and the other with distilled water having a few grams of dissolved borax. Using an eye dropper, add a few drops of the borax solution to the lemon juice, then test the solution with a short piece of alkacid litmus paper. Add a few more drops and test the solution repeatedly; lay down each strip next to last one and you will notice the strips turning orange and tan instead of red. You're finished when the strip turns yellow; you have neutralized the acid by gradually adding a base.

About the Author

Chicago native John Papiewski has a physics degree and has been writing since 1991. He has contributed to "Foresight Update," a nanotechnology newsletter from the Foresight Institute. He also contributed to the book, "Nanotechnology: Molecular Speculations on Global Abundance." Please, no workplace calls/emails!

Photo Credits

Ablestock.com/AbleStock.com/Getty Images

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Litmus paper represents an inexpensive supply that is used in nearly all chemistry labs; the paper changes color quickly and vividly, indicating the pH of solutions into which it is dipped. It allows quick tests of acidity and alkalinity for laboratory chemicals as well as foods and household products. Although ...

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We wanted you to take away multiple key concepts with this experiment and activity. With the experiment it showed how non polar and polar bonds do not mix. The oil does not dissolve in. the water solvent. The charges of a polar substance and a nonpolar substance do not attract to each other. The charges do not come together to make one mixture. Oil is much less dense than water so it floats to the top and forms a layer above the water. We then find out how two polar substances react. When ammonia and water mix together the bonds attract and create more bonds which result in one solution.

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The two main classes of molecules are polar molecules and nonpolar molecules. Some molecules are clearly polar or nonpolar, while others fall somewhere on the spectrum between two classes. Here's a look at what polar and nonpolar mean, how to predict whether a molecule will be one or the other, and examples of representative compounds.

Key Takeaways: Polar and Nonpolar

Polar Molecules

Polar molecules occur when two atoms do not share electrons equally in a covalent bond. A dipole forms, with part of the molecule carrying a slight positive charge and the other part carrying a slight negative charge. This happens when there is a difference between the electronegativity values of each atom. An extreme difference forms an ionic bond, while a lesser difference forms a polar covalent bond. Fortunately, you can look up electronegativity on a table to predict whether or not atoms are likely to form polar covalent bonds. If the electronegativity difference between the two atoms is between 0.5 and 2.0, the atoms form a polar covalent bond. If the electronegativity difference between the atoms is greater than 2.0, the bond is ionic. Ionic compounds are extremely polar molecules.

Examples of polar molecules include:

Note ionic compounds, such as sodium chloride (NaCl), are polar. However, most of the time when people talk about "polar molecules" they mean "polar covalent molecules" and not all types of compounds with polarity! When referring to compound polarity, it's best to avoid confusion and call them nonpolar, polar covalent, and ionic.

Nonpolar Molecules

When molecules share electrons equally in a covalent bond there is no net electrical charge across the molecule. In a nonpolar covalent bond, the electrons are evenly distributed. You can predict nonpolar molecules will form when atoms have the same or similar electronegativity. In general, if the electronegativity difference between two atoms is less than 0.5, the bond is considered nonpolar, even though the only truly nonpolar molecules are those formed with identical atoms.

Nonpolar molecules also form when atoms sharing a polar bond arrange such that the electric charges cancel each other out.

Examples of nonpolar molecules include:

Any of the noble gasses: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe (These are atoms, not technically molecules.)

Any of the homonuclear diatomic elements: H₂, N₂, O₂, Cl₂ (These are truly nonpolar molecules.)

Carbon dioxide - CO₂

Carbon tetrachloride - CCl₄

Methane - CH₄

Hydrocarbon liquids, such as gasoline and toluene

Most organic molecules

Polarity and Mixing Solutions

If you know the polarity of molecules, you can predict whether or not they will mix together to form chemical solutions. The general rule is that "like dissolves like", which means polar molecules will dissolve into other polar liquids and nonpolar molecules will dissolve into nonpolar liquids. This is why oil and water don't mix: oil is nonpolar while water is polar.

