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Victor Emmanuel the second of Piedmont-Sardinia learned that he would have to gain foreign backing in the future Wars of Unification.

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First Italian Unification War | 3 Minute History

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A conflict between the German Empire that resulted in the replacement of the German federal constitutional monarchy. This later became known as the Weimar Republic.

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Realism

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"The hard times that swept over the Continent in the late 1840s transformed widespread popular discontent in the German Confederation into a full-blown revolution. After the middle of the decade, a severe economic depression halted industrial expansion and aggravated urban unemployment."

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Germany - Revolutions, 1848-49: The hard times that swept over the Continent in the late 1840s transformed widespread popular discontent in the German Confederation into a full-blown revolution. After the middle of the decade, a severe economic depression halted industrial expansion and aggravated urban unemployment. At the same time, serious crop failures led to a major famine in the area from Ireland to Russian Poland. In the German states, the hungry 1840s drove the lower classes, which had long been suffering from the economic effects of industrial and agricultural rationalization, to the point of open rebellion. There were sporadic hunger riots and violent disturbances

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Romanticism

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"It was organized in Rome in 1944 as a nationwide labour federation to replace the dissolved Fascist syndicates. Its founders, who included communists, social democrats, and Christian Democrats, intended it to be the sole labour federation in Italy and to be generally independent of political parties."

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General Italian Confederation of Labour , Italian Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro (CGIL), Italy's largest trade-union federation. It was organized in Rome in 1944 as a nationwide labour federation to replace the dissolved Fascist syndicates. Its founders, who included communists, social democrats, and Christian Democrats, intended it to be the sole labour federation in Italy and to be generally independent of political parties. Within three years, however, Roman Catholics and Christian Democrats left the CGIL on the ground that it had become dominated by communists and formed the Free General Italian Confederation of Workers. In 1950 this organization merged with the Italian Federation of Labour, which had been formed by socialists and republicans who had left the CGIL, to form a major new labour federation, the Italian Confederation of Workers' Unions. In addition, the Italian Labour Union was founded in 1950 by socialists and republicans, thereby providing another noncommunist alternative to the CGIL.

These defections left the CGIL almost entirely dominated by communists, though it retained a significant socialist minority within its ranks. Despite its losses, the CGIL remained by far the largest and most powerful Italian labour federation throughout the postwar decades. It had almost 5,000,000 members and was strongly represented among heavy-industrial workers and agricultural labourers. The CGIL cultivated close ties with the Italian Communist Party and was affiliated with the World Federation of Trade Unions.

Learn More in these related Britannica articles:

General Italian Confederation of Labour

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General Italian Confederation of Labour | Italian trade union

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General Italian Confederation of Labour , Italy's largest trade-union federation. It was organized in Rome in 1944 as a nationwide labour federation to replace the dissolved Fascist syndicates. Its founders, who included communists, social democrats, and Christian Democrats, intended it to be the

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A war between the United States and Mexico due to Mexico wanting independence. This was organized by the Mexican Empire.

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Mexican War of Independence | 3 Minute History

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Romanticism

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Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla launched the Mexican War of Independence. The revolutionary tract was publicly read by Hidalgo in the town of Dolores, called for the end of 300 years of Spanish rule in Mexico. Eventually the servants were on march to Mexico City.

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Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Catholic priest, launches the Mexican War of Independence with the issuing of his Grito de Dolores, or "Cry of Dolores." The revolutionary tract, so-named because it was publicly read by Hidalgo in the town of Dolores, called for the end of 300 years of Spanish rule in Mexico, redistribution of land and racial equality. Thousands of Indians and mestizos flocked to Hidalgo's banner of the Virgin of Guadalupe, and soon the peasant army was on the march to Mexico City.

In the early 19th century, Napoleon 's occupation of Spain led to the outbreak of revolts all across Spanish America. Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla-"the father of Mexican independence"-launched the Mexican rebellion with his "Cry of Dolores," and his populist army came close to capturing the Mexican capital. Defeated at Calderón in January 1811, he fled north but was captured and executed. He was followed by other peasant leaders, however, such as José María Morelos y Pavón, Mariano Matamoros, and Vicente Guerrero, who all led armies of native and racially mixed revolutionaries against the Spanish and the Royalists.

Ironically, it was the Royalists-made up of Mexicans of Spanish descent and other conservatives-who ultimately brought about independence. In 1820, liberals took power in Spain, and the new government promised reforms to appease the Mexican revolutionaries. In response, Mexican conservatives called for independence as a means of maintaining their privileged position in Mexican society.

In early 1821, Agustín de Iturbide, the leader of the Royalist forces, negotiated the Plan of Iguala with Vicente Guerrero. Under the plan, Mexico would be established as an independent constitutional monarchy, the privileged position of the Catholic Church would be maintained, and Mexicans of Spanish descent would be regarded as equal to pure Spaniards. Mexicans of mixed or pure Indian blood would have lesser rights.

Iturbide defeated the Royalist forces still opposed to independence, and the new Spanish viceroy, lacking money, provisions, and troops, was forced to accept Mexican independence. On August 24, 1821, Spanish Viceroy Juan de O'Donojú signed the Treaty of Córdoba, which approves a plan to make Mexico an independent constitutional monarchy. In 1822, as no Bourbon monarch to rule Mexico had been found, Iturbide was proclaimed the emperor of Mexico. However, his empire was short-lived, and in 1823 republican leaders Santa Anna and Guadalupe Victoria deposed Iturbide and set up a republic, with Guadalupe Victoria as its first president.

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Mexican War of Independence begins | September 16, 1810 | HISTORY

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Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Catholic priest, launches the Mexican War of Independence with the issuing of his Grito de Dolores, or "Cry of Dolores." The revolutionary tract, so-named because it was publicly read by Hidalgo in the town of Dolores, called for the end of 300 years of Spanish rule in Mexico, redistribution of [...]