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proved the existence of neutrons

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using a gold foil experiment Rutherford determined properties on the nucleus, including charge, relative size, and density

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using cathode-ray tubes he identified the electron and determines the ratio of the mass of an electron to its electric charge

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matter is composed of extremely small particles called atoms
atoms are indivisible and indestructible
atoms of a given elements are identical in size, mass, and chemical properties
atoms of a specific element are different from those of another element
different atoms combine in simple whole-number ratios to form compounds
in a chemical reaction, atoms are separated, combined or rearranged

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atoms moved through empty space

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matter is composed of atoms, which move through empty space
atoms are solid, homogeneous, indestructible, and indivisible
different kinds of atoms have different size and shapes