It's helpful to know which compounds are intermediate between polar and nonpolar because you can use them as an intermediate to dissolve a chemical into one it wouldn't mix with otherwise. For example, if you want to mix an ionic compound or polar compound in an organic solvent, you may be able to dissolve it in ethanol (polar, but not by a lot). Then, you can dissolve the ethanol solution into an organic solvent, such as xylene.

Ingold, C. K.; Ingold, E. H. (1926). "The Nature of the Alternating Effect in Carbon Chains. Part V. A Discussion of Aromatic Substitution with Special Reference to Respective Roles of Polar and Nonpolar Dissociation; and a Further Study of the Relative Directive Efficiencies of Oxygen and Nitrogen". J. Chem. Soc.: 1310-1328. doi:10.1039/jr9262901310

Pauling, L. (1960). The Nature of the Chemical Bond (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 98-100. ISBN 0801403332.

Ziaei-Moayyed, Maryam; Goodman, Edward; Williams, Peter (November 1,2000). "Electrical Deflection of Polar Liquid Streams: A Misunderstood Demonstration". Journal of Chemical Education. 77 (11): 1520. doi:10.1021/ed077p1520

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Examples of Polar and Nonpolar Molecules

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The two main classes of molecules are polar molecules and nonpolar molecules. Some molecules are clearly polar or nonpolar, while others fall somewhere on the spectrum between two classes. Here's a look at what polar and nonpolar mean, how to predict whether a molecule will be one or the other, and examples of representative compounds.

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1. Pour 10 ml of water into the beaker
2. Squirt some food coloring into the beaker and stir until mixed.
3. Pour 10 ml of vegetable oil into the the beaker.
4. Mix the beaker and notice what happens with the substances.
5. Pour 10 ml of water into a new beaker.
6. Add food coloring to this beaker and mix.
7. Pour in 10 ml of ammonia into this beaker and stir.
8. Notice

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1. 20 ml of water
2. 10 ml of vegetable oil
3. 100 ml beaker
4. food coloring
5. 10 ml of ammonia

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1. Pour about 20 mL of water into a 20 mL. test tube. Then add about 10 g of baking soda into the water.
2. Dip the Litmus Paper into the baking soda half way and observe any changes that occur.
3. Lay the litmus paper aside to dry.
4. Pour about 20 mL of hydrochloric acid into a 20 mL test tube.
5. Dip the Litmus paper into the test tube halfway. Observe any changes that occur.
6. Lay the litmus paper aside to dry.
7. Repeat steps 2 and 3 with the other two substances and observe any changes.

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Polar V. Nonpolar: Purpose and Objective 

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Polar V. Nonpolar: Purpose and Objective 

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This experiment displays how Non Polar and Polar substances react with each other. For a substance to be polar, it means that the sharing of electrons between bonds is not even. On the other end, for a substance to be non polar it shares the electrons equally. When we relate this to the experiment we see how non polar and polar substances react to each other. Similar substances and different substances have separate interactions when mixed together.

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Litmus Paper

20 mL of hydrochloric acid 20 mL lemon juice

20 g baking soda
20 mL dish soap

20 mL Water

5 20 mL beakers
4 pipettes

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The litmus paper experiment is going to show us the affect of acids and bases on litmus paper. Litmus paper is a pH indicator. A pH indicator will have different reactions when it comes into contact with an acid vs a base. Acids are substances that have a pH above 7. Bases are substances that have a pH below 7. Throughout this experiment, observe how each substance affects the litmus paper. Why is it important to know the pH of a substance?

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Question 1. Why did oil and water not mix? Form a hypothesis as to why they do not? Elaborate on what factors go into it. This should be in paragraph form. Use evidence, reasoning, and claims.
Question 2. What happened when ammonia and water mixed in the same beaker?
Question 3.  Name two examples of substances that would not mix with water and two different substances that would mix with water. Make sure to include a reasoning.

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Question 1. In the experiment you see the affect of two substances, baking soda and hydrochloric acid, on the litmus paper. Which of the unknown substances is an acid? Which is a base? How do you know?
Question 2. If the litmus paper were not to turn any color what would this tell you about the substance being tested? What would its pH be?
Question 3. How do acids and bases affect us in the real world? Why is pH important to humans and the environment?
Question 4. Hypothesize: If the pH of the water in a lake were to rise what would happen to the life in the lake?